Digital Commons Network^™

Experimental Planting Of Native Shrubs On Santa Cruz Island From Small Nursery Stock, Matthew L. James, David M. Hubbard, Coleen Cory

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

The natural vegetation of Santa Cruz Island was severely disturbed by nonnative herbivores for well over a century. As the livestock and feral ungulates (primarily sheep, cattle, and pigs) were removed from the island over the last 30 years, many of the native plant communities began to recover naturally. Recovery has been extremely slow in other areas, especially where nonnative annual grasses and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) dominate several hundred hectares that were under intense agricultural use (pastures and farmed lands). We experimentally tested the feasibility of speeding up the recovery process in a postagricultural area of the island’s …

Space Use And Home-Range Size Of Barn Owls On Santa Barbara Island, Sarah K. Thomsen, Caitlin E. Kroeger, Peter H. Bloom, A. Laurie Harvey

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

Spatial overlap between predators and prey is often a key component of predator-prey interactions. Barn Owls (Tyto alba) are important predators of some species of conservation concern on the Channel Islands in southern California; therefore, understanding patterns of owl space use on these islands could provide insights on variations in predation risk that may be useful for conservation efforts of Barn Owl prey. In this study, our objectives were to investigate home-range size and space use by individual owls on Santa Barbara Island, which at 2.6 km² is the smallest island within the Channel Islands National Park. …

The Implications Of Increased Body Size In The Song Sparrows Of The California Islands, Raymond M. Danner, Russell Greenberg, T. Scott Sillett

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

We investigated morphological divergence between mainland and California Island populations of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Body size in small terrestrial vertebrates has been hypothesized to be larger in island forms than in their mainland relatives. Previously, we established that although bill size in island populations was similar to that in mainland populations with similar climate, bill-size dimorphism averaged much greater on the islands. In this paper, we compare various measures of structural body size and body mass between the California Islands and the mainland. We found that average body mass is over 10% higher in island Song …

Strategies For Biosecurity On A Nearshore Island In California, Christina L. Boser, Coleen Cory, Kathryn R. Faulkner, John M. Randall, John J. Knapp, Scott A. Morrison

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

Islands provide refuge for many rare and endemic species but are especially vulnerable to invasion by nonnative species. Invasive alien species are a major factor in the imperilment and extinction of island biota. Biosecurity protocols are designed to prevent or quickly detect the transport of harmful nonnative species, with the goal of eliminating the high economic cost of invasive species removal and the biological cost of damage caused by nonnative organisms. Effective biosecurity protocols require a balanced approach to on-island monitoring, off-island surveillance and prevention practices, rapid response, and educational outreach. Here we use the biosecurity program on Santa Cruz …

Identifying Evolutionarily Significant Units And Prioritizing Populations For Management On Islands, Jeanne M. Robertson, Kathryn M. Langin, T. Scott Sillett, Scott A. Morrison, Cameron K. Ghalambor, W. Chris Funk

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

Islands host exceptionally high levels of endemism compared to mainland regions and are subject to disproportionately high rates of extinction and imperilment. Therefore, the protection and preservation of taxonomic units that are endemic to islands is a key component in mitigating the loss of global biodiversity. However, determining what is “endemic” on islands can be challenging. Conservation units are commonly delineated based on genetic divergence at neutral loci (e.g., genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci or reciprocal monophyly based on mitochondrial genes). Island populations of nonvolant species are expected to meet this criterion, regardless of adaptive differences, due to geographic isolation, …

Texas Groundwater And Tragically Stable “Crossovers”, Zachary Bray

BYU Law Review

One recurring question in the academic literature on common-pool resources relates to the persistence of “tragic” commons regimes—systems that encourage, or at least tolerate, the inefficient, wasteful, hazardous, or unfair exploitation of a resource that is easily accessed for and diminished by individual use and consumption. Of course, not all commons are tragic: some common-pool resources invite individual access in efficient, fair, and durable ways. Yet many commonly held resources do lie under systems of governance that are not just tragic but persistently and stubbornly so. Often the tragic aspects of such commons regimes are well known; indeed, for some …

Adapting The Law Of Armed Conflict To Autonomous Weapon Systems, Kenneth Anderson, Daniel Reisner, Matthew Waxman

International Law Studies

As increasingly automated—and in some cases fully autonomous—weapon systems enter the battlefield or become possible, it is important that international norms to regulate them head down a path that is coherent and practical. Contrary to the claims of some advocates, autonomous weapon systems are not inherently illegal or unethical. The technologies involved potentially hold promise for making armed conflict more discriminating and causing less harm on the battlefield. They do pose great challenges, however, with regard to law of armed conflict rules regulating the use of weapons. To adapt existing law to meet those challenges, we propose a three-tiered approach …

Drip - Data Rich, Information Poor: A Concise Synopsis Of Data Mining, Muhammad Obeidat, Max North, Lloyd Burgess, Sarah North

Faculty Articles

As production of data is exponentially growing with a drastically lower cost, the importance of data mining required to extract and discover valuable information is becoming more paramount. To be functional in any business or industry, data must be capable of supporting sound decision-making and plausible prediction. The purpose of this paper is concisely but broadly to provide a synopsis of the technology and theory of data mining, providing an enhanced comprehension of the methods by which massive data can be transferred into meaningful information.

Summary Of Sadler V. Pacificare Of Nevada, Inc., 130 Nev. Adv. Op. 98, Hayley Miller

Nevada Supreme Court Summaries

The Court determined (1) when stating a claim for a negligence action in which medical monitoring is sought as a remedy, a plaintiff may satisfy the injury requirement by alleging that additional medical monitoring is reasonably required beyond the standard recommendations.

Peeking Behind The Curtain: The Operations And Funding Priorities Of Rural Private Foundations, Dorothy Norris-Tirrell, Brandi Blessett, Claire Connolly Knox

The Foundation Review

This article examines the operations and funding priorities of rural private foundations in Florida, using data from the U.S. Census, the Urban Institute’s National Center for Charitable Statistics, and interviews with foundation leaders.

The study found that grantmaking by rural foundations is split between out-of-state and in-state giving, determined by the intent of a benefactor or the personal choices of a foundation founder and/ or family.

This finding presents opportunities for nonprofit organizations and community groups in rural counties to communicate community needs in order to retain a larger amount of foundation dollars in the foundation’s home state and county.

Enabling Community And Trust: Shared Leadership For Collective Creativity, Mohammed Mohammed, Kurian Thomas

The Foundation Review

The strength of nonprofit organizations comes from well-developed human connections that spur productive collaboration across levels of hierarchy. This article, exploring the experience of the Fetzer Institute, demonstrates that workplace creativity is best fostered if it is matched by a style of leadership that invites a wider spectrum of internal actors to actively participate.

While acknowledging the significance of shared leadership, this article does not necessarily advocate for the dissolution of hierarchy; rather, it points out that the key lies in finding the sweet spot between organizational structure and a creative community.

The article describes tools that are particularly effective …

Maximizing Return: An Evaluation Of The Walton Family Foundation’S Approach To Investing In New Charter Schools, Matthew Carr, Marc Holley

The Foundation Review

The Walton Family Foundation’s social-impact goals include reform of the American K-12 education system by increasing the number of highquality schools available to low-income students. One of the foundation’s signature strategies toward this end is to support charter schools.

This article presents the findings of a study that suggests the foundation’s investment approaches to charter school startups have been successful in supporting the creation of high-quality seats for low-income students. Specifically, the foundation has invested in charter schools where test-score performance has shown greater improvements than at local district schools and charter schools that have not received foundation funding.

These …

Drugs, Depression, And Dating Violence: Partnering With Schools To Collect And Use Data On Adolescent Risky Behaviors, Rebecca H. Donham, Shari Kessel Schneider

The Foundation Review

In 2005, the MetroWest Health Foundation launched a 10-year initiative to conduct the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Youth Risk Behavior Survey biennially with every high school and middle school student in the foundation’s 25-town region. The survey asks students about substance use, violence, sexual behaviors, mental health, and nutrition.

In the first year of the initiative, about two-thirds of public high schools and half of the middle schools in the region participated. By 2012, every public high school and middle school participated. Encompassing some 40,000 students, the survey is considered to be one of largest, if not …

Front Matter

The Foundation Review

No abstract provided.

Back Matter

The Foundation Review

No abstract provided.

Sending Drugs Into The Fast Lane, Ross Keith

Capstones

Speedy drug approvals have become increasingly the norm at the FDA, a trend that began in 1992 with the passage of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act. Over the past 20 years, the approval process has shrunk, on average, from three years to ten months. As speed has risen, the number of safety issues has as well. Some notoriously harmful drugs, such as Vioxx and Avandia, that were pulled from the market because of dangerous side effects, were fast-tracked. Some doctors and industry analysts question whether the agency’s laissez faire approach is essentially moving the testing phase of drugs from …

Where Is All The Conservative Comedy?, Oliver Morrison

Capstones

It would be nice if there were a single, simple explanation for why conservatives have failed at political TV satire. But the truth is there are many factors that have all contributed: the tendency of satire to skewer the establishment; the lack of conservatives drawn to comedy; the unique liberal anger when the medium came of age; the first-in training advantage of the Daily Show; the subtle biases of Hollywood executives making the decisions; as well as the different sensibilities of conservative and liberal viewers.

Counterfeit Ed, Meral Agish, Sarah Barrett, Mark Fahey, Audrey Mcglinchy, Jacob Naughton, Oresti Tsonopoulos

Capstones

This investigative project explores the abuses of for-profit colleges in New York City in the context of what federal, state and city bodies have done to regulate these schools. We focused on two for-profits in the city, ASA College and TCI College, whose practices typify the criticisms of for-profit schools: targeting low-income people of color, funding the school from mostly federal student loans and issuing pricey degrees that yield few field-specific jobs.

Traceable And Transparent Fishing In The Indian Ocean Addressing Iuu, Ghazi Salahuddin

World Maritime University Dissertations

Traceability and transparency in fishing and the trade of fish products has been brought to the forefront of the international fisheries policy agenda and is recognized as a core issue. Governments have awakened to the fact that IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing has global impacts on the social, economic and ecological aspects of fisheries and therefore requires regional collaboration to combat this global issue. Developing countries severely suffer from the effects of IUU, particularly within their exclusive economic zones (EEZ) due to lack of resources and infrastructure to properly manage waters under their jurisdiction and in remote areas where …

Port Readiness In Facing Globalization: Indonesian Case Study, Melda Kamil Ariadno, Arie Afriansyah, Yetty Komalasari Dewi

Indonesia Law Review

International trade cannot be separated from the role of international shipping. More than 80% of goods transported through sea from a region to another, from one Country to another Country. Since the dawn of the voyage, port cannot be separated from the voyage itself. Adequate port will ensure a good international shipping. Increasing number of international shipping also means increasing volume of international trade. With a variety of factors such as geographical factor, natural resources, and population, Indonesia should be a key player in international trade by sea. However, the reality is still far from ideal, especially when compared with …

The Problems Of Expert Witness In Criminal Law, Rafiqa Qurrata A'Yun

Indonesia Law Review

The expert testimony is a potential problem in the future due to the impact of the advancement of science and technology. These progressions have an impact on the quality of the crime methods, thus it must be balanced with improving the quality and method of evidence evaluation that requires knowledge and expertise. This paper examines the place of expert witness to be considered as one of the evidence in criminal case investigation and criminal court. I argue that expert qualifications should be determined based on formal education, professional experiences, and the relevance of his expertise with the case. The Criminal …

Book Review The Leiden Legacy: Concepts Of Law In Indonesia, M. Yahdi Salampessy

Indonesia Law Review

The Indonesian civil law system is often taken for granted, when it is actually a product of “institutional transplantation” and inherited from the Dutch Colonization. Long before the arrival of colonial powers in Indonesia several centuries ago, many local communities had operated within their self-regulating systems with multiple political entities. When colonization came to power, however, there was a massive shift from judge-made law to a centralized statute-based legal system imposed by the colonial order.

Mind The Gap: Can Developers Of Autonomous Weapons Systems Be Liable For War Crimes?, Tim Mcfarland, Tim Mccormack

International Law Studies

A recurrent response to the development of increasingly autonomous weapons systems involves questions of accountability for serious violations of the law of armed conflict. Opinion is divided across a spectrum ranging from claims of an accountability vacuum and consequent calls for a complete ban to assertions that the weapons will present no new challenges and that the existing legal framework is capable of adaptation to emerging technologies. This article focuses on the expanded role played by developers of autonomous weapons systems. It describes the novel contributions made by developers of these advanced systems that raise the potential for them to …

Autonomous Weapons And International Humanitarian Law: Advantages, Open Technical Questions And Legal Issues To Be Clarified, Marco Sassoli

International Law Studies

This contribution argues that autonomous weapons systems may have advantages from the perspective of ensuring better respect for international humanitarian law (IHL). This may be the case if they are one day capable of perceiving the information necessary to comply with IHL, can apply IHL to that information, and if it can be ensured that they will not deviate from the ways in which humans have programmed them. In the view of the author, targeting decisions do not require subjective value judgments a machine would be unable to make. In order to ensure IHL is respected with regard to use …

The Application Of Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate In Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients, Yan-Wen Chen, Yan-Kai Wen, Shyi-Kuen Wu, Chih-Yang Tang, Shin-Tsu Chang, Shin-Shan Lu

Rehabilitation Practice and Science

Heart rate is a very simple measurement values, can be used to monitor reaction of the heart to exercise response. The maximum heart rate is widely used for clinical diagnosis, exercise tolerance and exercise prescription for related diseases. The traditional formula for predicting maximum heart rate (220-age) prediction formula has large errors (overestimation or underestimation) phenomenon may overestimate or underestimate heart rate values, and thus may not reflect the actual amount of stress on the heart. Acute myocardial infarction is a common heart disease in the clinical setting. The safety and effectiveness of exercise intensity is particularly important in post-myocardial …

Disability And Rehabilitation -The Challenge And Opportunity Of Physiatrists In Disability, Kwang-Hwa Chang, Tsan-Hon Liou

Rehabilitation Practice and Science

Disability, a long-standing problem affecting mankind, is associated with medical, social welfare, political, and human rights problems and, therefore, is complex. The World Health Organization (WHO) promulgated the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) in 2001, facilitating the study of disability in recent years. According to the WHO Disability Report, the worldwide prevalence of disability is 15%, and the minimal worldwide prevalence is estimated to be 1 billion cases. Before 2012, disability evaluation was based mainly on the medical model in Taiwan, and, therefore, the prevalence was lower than 5%, which is much lower than the international level. …

Effects Of Acetaminophen, Etodolac And Indomethacin On Migration, Proliferation And Collagen Expression Of Tendon Cells, Yun-Ming Yang, Hsiang-Ning Chang, S Jong-Hwei Pang, Chung-Bao Hou, Wen-Chung Tsai

Rehabilitation Practice and Science

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat tendinopathy. Tendon healing requires migration of tendon cells to the repair site, followed by proliferation of these cells and collagen synthesis. Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of acetaminophen, etodolac, and indomethacin on tenocyte migration, proliferation, and synthesis of type I and III collagen. Methods: Rat Achilles tendon cells were treated with acetaminophen, etodolac, and indomethacin. Tendon cell migration and proliferation were assessed using transwell filter migration assay and MTT assay, respectively. The expression of collagen I and III mRNA were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Unlike …

Ultrasonography In The Diagnosis Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome And Measurement Of Gliding Of The Median Nerve, Yi-Wei Chang, Yi-Chieh Lien, Yi-Shiung Horng

Rehabilitation Practice and Science

The main purpose of the diagnostic ultrasound examination for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is to compensate for the inadequacies of physical examinations and nerve conduction studies and thereby reduce the false negative rate of CTS diagnosis. The cross-sectional area of the median nerve, swelling ratio, flattening ratio, and palmar bowing of the flexor retinaculum have been reported as the diagnostic criteria for CTS in ultrasonographic examinations. In addition, Doppler ultrasound has been applied to measure the blood flow of the median nerve, and dynamic ultrasound combined with a cross-correlation algorithm has been developed to measure the gliding of the median …

Effects Of Low-Level Laser Therapy On Matrix Metalloproteinase And Collagen Expression Of Tendon Cells, Chien-Hung Chen, Shih-Wei Hung, Jong-Hwei S. Pang, Wen-Chung Tsai, Miao-Sui Lin, Tung-Yang Yu, Hsiang-Ning Chang

Rehabilitation Practice and Science

Objective: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is commonly used to treat sports-related tendinopathy or tendon injury. However, scientific evidence of the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of tendinopathy treatment remained limited. Tendon healing requires tenocyte migration to the repair site, followed by proliferation and synthesis of the extracellular matrix, including collagens. The study was designed to determine the effect of laser on the metabolism of collagen for injuried tendon repair, furthermore, become a foundation of the LLLT for tendon repair. Methods: Tendon cells from rat Achilles tendons were obtained to investigate the effect of LLLT on collagen metabolism in tendon repair. …

Contactless Measurement Of Angular Velocity Using Circularly Polarized Antennas, Vit Sipal, Adam Narbudowicz, Max Ammann

Articles

An innovative method to measure the angular velocity using circularly polarized antennas is proposed. Due to the properties of circular polarization, the angular velocity is frequency modulated (FM) on a wireless carrier. This enables a low-cost precise continuous measurement of angular velocity using a standard FM demodulator. The hardware can be easily adapted for both high and low angular velocity values. The precise alignment angle between the antennas can be determined if the initial antenna orientation is known. The angular error is shown to be