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Quantum Optical Metrology, Sensing And Imaging, Kebei Jiang
Quantum Optical Metrology, Sensing And Imaging, Kebei Jiang
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In this dissertation we begin with a brief introduction to quantum optics concentrating on the topics of the noise of quantum optical states, quantum estimation theory, quantum interferometry and the atom-field interaction. This background is necessary for understanding the discussions in later chapters. In particular, quantum interferometry, which is optical interferometry when the light source is a quantum mechanical state, plays a central role in this dissertation. In Chapter 2 we discuss the phase estimation sensitivity of quantum metrology when photon loss is present. In Chapter 3 we extend the discussion to include the phase fluctuation of the system caused …
The Efficacy Of Interactive Journaling® In Reducing Alcohol Use And Alcohol-Related Problems Among Mandated College Student Drinkers, Steven Lee Proctor
The Efficacy Of Interactive Journaling® In Reducing Alcohol Use And Alcohol-Related Problems Among Mandated College Student Drinkers, Steven Lee Proctor
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems remain serious public health and safety concerns on United States college campuses. Considerable research has amassed to support the efficacy of the Alcohol Skills Training Program (ASTP), most notably the Brief Assessment and Screening Intervention for College Students, in reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among mandated and voluntary college student drinkers. The most recent outgrowth of the ASTP curriculum, CHOICES About Alcohol: A Brief Alcohol Abuse Prevention Program, is a self-guided, experiential writing process which utilizes Interactive Journaling®. The present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of CHOICES in reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related …
Prevalence Of Campylobacter Jejuni In Small-Scale Broiler Operations And The Effects Of Sulfadimethoxine Administered To Control C. Jejuni Infection In Broilers, Wannee Tangkham
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Campylobacter spp. particularly C. jejuni has been recognized as one of the most prevalent causes of foodborne bacterial illnesses in humans. Most previous studies have focused on the transmission routes of C. jejuni from commercial flock farms to the final retail product. To date, no in vivo studies have addressed the efficacy of sulfadimethoxine in the control of C. jejuni in poultry. This dissertation research proceeds along two lines of investigation. The objectives of the first line of investigation are to determine the enumeration of Campylobacter spp. and the prevalence on both Campylobacter spp. and C. jejuni on live egg …
Construct Validity Of The Autism Spectrum Disorders-Child Version (Asd-C) And The Child Behavior Checklist (Cbcl), Kimberly Tureck Sheffield
Construct Validity Of The Autism Spectrum Disorders-Child Version (Asd-C) And The Child Behavior Checklist (Cbcl), Kimberly Tureck Sheffield
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Previous researchers have demonstrated that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is related to increased prevalence of other psychological disorders. Comorbid disorders increase the difficulties in socialization and communication already experienced by children with ASD. These symptoms often require additional intervention techniques and should be identified as early as possible to beget the best prognosis. The Autism Spectrum Disorders – Child Version (ASD-C) is an informant based assessment battery specifically designed to measure symptoms of ASD, comorbid disorders, and challenging behavior in children with ASD. The reliability and validity of this assessment has been established in previous studies, but there is no …
Nowhere-Zero 3-Flows In Signed Graphs, Yezhou Wu, Dong Ye, Wenan Zang, Cun-Quan Zhang
Nowhere-Zero 3-Flows In Signed Graphs, Yezhou Wu, Dong Ye, Wenan Zang, Cun-Quan Zhang
Faculty & Staff Scholarship
Tutte observed that every nowhere-zero $k$-flow on a plane graph gives rise to a $k$-vertex-coloring of its dual, and vice versa. Thus nowhere-zero integer flow and graph coloring can be viewed as dual concepts. Jaeger further shows that if a graph $G$ has a face-$k$-colorable 2-cell embedding in some orientable surface, then it has a nowhere-zero $k$-flow. However, if the surface is nonorientable, then a face-$k$-coloring corresponds to a nowhere-zero $k$-flow in a signed graph arising from $G$. Graphs embedded in orientable surfaces are therefore a special case that the corresponding signs are all positive. In this paper, we prove …
A Data-Driven Storm Surge Analysis For The U.S. Gulf Coast, Harold Francis Needham
A Data-Driven Storm Surge Analysis For The U.S. Gulf Coast, Harold Francis Needham
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation provides the first empirical storm surge analysis for the U.S. Gulf Coast. Data are provided by SURGEDAT, a comprehensive storm surge database. A global storm surge literature review provided more than 700 observations in six ocean basins. The most severe storm surges have occurred in the Bay of Bengal, and the most frequent low-magnitude surges have occurred in East Asia. The U.S. Gulf Coast experiences the second highest frequency of low- and high- magnitude storm surges. Two Gulf Coast studies revealed that storm surge heights correlate better with pre-landfall tropical cyclone conditions, such as maximum wind speed and …
Nontraditional Hispanic College Students' Perceptions Of Their Sense Of Belonging At A 2-Year College In Southwest Texas, Ronald Eugene Zawacki-Maldonado
Nontraditional Hispanic College Students' Perceptions Of Their Sense Of Belonging At A 2-Year College In Southwest Texas, Ronald Eugene Zawacki-Maldonado
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The purpose of this study was to understand how a sense of belonging contributes to graduation persistence among nontraditional Hispanic college students. The collectivist culture among these adult learners often results in family and work obligations that curtail their pursuit of higher education. The voices of these students are mostly absent in the current literature and warrant the current research study. Sense of belonging and retention theory formed the conceptual framework for this phenomenological study. A purposeful sample of 16 nontraditional Hispanic students enrolled in a 2-year community college in Southwest Texas participated in interviews. Data analysis focused on themes …
Numerical Experiments Of Hurricane Impact On Vertical Mixing And De-Stratification Of The Louisiana Shelf Waters, Mohammadnabi Allahdadi
Numerical Experiments Of Hurricane Impact On Vertical Mixing And De-Stratification Of The Louisiana Shelf Waters, Mohammadnabi Allahdadi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The numerical model FVCOM (Finite Volume Community Ocean Model) was applied to study the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the vertical mixing over the Louisiana shelf and the process of post-storm re-stratification. Wind field from Hurricane Katrina was generated using a single vortex analytical model and was evaluated using available wind measurements over the shelf. Simulations of shelf circulation under Hurricane Katrina were done through several numerical tests to find the best approach for treating vertical eddy viscosity. Model results for the shelf during Katrina demonstrated opposite currents between surface and bottom for most of the shelf area. Results also …
Design, Synthesis, And Evaluation Of Small Molecule-Based, Profluorogenic Activatable Substrate Probes For Detection And Visualization Of Human Cancer Enzyme Nad(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1, Suraj Uditha Hettiarachchi
Design, Synthesis, And Evaluation Of Small Molecule-Based, Profluorogenic Activatable Substrate Probes For Detection And Visualization Of Human Cancer Enzyme Nad(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1, Suraj Uditha Hettiarachchi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Cancer comprises many specific diseases, and it is currently responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. This broad disease profile is a great challenge for personalized oncology. Critical for the success of cancer therapy is the exploration of improved methodologies for the early detection of localized and disseminated tumor cells in patients, where bio-molecular imaging has become an indispensable tool. Being one of many different imaging techniques, optical fluorescence imaging has been translated over the years from the bench to clinical research, and it is now on the verge of being able to address some of the pressing challenges in molecular …
Impact Of An Online Student Bridge Program For First-Year Nontraditional Students, Lisa Rene Adkins
Impact Of An Online Student Bridge Program For First-Year Nontraditional Students, Lisa Rene Adkins
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Low retention rates for first-year students plague many higher education institutions, and are even lower among online institutions of higher education. At Athena Colleges (a pseudonym), the attrition rate can be as high as 50% in students' first academic year. To address this concern, Athena Colleges has implemented an online bridge program that addresses students' academic needs and persistence. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the bridge program in reducing the first-time student attrition rate and academic performance in their first term. Most of Athena Colleges students are nontraditional students and due to this, the …
The Influence Of Personal And Educational Demographic Factors On The Productivity Of Farmers In Selected Geographic Regions Of The Ukraine, Viacheslav L. Sereda
The Influence Of Personal And Educational Demographic Factors On The Productivity Of Farmers In Selected Geographic Regions Of The Ukraine, Viacheslav L. Sereda
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The primary purpose of this study was to determine Ukrainian farmers characteristics based on demographic information, describe their agricultural production, land ownership, best farming practices and determine factors that could influence farmers’ gross income. Of the tree Oblasts selected, a total of 250 farmers were randomly selected in two of the oblasts and 150 in the other (due to the size of the population in the smaller sample) for personal interviews by the raion specialists. Random samples were drawn from these lists using a computerized random numbers table. Survey was designed to collect necessary information. Raion specialists received one-day training …
Southern Sapphisms: Sexuality And Sociality In Literary Productions, 1974-1997, Jaime Cantrell
Southern Sapphisms: Sexuality And Sociality In Literary Productions, 1974-1997, Jaime Cantrell
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Southern Sapphisms: Sexuality and Sociality in Literary Productions, 1974-1997, considers how queer and feminist theories illuminate and complicate the intersections between canonical and obscure, queer and normative, and regional and national narratives in southern literary representations produced during a crucial but understudied period in the historical politicization of sexuality. The advent of New Southern Studies—and its nascent emphasis on sexuality as an organizing principle of social relations—has focused almost exclusively on midcentury texts from the Southern Renascence, largely neglecting post-1970 queer literatures. At the same time, despite these developments in southern studies, most scholarship in women’s and feminist studies continue …
Emerging Diabetes Pandemic In India: A Case Study For An Integrative Approach, Chhaya Sanjeev Chaudhry
Emerging Diabetes Pandemic In India: A Case Study For An Integrative Approach, Chhaya Sanjeev Chaudhry
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Every day, India sees the addition of 5,000 new cases of diabetes to its current diabetic population of 65 million people. This number is projected to cross the 100 million mark in 15 years. The emerging pandemic scale of diabetes growth is straining India's already-overburdened public healthcare resources. India is home to several well-established native and adapted foreign traditions of medicine that are widely practiced. These traditions include Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha, and homeopathy. The modern and traditional medicine approaches are extensively used as independent systems. The purpose of this qualitative research case study was to evaluate the …
Stakeholders' Roles In Prioritizing Technical Vocational Education And Training In Postconflict Liberia, Edward S. Forh
Stakeholders' Roles In Prioritizing Technical Vocational Education And Training In Postconflict Liberia, Edward S. Forh
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Postconflict governments and counterparts have collaborated to provide skills training to communities as a critical postconflict development strategy. In these undertakings, the role of community members remains largely undefined. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive case study was to understand the perceptions held by rural community members regarding the role they played in influencing government's policy priority for technical and vocational education and training (TVET) as a local human development strategy in postconflict Liberia. The conceptual framework was based on human capital theory and concepts of motivation and achievement. Fourteen participants were purposefully selected for the study. Data were collected …
Accountable Actors: Politics And Poetic Imagination In Huxley, Lewis, And Orwell, Sarah Beth Vosburg
Accountable Actors: Politics And Poetic Imagination In Huxley, Lewis, And Orwell, Sarah Beth Vosburg
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
What does it mean, and what does it take, to practice personal responsibility in the face of political oppression? In this dissertation, I trace the essential themes of responsibility through a critical analysis of three stories: Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, C. S. Lewis’s That Hideous Strength, and George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. No comparative study of these important works of twentieth-century political literature exists. Yet, each of these stories merits the attention of students of character and politics because all three unforgettably portray men who strive to live meaningful lives against the contrived meaning imposed on them by those in …
The Sociocultural Basis Of Epidemiology Of Hypertension Among Residents Of Ogun State, Vernon E. Norman
The Sociocultural Basis Of Epidemiology Of Hypertension Among Residents Of Ogun State, Vernon E. Norman
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
There is a high prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria. Limited knowledge of hypertension, how to prevent it, its outcomes, rapid urbanization, and the adoption of Western eating habits are implicated. Hypertension is an important issue because chronic disease places economic, social, and disease burdens on society. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to investigate lifestyle practices, knowledge, and attitudes on risks and prevention of hypertension among residents of Ogun State, Nigeria (N = 79). The conceptual framework for this study focused on how knowledge, attitudes, and practices influence the dietary habits, behaviors, and ultimately blood pressure . The PEN-3 …
Gumbos- And Ionic Liquid-Coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors For Detection And Molecular Weight Determination Of Organic Vapors, Bishnu Prasad Regmi
Gumbos- And Ionic Liquid-Coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors For Detection And Molecular Weight Determination Of Organic Vapors, Bishnu Prasad Regmi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
There has been an ever-increasing demand for the development of high-performance sensing devices for detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in different environments. Among a number of sensing devices currently available, sorption-based sensors are particularly attractive because they are simple and inexpensive, require low power, and are appropriate for fabrication of multisensor arrays. A sorption-based sensor is comprised of a chemically active coating immobilized on the surface of a physical transducer. The chemically active film interacts with analytes, and the transducer converts the binding event into an electrical signal. This dissertation is focused on a sorption-based sensor …
Analysis Of Media Coverage Of Selected Food Safety Events On The Demand For The Recalled Products, Abhishek Bhagwat Bharad
Analysis Of Media Coverage Of Selected Food Safety Events On The Demand For The Recalled Products, Abhishek Bhagwat Bharad
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The major focus of this study was to identify the linkage between information and consumer behavior and to examine the role that a new media index played in the identifying the tone of news stories. Past studies have relied on using the number of media stories but, this study tests a new approach, i.e., in order to analyze the effect of information by incorporating the sentiment indices. These indices were created based on the tone of the news story. The results from sentiment indices were compared to the results from the information index. Barten’s Synthetic model (BSM) was used to …
Model-Based Tests Of Historical Demography And Species Delimitation In The Caribbean Coral Reef Sponge Callyspongia, Melissa Barrett Debiasse
Model-Based Tests Of Historical Demography And Species Delimitation In The Caribbean Coral Reef Sponge Callyspongia, Melissa Barrett Debiasse
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Coral reefs are the most productive and species rich ecosystems in the ocean yet we lack knowledge about the distribution of genetic variation the within and among reef species, particularly for the sponges (Porifera). My dissertation describes how genetic variation at mitochondrial and nuclear genes is partitioned among and within species in the sponge genus Callyspongia. I compared patterns of genetic diversity and population subdivision in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of one species, C. vaginalis, in Florida (Chapter 2). Previous work revealed three divergent mitochondrial lineages, but nuclear alleles did not correspond to either mitochondrial clade or geography. Coalescent …
Giftedness And Overexcitability : Investigating The Evidence, Daniel Lawrence Winkler
Giftedness And Overexcitability : Investigating The Evidence, Daniel Lawrence Winkler
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Many scholars of gifted education have often argued and believed that gifted individuals are neurologically overexcitable while non-gifted persons are not (Chang & Kuo, 2013; Harrison & Haneghan, 2011; Piechowski, 1979, 2006; Silverman, 2000a; Siu, 2010; Tieso, 2007a). This means that gifted persons are more sensitive, intuitive, empathic, and physically and emotionally aware. Some scholars have suggested that this significant degree of overexcitability may even mean that gifted persons are morally superior to non-gifted persons (Silverman, 1994). Over the past thirty years, this relationship between overexcitability (OE) and giftedness has become increasingly popular, as many websites, textbooks, and researchers have …
Spatial And Temporal Analysis Of Selected Birth Defects And Risk Factors In The Baton Rouge, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area, Aimee H. Moles
Spatial And Temporal Analysis Of Selected Birth Defects And Risk Factors In The Baton Rouge, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area, Aimee H. Moles
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
About three percent of all infants are born with a congenital defect each year ranging from minor variants to life threatening abnormalities. The investigation and treatment of these problems is both costly and emotionally trying for all involved. Finding their origins is a complex process. Birth defects create the ultimate mystery in terms of trying to tease out the various influences created by the environment of both the infant and the mother. Two genetically different individuals are simultaneously affected both by their individual makeup and by the outside world impacting the air they breathe, the food they eat, and the …
Poised Between Two Worlds : Nikolai Kapustin's Piano Sonata No. 1 And The Classical And Jazz Tradition, Kit Loong Yee
Poised Between Two Worlds : Nikolai Kapustin's Piano Sonata No. 1 And The Classical And Jazz Tradition, Kit Loong Yee
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The music of Nikolai Kapustin is a roller coaster ride of syncopation, hemiolas, glissandos and perpetual motion. Born in Russia at a time when the communist government forbade such creative foreign elements as improvisation and jazz, Kapustin brought to life an innovative style of music that melded classical and jazz elements into a unique, emotive sound that leaves the listener breathless. The focus of this study is Kapustin’s Piano Sonata No. 1, Op. 39. This study goes through a detailed analysis of the sonata as a whole as well as each individual movement. It also includes a brief biography of …
Application Of Scanning Probe Microscopy To Characterize Physical Properties Of Polymer Brushes, Photoactive Polymers And Rare Earth Oxide Nanostructures, Susan Denise Verberne-Sutton
Application Of Scanning Probe Microscopy To Characterize Physical Properties Of Polymer Brushes, Photoactive Polymers And Rare Earth Oxide Nanostructures, Susan Denise Verberne-Sutton
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A sample stage for characterizing photoactive materials was developed for studies with scanning probe microscopy (SPM). A sample stage was designed that directs light from a solar simulator via a fiber optic cable to illuminate the sample. Current-sensing and photocurrent measurements can be acquired with a conductive tip. The designed photocurrent stage can be used for SPM systems with a tip-mounted scanner. Current-sensing measurements can be taken with or without illumination to measure the current produced from organic photovoltaic (OPV) or photoconductive samples. Topography, lateral force and current-sensing images are acquired simultaneously, providing information of how nanoscale morphology affects the …
Kapitza Resistance Of Si/Sio₂ Interface, Bowen Deng, Aleksandr V. Chernatynskiy, Marat Khafizov, David H. Hurley, Simon R. Phillpot
Kapitza Resistance Of Si/Sio₂ Interface, Bowen Deng, Aleksandr V. Chernatynskiy, Marat Khafizov, David H. Hurley, Simon R. Phillpot
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
A phonon wave packet dynamics method is used to characterize the Kapitza resistance of a Si/SiO2 interface in a Si/SiO2/Si heterostructure. By varying the thickness of SiO2 layer sandwiched between two Si layers, we determine the Kapitza resistance for the Si/SiO 2 interface from both wave packet dynamics and a direct, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach. The good agreement between the two methods indicates that they have each captured the anharmonic phonon scatterings at the interface. Moreover, detailed analysis provides insights as to how individual phonon mode scatters at the interface and their contribution to the Kapitza …
Recalled Bullying: Development Of A Measure To Identify Childhood Victims And Perpetrators By Adults, Melissa Munson
Recalled Bullying: Development Of A Measure To Identify Childhood Victims And Perpetrators By Adults, Melissa Munson
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The purpose of the study was to develop a psychometrically sound measure of recalled childhood bullying by adults who were either victims or perpetrators of this behavior. In order to accomplish this, a measure of childhood bullying, the Peer Interactions in Primary School (PIPS) Questionnaire, was modified into a retrospective measure in order to quantify recollections of childhood bullying by adults. Specifically, the modified PIPS (PIPS-R) was created to identify adults who identified themselves as bullies, victims, or bully-victims during their childhood or who do not recall having been a bully or a victim. Eight hundred and twelve undergraduate college …
Phonon Thermal Transport Through Tilt Grain Boundaries In Strontium Titanate, Zexi Zheng, Xiang Chen, Bowen Deng, Aleksandr V. Chernatynskiy, Shengfeng Yang, Jinjun Xiong, Youping Chen
Phonon Thermal Transport Through Tilt Grain Boundaries In Strontium Titanate, Zexi Zheng, Xiang Chen, Bowen Deng, Aleksandr V. Chernatynskiy, Shengfeng Yang, Jinjun Xiong, Youping Chen
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this work, we perform nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study phonon scattering at two tilt grain boundaries (GBs) in SrTiO3. Mode-wise energy transmission coefficients are obtained based on phonon wave-packet dynamics simulations. The Kapitza conductance is then quantified using a lattice dynamics approach. The obtained results of the Kapitza conductance of both GBs compare well with those obtained by the direct method, except for the temperature dependence. Contrary to common belief, the results of this work show that the optical modes in SrTiO3 contribute significantly to phonon thermal transport, accounting for over 50% of the Kapitza …
Performing Joseph Cornell's Chronotopes Of Assemblage, Sarah Kathryn Jackson
Performing Joseph Cornell's Chronotopes Of Assemblage, Sarah Kathryn Jackson
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In this project I study Joseph Cornell’s practices of art-making through a performative lens. Rather than focusing on his finished products, I am interested in his embodied processes of assemblage. I call on Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope to articulate how time and space operate within Cornell’s finished works and his processes of assemblage art. In so doing, I conceptualize Cornell’s textual chronotope, métaphysique d’éphemera or “everyday magic,” as well as his chronotopes of assemblage: wandering, archiving, collaging, and assembling. I move from the finished work to the contingencies and strategies of the performance of assemblage. This project is …
The Life And Work Of Mark Jacobi: Clarinet Repair In Philadelphia And The Influence Of Hans Moennig, John Anthony Coppa
The Life And Work Of Mark Jacobi: Clarinet Repair In Philadelphia And The Influence Of Hans Moennig, John Anthony Coppa
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Since the invention of the clarinet there have been instrument repairmen and technicians who have properly maintained and serviced those instruments. This project presents the life and work of Mark Jacobi, one of the most influential clarinet repair technicians of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It connects the lineage of clarinet repair in Philadelphia and the life and traditions of Hans Moennig with the work currently being done in Mark Jacobi’s repair workshop. This document outlines the evolution of the clarinet barrel from its early incarnation as an attached extension of the mouthpiece section to its modern state as a …
School Leaders' Perceptions Of Caribbean Students' English Language Needs, Erica Pike
School Leaders' Perceptions Of Caribbean Students' English Language Needs, Erica Pike
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Although British West Indian Caribbean (BWIC) immigrant students are considered to be English speaking students by U.S. public schools, many of them speak other languages. These students experience hardships and have unique remediation needs that many schools are not providing. The conceptual frameworks that guided this case study were sociocultural theory, acculturation theory, and leadership theory. These theories postulate that culture influences learning, second language acquisition is linked to adapting to a new culture, and leadership is important to implement system-wide changes. Qualitative data included interviews with 6 teachers and 3 administrators who work closely with BWIC students, New York …
An Intersectional Exploration Of Race And Gender: Perceptions Of Women Faculty In Higher Education, Amy Hill Bourgeois
An Intersectional Exploration Of Race And Gender: Perceptions Of Women Faculty In Higher Education, Amy Hill Bourgeois
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
My own past experiences and my doctoral work form the origin from which I have chosen to examine the relationship that exists between race-based experiences and gender identity experiences within women faculty members in higher education. Multiple studies that examine faculty members’ experiences related to race and gender-related issues were identified; however, these studies were specific to non-white women. I was unable to locate studies that are inclusive of race and gender experiences of white women, and I am interested in gaining a parallel sense of understanding of the relationship that exists between race and gender in order to draw …