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2014

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In Utero Exposure To Second-Hand Smoke Aggravates Adult Responses To Inhaled Irritants, Rui Xiao Jan 2014

In Utero Exposure To Second-Hand Smoke Aggravates Adult Responses To Inhaled Irritants, Rui Xiao

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In utero exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has modulatory effects on adult lung responses to various irritants. To further elucidate diverse responses with different inhaled irritants and to understand how long the effects persist, we have focused on two environmentally-relevant and asthma-associated irritants--SHS and ovalbumin (OVA)--for adult mice that had been exposed in utero to SHS. We hypothesized that in utero SHS exposure aggravates lung responses to various inhaled irritants, including SHS and OVA, in adult mice beyond the age of 15 weeks; and that the responses will likely exhibit a sex bias. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed (days 6-19 …

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Based On Teacher Perceptions, Would The Use Of Social Media Via Mobile Devices In Grades 9-12 Classrooms Increase Student Engagement In Learning Activities?, Rodney J. Johnson Jan 2014

Based On Teacher Perceptions, Would The Use Of Social Media Via Mobile Devices In Grades 9-12 Classrooms Increase Student Engagement In Learning Activities?, Rodney J. Johnson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This research study addressed teachers’ perceptions of the use of social networking via mobile devices and the impact that social media accessed via mobile devices has on the learning engagement of students in grades 9-12 in select Louisiana high schools, in a rural southern parish of the United States (Gibbs, 2012). The study examined teachers’ perceptions of whether or not the use of social media improved students’ engagement in learning activities. Some researchers assert that the use of social media and smart cell phones is both the current and future mode of communication and that educators would do well to …

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Conducting Polymer Nanowires For Multi-Analyte Chemiresistive Sensing, Edward Song Jan 2014

Conducting Polymer Nanowires For Multi-Analyte Chemiresistive Sensing, Edward Song

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A conducting polymer nanowire-based chemiresistive sensor array was developed for the liquid-phase multi-analyte detection. The ability to distinguish and quantify multiple chemical species with a single sensory device can be useful in many areas including food industry, pollution control, biosensors, and explosives detection. A polyaniline nanowire is a good candidate for use as a chemiresistive sensing material due to its large resistivity change and ease of synthesis. However the two most important issues in chemiresistive sensors are the reproducibility in sensing and the selectivity in chemical species. For improving the reproducibility in polyaniline-based chemiresistive sensing, a self-calibration mechanism was proposed. …

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Avis De Recherche : Valentine Penrose, Œuvre Et Vie D'Une Artiste Surréaliste, Séverine Aline Orban Jan 2014

Avis De Recherche : Valentine Penrose, Œuvre Et Vie D'Une Artiste Surréaliste, Séverine Aline Orban

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

"Avis de Recherche: Valentine Penrose, vie et œuvre d’une artiste surréaliste" presents a new appreciation of the work of French artist, poet and novelist Valentine Penrose associated with the Surrealist Movement. This research offers the first detailed and accurate version of Valentine Penrose’s biography, which shows her relationship with artists and writers of her time, and her engagement during the Spanish Civil War and WWII. It compiles and publishes for the first time all her unpublished and ‘forgotten’ works with accompanying analyses for each piece. It demonstrates through the recording of her life and the exploration of her poetry how …

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Corporate Social Responsibility In The Nigerian Banking Sector, Cecily Joy Adeleke Jan 2014

Corporate Social Responsibility In The Nigerian Banking Sector, Cecily Joy Adeleke

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Corporate social responsibility is presently defined by the World Business Council of Sustainable Development as persistent commitment by businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while also increasing the quality of life of employees, their families, and the community. Guided by Freeman's stakeholder theory, this study examined the relationship between corporate social responsibility and the Nigerian bankers' reported satisfaction with the Nigerian banking sector. Survey data were collected from a convenience sample of 99 Nigerian bankers, including branch managers, zonal managers, tellers, marketers, and investors. A single-stage sampling procedure was used to elicit their satisfaction with the Nigerian …

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Experiences And Perceptions Of Pregnant Unmarried Adolescents In Nigeria, Priscilla Ndidi Asonye Jan 2014

Experiences And Perceptions Of Pregnant Unmarried Adolescents In Nigeria, Priscilla Ndidi Asonye

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sexual activity among unmarried adolescents is a major public health problem in Nigeria, because unmarried pregnant girls are more likely to have multiple sex partners and are less likely to use contraceptives, putting them at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), unplanned pregnancy, abortion, social isolation, and poverty. Teen pregnancy and STD rates are on the rise in Nigeria, yet few data exist on the experience of the adolescents themselves. This phenomenological study was designed to explore the in-depth experiences of 10 pregnant, unmarried adolescent girls aged 16-19, including the factors contributing to their sexual activity. An ecological model …

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The Burden Of Avian Influenza Viruses In Community Ponds In California, Zin Htway Jan 2014

The Burden Of Avian Influenza Viruses In Community Ponds In California, Zin Htway

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Emerging influenza viruses continue to challenge public health. The problem is public health science professionals have been battling emerging human influenza diseases with tactile and reactionary methods because there is a lack of knowledge and data at the human-animal interface. This research was a baseline study of the proportion of influenza A virus (IAV) in urban and rural communities in California. The population was artificial recirculating water ponds in the geographic locations of rural and urban Californian communities. Surface water samples [N = 182] were collected from artificial recirculating ponds in California. Positivity for IAV was verified by real time …

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Exchange Rate Volatility Effects On Brics Countries Exports, David Isaias Maradiaga Pineda Jan 2014

Exchange Rate Volatility Effects On Brics Countries Exports, David Isaias Maradiaga Pineda

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The leaders of the leading emerging economies Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) claim that increased currency exchange rate volatility (CERV) from USD, EUR, and JPY (G-3) negatively impacts their exports, and expressed their desire for less trade dependence on these currencies. The literature on the impact of CERV on trade is vast. However, no consensus on the impact’s direction and significance has been reached yet. The motivation of this study was: first, to contribute to the existing empirical literature by using an alternative methodology; and second, to provide empirical evidence to the claim’s validity or nullity by …

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The Contribution Of Fly Ash Components To Pcdd/F Formation, Phillip M. Potter Jan 2014

The Contribution Of Fly Ash Components To Pcdd/F Formation, Phillip M. Potter

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Chlorinated aromatics undergo surface-mediated reactions with metal oxides to form environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) which can further react to produce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Previous work using laboratory-made fly ash surrogates composed of transition metal oxides deposited on silica powder has confirmed their ability to mimic fly ash in the production of PCDD/Fs. However, little is known about the propensity of alumina and aluminosilicates to form PCDD/Fs. Cooperative catalysis between transition metals in the formation of PCDD/Fs has also seen little research. A fly ash sample containing both alumina and mullite, an aluminosilicate, was tested for PCDD/F formation …

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Programming Generalization : The Use Of Sufficient Exemplars Within A Discrete Trial Training Early Intervention Program For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Carolyn Barahona Jan 2014

Programming Generalization : The Use Of Sufficient Exemplars Within A Discrete Trial Training Early Intervention Program For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Carolyn Barahona

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Discrete Trial Training (DTT), a skill acquisition paradigm using Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) principles, is an empirically validated early intervention method for children with ASD. However, one disadvantage of this treatment is its highly structured method that hinders generalization. Since generalization is essential for independence and overall functioning in children with ASD, programming for generalized behavior change is an important treatment component. Training sufficient exemplars is one generalization programming technique that has led to the transfer of skills across several stimulus contexts. Very few scientific investigations have evaluated the use of sufficient exemplars within a DTT format. Experiment 1 evaluated …

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Advanced And Novel Modeling Techniques For Simulation, Optimization And Monitoring Chemical Engineering Tasks With Refinery And Petrochemical Unit Applications, Gregory M. Robertson Jan 2014

Advanced And Novel Modeling Techniques For Simulation, Optimization And Monitoring Chemical Engineering Tasks With Refinery And Petrochemical Unit Applications, Gregory M. Robertson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Engineers predict, optimize, and monitor processes to improve safety and profitability. Models automate these tasks and determine precise solutions. This research studies and applies advanced and novel modeling techniques to automate and aid engineering decision-making. Advancements in computational ability have improved modeling software’s ability to mimic industrial problems. Simulations are increasingly used to explore new operating regimes and design new processes. In this work, we present a methodology for creating structured mathematical models, useful tips to simplify models, and a novel repair method to improve convergence by populating quality initial conditions for the simulation’s solver. A crude oil refinery application …

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The Transition From Clinical Practice To Academic Citizenship In Nursing Faculty, Valerie S. Schluter Jan 2014

The Transition From Clinical Practice To Academic Citizenship In Nursing Faculty, Valerie S. Schluter

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the experience of female registered nurses who transitioned from clinical practice to a faculty role in a baccalaureate program of nursing as experienced by the study participants. An improved understanding of the experience of registered nurses who transition from clinical practice to academic citizenship in an academic community will fill a gap in the literature and assist administrators of schools of nursing in planning faculty orientation and development programs to facilitate a successful transition of new nursing faculty members into academic citizenship in an academic community. Most nursing faculty members begin …

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The Physiological Effects Of Resistant Starch On Obesity And Diabetes, Felicia Robin Goldsmith Jan 2014

The Physiological Effects Of Resistant Starch On Obesity And Diabetes, Felicia Robin Goldsmith

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Three studies were performed to determine the effects of RS on body weight and adiposity in HF DIO, diabetic C57BL/6J and GLP-1 receptor KO mice as well as genetically obese ZDF rats. The first study was a dose-response experiment for HM260 (0, 15, or 28 g/100 g diet) against the anti-diabetes drug SG (Januvia®) (0 or 0.4 g/100 g diet) in HF DIO C57BL/6J (n=55) mice injected with STZ in order to assess synergy. The most effective combination was used in the second study, the purpose of which was to determine the mechanistic importance of GLP-1 in GLP-1R KO (n=25) …

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Toward A Northern Irish Pastoral: Reading The Rural In Seamus Heaney And Paul Muldoon, Stephanie Jean Osburn Krassenstein Jan 2014

Toward A Northern Irish Pastoral: Reading The Rural In Seamus Heaney And Paul Muldoon, Stephanie Jean Osburn Krassenstein

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The goal of this dissertation is three-fold: to mount a comparison of Seamus Heaney and Paul Muldoon, arguing that the two poets actually share much in common, particularly in their use of the pastoral mode; to argue that the pastoral mode offers a provocative, even radical platform for postcolonial writing and thinking; and to argue that reading Heaney and Muldoon, and Ireland in general, as postcolonial offers much for critics and scholars. This project looks particularly at Heaney’s use of gender in landscape to argue that Heaney relies on an abject pastoral mode, one which is dominated by excess fertility …

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An Examination Of The Impact Of Postsecondary Transition Program Models On College Self-Efficacy Beliefs Of First-Generation College Students, Shaneá Morrison Nelson Jan 2014

An Examination Of The Impact Of Postsecondary Transition Program Models On College Self-Efficacy Beliefs Of First-Generation College Students, Shaneá Morrison Nelson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of postsecondary transition programs on the college self-efficacy beliefs of first-generation college students. Postsecondary transition programs were developed to address the challenges that all first-time freshmen face, including all first-generation students. While there are a number of postsecondary transition program models, the three models examined in this study were Developmental Academic, Residential Colleges, and First Year Intervention programs. Although there is a great deal of evaluative research regarding how postsecondary transition programs impact students’ academic performance, there is a lack of research on how these programs impact students internal …

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Audio-Based Visualization Of Expressive Body Movements In Music Performance: An Evaluation Of Methodology In Three Electroacoustic Compositions, Yeamin Oh Jan 2014

Audio-Based Visualization Of Expressive Body Movements In Music Performance: An Evaluation Of Methodology In Three Electroacoustic Compositions, Yeamin Oh

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

An increase in collaboration amongst visual artists, performance artists, musicians, and programmers has given rise to the exploration of multimedia performance arts. A methodology for audio-based visualization has been created that integrates the information of sound with the visualization of physical expressions, with the goal of magnifying the expressiveness of the performance. The emphasis is placed on exalting the music by using the audio to affect and enhance the video processing, while the video does not affect the audio at all. In this sense the music is considered to be autonomous of the video. The audio-based visualization can provide the …

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Domestication And Foreignization Strategies In Translating Sinbad Of The Arabian Nights, Safa M. Elnaili Jan 2014

Domestication And Foreignization Strategies In Translating Sinbad Of The Arabian Nights, Safa M. Elnaili

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Over the centuries translation theories have provided strategies to help the translator overcome various linguistic and cultural obstacles that arise in any intercultural exchange between different languages and cultures. Idioms and culturally-bound expressions are among prominent translation problems, especially when the translation is between two completely different languages like Arabic and English which diverge both linguistically and culturally. The most debated translation strategies are Domestication and Foreignization. This research examines the use of these two strategies in four English translations of one of the world`s most famous cultural collections, The Arabian Nights. The study specifically investigates the use of domestication …

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An Analysis Of A University Reclassification Effect On Applications Following A Move To A New Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Dylan P. Williams Jan 2014

An Analysis Of A University Reclassification Effect On Applications Following A Move To A New Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Dylan P. Williams

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Scholars have argued that athletics are utilized by universities to advertise their school to all individuals (Collins, 2012; Dwyer, Eddy, Havard, & Braa, 2010; Toma & Cross, 1998; Washington & Ventresca, 2004; Weaver, 2010). Expectedly, university officials are willing to contribute resources in order to develop an effective athletics program to establish an institution’s legitimacy among other universities (Collins, 2012; Toma & Cross, 1998; Washington & Ventresca, 2004). One tactic employed by schools focuses on the process of athletic association reclassification into the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from other member associations (e.g., National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics). Officials consider …

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Restoring Cultural Capital Through Preservation In The Holy Cross Historic District, Jennifer Ann Hay Jan 2014

Restoring Cultural Capital Through Preservation In The Holy Cross Historic District, Jennifer Ann Hay

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This research analyses the social construction of a neighborhood’s history through the architectural narrative visible in its housing stock, critically engaging with modern practices of evaluation and interpretation of historic significance espoused by preservationists. Physical manifestations of the application of the National Historic Preservation Act and local regulations, in conjunction with efforts of preservationists as agents of recovery targeting the Holy Cross Historic District in New Orleans after the hazard events of 2005 reveal new and altered perceptions of the neighborhood through changes in space and structure. Methods include quantitative analysis of property values and demographics, (economic capital), and documenting …

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Does Subtype Matter?: Comparing The Effects Of A Self-Monitoring Intervention On Adhd-C And Adhd-I, Caleb James Corwin Jan 2014

Does Subtype Matter?: Comparing The Effects Of A Self-Monitoring Intervention On Adhd-C And Adhd-I, Caleb James Corwin

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Recently Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) research has been confronted with questions regarding the subtype distinctions. Millich, Ballantine, and Lyman (2001) have claimed that ADHD – Combined Type (ADHD-C) and ADHD – Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) are “distinct and separate disorders.” As important as this distinction is diagnostically, it is, possibly equally important with regards to treatment. Multiple pharmacological studies have compared the responsiveness of ADHD-C and ADHD-I to stimulant medications, yet the results are often conflicting (e.g. Grizenko, Paci, & Joober, 2010; Solanto et al., 2009; Stein et al., 2003). To date, only one study has compared ADHD subtypes with respect …

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What Stages In The Phenology Of Corn Are The Most Correlated With Rainfed Corn Yields In The Corn Belt Using Remote Sensing?, Zachary Lee Braun Jan 2014

What Stages In The Phenology Of Corn Are The Most Correlated With Rainfed Corn Yields In The Corn Belt Using Remote Sensing?, Zachary Lee Braun

Theses and Dissertations

Two weekly and freely available remotely sensed vegetation indices, Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI), were assessed for state level corn yield correlation in the Corn Belt region of the United States for the years of 2007-2013. VCI and TCI were 16-km pixels which are derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Corn pixels were identified by downloading yearly USDA Cropscape pixels for corn in each state. Irrigated corn pixels were removed by using the 2007 Irrigated Agriculture Dataset developed by Pervez and Brown (2010) as a mask. Corn pixels were then resampled to 16-km …

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Between Nihilism And Transcendence : Albert Camus' Dialogue With Nietzsche And Dostoevsky, Sean Derek Illing Jan 2014

Between Nihilism And Transcendence : Albert Camus' Dialogue With Nietzsche And Dostoevsky, Sean Derek Illing

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation examines the impact of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche on the development of Albert Camus’ political philosophy. The innovation of the present study is in the attempt to offer a substantive examination of Camus’ dialogue with Nietzsche and Dostoevsky. To the extent that connections between these writers have been discussed, it has been in the general context of modern thought or it has focused on overlapping literary themes. This project emphasizes the political dimensions of these connections. In addition to re-interpreting Camus’ political thought, the aim is to clarify Camus’ struggle with transcendence and to bring renewed attention …

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Has The Fasb And Iasb's Shift Toward An Asset/Liability View Enhanced The Predictive Usefulness Of Roe?, Regina Cavalier Rosa Jan 2014

Has The Fasb And Iasb's Shift Toward An Asset/Liability View Enhanced The Predictive Usefulness Of Roe?, Regina Cavalier Rosa

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Over the past several decades, accounting standard setters have been gradually shifting financial reporting toward an asset/liability view, by rewriting the underlying conceptual framework and issuing accounting standards that reflect this view. The asset/liability view enhances comparability of a firm’s investment base to that of its peers, and thus enhances the comparability of a firm’s return of equity (ROE). This, in turn, increases the transparency with which firm-specific performance differs from its peers. Greater transparency would be expected to improve predictive usefulness, but would also place greater pressure on a firm to meet the performance of its peers. In the …

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X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Of The Bakken And Three Forks Formations Of The Williston Basin, North Dakota And Well Logging Applications, Russell James Carr Jan 2014

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Of The Bakken And Three Forks Formations Of The Williston Basin, North Dakota And Well Logging Applications, Russell James Carr

Theses and Dissertations

This research analyzed nine core sections representing The Lower Bakken and Three Forks Formation of the Williston Basin in North Dakota using x-ray fluorescence. The Charlotte 1-22H core sequence from Continental Resources was also included to assess the elemental composition of the stratigraphic interval spanning the Lodgepole, Bakken, Pronghorn, and Three Forks Formations. Core samples were obtained from the North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC) Wilson B. Laird Core and Sample Library at the University of North Dakota. Core sections were exposed to x-ray at 15 keV and 45 keV excitation voltages to provide elemental spectra; count rate values were obtained …

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Partnering For Success: The Principals' Role In Beginning Teacher-Mentor-Principal Relationships, Rachael Gayle Agre Jan 2014

Partnering For Success: The Principals' Role In Beginning Teacher-Mentor-Principal Relationships, Rachael Gayle Agre

Theses and Dissertations

This small-scale qualitative study examined the perceptions of elementary principals, mentors and beginning teachers regarding the principal's role in promoting beginning teacher professional growth within comprehensive induction programs. This role may not be clear to principals, mentors, beginning teachers or induction program leaders. In recent years, the call for principal instructional leadership is in the forefront of the literature with increasing emphasis placed on academic standards and accountability. This emphasis is shifting the focus of principal instructional leadership from teaching to student learning. Mentors and principals are working together with beginning teachers to accelerate professional growth and impact student achievement. …

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Evaluation Of Selected Spectral Vegetation Indices In Senescent Rangeland Canopy Using Landsat Imagery, Marla Collins Jan 2014

Evaluation Of Selected Spectral Vegetation Indices In Senescent Rangeland Canopy Using Landsat Imagery, Marla Collins

Theses and Dissertations

Grassland birds are diminishing more steadily and rapidly than other North American birds in general. The nesting success of some grassland bird species depends on the amount of nonproductive vegetation (NPV). To estimate NPV land managers are currently using the Robel pole visual obstruction reading methods. Researchers with the USDA Agricultural Research Service's (ARS) Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory in Mandan, ND, recently established statistical relationships between photosynthetic vegetation (PV), NPV and spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) derived from more sensitive and more detailed, but less accessible and more costly hyperspectral aerial imagery. This study is an extension of this previous …

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A Feasibility Study On The Implementation Of Satellite-To-Satellite Tracking Around A Small Near-Earth Object, Christopher Joseph Church Jan 2014

A Feasibility Study On The Implementation Of Satellite-To-Satellite Tracking Around A Small Near-Earth Object, Christopher Joseph Church

Theses and Dissertations

Near-earth objects (NEOs) are asteroids and comets that have a perihelion distance of less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). There are currently more than 10,000 known NEOs. The majority of these objects are less than 1 km in diameter. Despite the number of NEOs, little is known about most of them. Characterizing these objects is a crucial component in developing a thorough understanding of solar system evolution, human exploration, exploitation of asteroid resources, and threat mitigation. Of particular interest is characterizing the internal structure of NEOs. While ground-based methods exist for characterizing the internal structure of NEOs, the information that …

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Search-Based Model-Driven Loop Optimizations For Tensor Contractions, Ajay Panyala Jan 2014

Search-Based Model-Driven Loop Optimizations For Tensor Contractions, Ajay Panyala

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Complex tensor contraction expressions arise in accurate electronic structure models in quantum chemistry, such as the coupled cluster method. The Tensor Contraction Engine (TCE) is a high-level program synthesis system that facilitates the generation of high-performance parallel programs from tensor contraction equations. We are developing a new software infrastructure for the TCE that is designed to allow experimentation with optimization algorithms for modern computing platforms, including for heterogeneous architectures employing general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs). In this dissertation, we present improvements and extensions to the loop fusion optimization algorithm, which can be used with cost models, e.g., for minimizing memory …

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Battered Men And Our Changing Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence, Ashley Marie Perry Jan 2014

Battered Men And Our Changing Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence, Ashley Marie Perry

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) (2009) estimates that 4.8 million women are victims of intimate partner assault and rape every year. Receiving far less attention in the intimate partner violence literature, however, are studies of the 2.9 million male victims of this type of abuse (CDC 2009). Here I seek to explore this evolving issue of intimate partner violence, and determine to what extent the situations of male victims imitate the abundant body of literature on male violence against women. Using Google’s NGram word corpus (Michel et al. 2010), I examine important changes over time in the usage of …

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A Qualitative Study Utilizing Non-Fiction African-American Folktales: Process And Product With Struggling Second, Third, And Fifth Graders In North Louisiana, Gail Guidry Griffin Jan 2014

A Qualitative Study Utilizing Non-Fiction African-American Folktales: Process And Product With Struggling Second, Third, And Fifth Graders In North Louisiana, Gail Guidry Griffin

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation presents a qualitative of a study utilizing non-fiction African-American Folktales with struggling readers in second, third, and fifth grades. The study was conducted to explore how teachers, reading/library media specialists, and students utilize a variety of non-fiction folktales in their classrooms and the library media center. From this topic the following research questions were devised. The researcher discovered the challenges that teachers are faced with the implementation of folktales, how is folktales aligned with the (CCSS) Common Core State Standards, what role do heroes play in folktales, and what traits and/or characteristics would students prefer their hero to …

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