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2014

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Spring Commencement: May 17, 2014, University Of North Dakota May 2014

Spring Commencement: May 17, 2014, University Of North Dakota

UND Commencement Programs

UND Spring Commencement program from May 17, 2014.

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California Drought: A Need For Agricultural Revolution In The Golden State, Benjamin Clinkinbeard May 2014

California Drought: A Need For Agricultural Revolution In The Golden State, Benjamin Clinkinbeard

2014 Student Theses

California is in a drought State of Emergency, which is fueling negative social and economic consequences. After multiple years of below average rainfall, California has arrived at one of the most severe droughts in recorded history. Climate change is upon the Golden State, and the ugly consequences need to encourage citizens to spur green movements combating environmental destruction. The agriculture industry is in need of drastic change in order to secure a future that includes clean water, and fresh food for a growing population. Currently, the agricultural techniques practiced are far from sustainable. Adopting a new ideal on what it …

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The Reconstructed Self: Understanding The Private And Public Identity Of A Mother Of A Child With Autism, Danielle Rene'e Tessen May 2014

The Reconstructed Self: Understanding The Private And Public Identity Of A Mother Of A Child With Autism, Danielle Rene'e Tessen

Communication

The puzzle pattern of the autism awareness ribbon signifies the mystery of life on the spectrum. The spectrum is characterized by the wide range of possible diagnoses of autism. One family out of every 68 is affected by autism. Each shape and color of the puzzle illustrates the diversity of experience for each family and person living with autism. Therefore, the people living the everyday life of autism provide an insightful understanding of how the puzzle pieces fit together. The central focus of this research was the lived experience of the interviewees. Nine mothers of children diagnosed with autism were …

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Career Exploration In The Anchorage School District, Adele M. Daniels May 2014

Career Exploration In The Anchorage School District, Adele M. Daniels

Student Projects for Graduate Degrees

Job shadow opportunities for middle and high school students provides valuable exposure to workplace environments as students look at future career choices. This type of career exploration can help to connect students to careers of interest as part of a career pathway. These experiences can help a student recognize the skills that are needed for a particular job, as well as the day-to-day duties for a person working in a given field. Military installations located near local school districts are an untapped resource for the career exploration opportunities that are available. Many military and civilian occupations are very similar in …

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Observable Effects Of Attention, Posture, Ergonomics And Movement In The Classroom, Joanne Healy May 2014

Observable Effects Of Attention, Posture, Ergonomics And Movement In The Classroom, Joanne Healy

Other

Two studies related to student attention, posture, school ergonomics, student behavior (leaning, standing up, and moving), and learning engagement were conducted in Alaska. The Children's Postural Improvement Study (CPIS) looked at the observable effects of two interventions on attention. In the Classroom Environmental Study (CES) a baseline ergonomic survey compared observed student behavior and classroom arrangements. The purpose of the CPIS was to investigate the effects of a postural education program, consisting of five 30-minute instructional sessions, as compared to a nutritional intervention at two elementary schools and its effect on attention. Three quantitative tools measured attention, the post-Partial Vanderbilt …

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Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Development Of Alaskan Crab Larvae, Raphaëlle Descôteaux May 2014

Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Development Of Alaskan Crab Larvae, Raphaëlle Descôteaux

Marine Biology

The oceans absorb a large proportion of the carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) emitted into the atmosphere. This CO₂ changes the chemistry of seawater to make it more acidic, a phenomenon termed ocean acidification. Ocean acidification can have negative impacts on marine fauna, especially during early life stages, presenting a risk to ecosystems and fisheries. This research tested the effects of ocean acidification on the larval development of three crab species in Alaska: Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi), rock crab (Glebocarcinus oregonensis), and Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister). Experiments were undertaken to assess the effects of exposure to low-pH conditions (decrease of up …

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The Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Walleye Pollock (Theragra Chalcogramma) Early Life History Stages, Elena R. Fernandez May 2014

The Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Walleye Pollock (Theragra Chalcogramma) Early Life History Stages, Elena R. Fernandez

Marine Biology

Since the Industrial Revolution of the late 1700's, atmospheric and marine carbon dioxide levels have drastically increased. Ocean acidification is the result of the shift in the marine carbon cycle caused by the increase in marine and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Changing environmental conditions caused by ocean acidification have been shown to have adverse effects on different marine species as well as life history stages. As a result, ecologically and economically important teleost fish species such as walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) could be adversely affected by ocean acidification conditions. This study explores the responses of walleye pollock eggs and larvae incubated …

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Pacific Walrus Use Of Higher Trophic Level Prey And The Relation To Sea Ice Extent, Body Condition, And Trichinellosis, Jill-Marie Seymour May 2014

Pacific Walrus Use Of Higher Trophic Level Prey And The Relation To Sea Ice Extent, Body Condition, And Trichinellosis, Jill-Marie Seymour

Marine Biology

The changing Arctic ecosystem may prompt Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) to change their usual diet of lower trophic level prey (e.g., benthic invertebrates) by increasing the consumption of higher trophic level prey (HTLP). Prey-switching may have consequences to walrus populations through increased energetic costs, increased stress response, declines in body condition, and exposure to diseases, including the zoonotic parasite Trichinella spp. Trichinella is possibly transmitted to walruses via predation or scavenging on seals. The goal of this study was to quantify reliance on HTLP using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, and assess potential correlations among consumption of HTLP …

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Evaluation Of Management Practices To Mitigate Lodging For 'Cl151' Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), Jennifer Leann Corbin May 2014

Evaluation Of Management Practices To Mitigate Lodging For 'Cl151' Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), Jennifer Leann Corbin

Theses and Dissertations

‘CL151’ a Clearfield long-grain rice cultivar, was released in 2008, based upon excellent agronomic characteristics, including excellent yield and moderately resistant rating for lodging. Further experience has indicated it’s susceptibility to lodging. Lodging can reduce harvest efficiency, yield, and cause grain quality loss. The purpose of this research was to evaluate multiple management practices such as nitrogen rates and timings, seeding rate, trinexapac-ethyl application, potassium, and fungicide application to mitigate lodging for CL151. The results of this research indicate that N rate and application timing largely influence lodging incidence and grain yield. Fungicide application decreased, but did not eliminate lodging, …

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Effects Of Temperature And Salinity On Hatch Success, Growth, Development And Survival Of Bigmouth Sleeper Gobiomorus Dormitor Larvae, Karina Michelle Olivieri-Velázquez May 2014

Effects Of Temperature And Salinity On Hatch Success, Growth, Development And Survival Of Bigmouth Sleeper Gobiomorus Dormitor Larvae, Karina Michelle Olivieri-Velázquez

Theses and Dissertations

Effects of temperature (23, 26, 29°C) and salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 ppt) on hatch success, growth, development, and survival of bigmouth sleeper Gobiomorus dormitor yolk sac larvae were determined. Hatch success was greater at lower temperatures (23°C) and salinities (0-10 ppt), while larval survival and growth were greater at 26°C and 0 ppt. Larvae reared at 29°C- 0 ppt developed rapidly but rarely survived 48-h post hatch, while larvae at 23°C- 0 ppt survived 120-h post hatch, developed slower. Salinity adversely affected larval survival and size at hatch, larvae reared at salinities 5 ppt or greater died within …

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Urban Farm And Community Garden Hybrid Models: A Case Study Of The Huerta Del Valle Community Garden, Leah Hochberg May 2014

Urban Farm And Community Garden Hybrid Models: A Case Study Of The Huerta Del Valle Community Garden, Leah Hochberg

Scripps Senior Theses

This study examines models of community gardens and urban farms and determined a successful hybrid model for future implementation at the Huerta del Valle Community Garden. This was accomplished through analyzing the unique benefits and drawbacks of community gardens and urban farms as defined by the author, and then determining the components of each model that would maximize Huerta del Valle’s social and economic potential. Community gardens are defined in this thesis as places where community members can grow their own food in individual plots, and these spaces often contribute to community building, hands-on gardening education, and improved food access. …

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Biodynamic Agriculture: A Valuable Alternative To The Industrial Farming System, Eden K. Olsen May 2014

Biodynamic Agriculture: A Valuable Alternative To The Industrial Farming System, Eden K. Olsen

Scripps Senior Theses

Since the Scientific and Industrial revolutions, advancing technologies and cutting-edge science have enabled our society to continually promote a growing global economy. Industrial growth has increasingly become a top priority for most governments, notably in the agricultural realm. The advances towards agricultural industrialization began in the 17th century and escalated during the Green Revolution, which examined the possibility of using synthetic fertilizers and mechanization in farming to decrease labor and improve yields. Although seen as economically beneficial, the shift from an agrarian lifestyle to industrial farming has created an ecological, economic, and ideological crisis to our modern world. This …

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Behavior, Physiology, Biological Age, And Cultural Role Of Long-Lived Bering Sea Seabirds, Rebecca C. Young May 2014

Behavior, Physiology, Biological Age, And Cultural Role Of Long-Lived Bering Sea Seabirds, Rebecca C. Young

Biological Sciences

This dissertation focuses on the intersection of behavior, physiology, and biological age. Biological age is a measure of an organism's progress through life, and it incorporates chronological age as well as the actions of environment and innate quality at the individual level. We estimate biological age using telomere length as a biomarker. Telomere degradation in relation to oxidative stress links it directly to purported proximate mechanisms of aging under the free radical theory of aging. Short telomeres, or telomere loss, have been related to ecological indicators of lowered fitness. Our work focuses on aging in the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia), …

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Intermittent Hypercapnia Induces Long-Lasting Ventilatory Plasticity To Enhance Co₂ Responsiveness To Overcome Dysfunction, Bryan Patrick Mosher May 2014

Intermittent Hypercapnia Induces Long-Lasting Ventilatory Plasticity To Enhance Co₂ Responsiveness To Overcome Dysfunction, Bryan Patrick Mosher

Biological Sciences

The ability of the brain to detect (central CO₂ chemosensitivity) and respond to (central CO₂ chemoresponsiveness) changes in tissue CO₂/pH, is a homeostatic process essential for mammalian life. Dysfunction of the serotonin (5-HT) mechanisms compromises ventilator CO₂ chemosensitivity/responsiveness and may enhance vulnerability to pathologies such as the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The laboratory of Dr. Michael Harris has shown medullary raphe' contributions to central chemosensitivity involving both 5-HT- and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated mechanisms. I tested the hypothesis that postnatal exposure to mild intermittent hypercapnia (IHc) induces respiratory plasticity, due in part to strengthening of bicuculline- and saclofen-sensitive mechanisms (GABAA …

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Effects Of Increased Snow On Growth And Allocation Patterns Of Arctic Plants, Claire E. Addis May 2014

Effects Of Increased Snow On Growth And Allocation Patterns Of Arctic Plants, Claire E. Addis

Biological Sciences

While summer warming in the Arctic has led to an increase in shrub cover on the tundra, winter processes may enhance shrub growth. In particular, greater snow accumulation around shrub patches may alter plant growth by insulating soil and facilitating overwinter nitrogen mineralization by microbes, thereby increasing nutrients available to plants at spring thaw and influencing growth patterns. We used three snow fences located across a gradient of shrub height and density at Toolik Field Station to compare plant growth and nutrient uptake on either side of the fences. Species behaved individualistically, with some showing increased growth and nutrient uptake …

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Spatial Variability In Plant And Soil Properties On New Zealand Seabird Islands, And The Effects Of Introduced Rats, Melody S. Durrett May 2014

Spatial Variability In Plant And Soil Properties On New Zealand Seabird Islands, And The Effects Of Introduced Rats, Melody S. Durrett

Biological Sciences

Seabirds are ecosystem engineers with two major impacts on island ecosystems: they bring large quantities of marine nutrients to the terrestrial environment in the form of guano, carcasses, feathers, eggs, and spilled food, and they disturb the soil surface. Burrowing seabirds can denude the soil surface of all seedlings and leaf litter, plowing them under and loosening the soil. However, seabirds are colonial, and burrows are not evenly spaced over the surface of an island, producing spatial variability within a single island that might reveal how seabird activities control island ecosystem function. In this dissertation I review seabird island ecology …

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Causes And Consequences Of Variable Extrafloral Nectar Secretions In Quaking Aspen (Populous Tremuloides Michx.), Jonathon R. Newman May 2014

Causes And Consequences Of Variable Extrafloral Nectar Secretions In Quaking Aspen (Populous Tremuloides Michx.), Jonathon R. Newman

Biological Sciences

Extrafloral (EF) nectaries mediate a defensive mutualism in many plant populations, wherein plants attract predatory arthropods by providing nectar rewards. The primary objectives of this study were to identify abiotic and biotic factors that may affect secretion by EF nectaries in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and to determine how variation in secretion rate affects attractiveness of P. tremuloides ramets to predatory arthropods such as ants. I investigated the effects of water stress, defoliation, and genotype on extrafloral sugar secretions in P. tremuloides and tested how variations in EF sugar quantity affect ant visitation to P. tremuloides ramets in interior …

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Effect Of Double Ovulation On Peripheral Concentrations Of Progesterone, Luteal Blood Perfusion And Hepatic Steroid Inactivating Enzymes, Benjamin Eugene Voelz May 2014

Effect Of Double Ovulation On Peripheral Concentrations Of Progesterone, Luteal Blood Perfusion And Hepatic Steroid Inactivating Enzymes, Benjamin Eugene Voelz

Theses and Dissertations

Progesterone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy in cattle. Recent trends in decreased reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle have led researchers to believe that increased catabolism and decreased peripheral concentrations of progesterone are at fault. The objective of this study was to determine if the induction of an accessory corpus luteum (CL), via human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), alters blood perfusion of CL, peripheral concentrations of progesterone, or hepatic steroid inactivating enzymes. We hypothesized that the induction of an accessory CL would decrease blood perfusion of the CL, decrease peripheral concentrations of progesterone, and increase clearance of progesterone in the …

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Detection Of Pahs In Commercial And Wild Caught Fish Oil Using Scanning Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Edwin Antonio Pena May 2014

Detection Of Pahs In Commercial And Wild Caught Fish Oil Using Scanning Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Edwin Antonio Pena

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

The DeepWater Horizon (DWH) oil spill contaminated a large area in the Gulf of Mexico in summer 2010. It is likely that many aquatic species in the Gulf were affected by the spill. Crude oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs). Some PAHs are carcinogenic to fish and humans. The purpose of this project was to develop menhaden fish oil as a biomonitoring tool for crude oil contaminants such as PAHs using scanning fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS). Menhaden (Genus Brevoortia) is one of the most ecologically and economically important marine fish species along the Atlantic and Gulf coast; however, it is …

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The Effect Of Feeding Native Warm Season Grasses In The Stocker Phase On The Quality Of Beef Loin Steaks, Vikram Pandurang Kurve May 2014

The Effect Of Feeding Native Warm Season Grasses In The Stocker Phase On The Quality Of Beef Loin Steaks, Vikram Pandurang Kurve

Theses and Dissertations

Native Warm Season Grasses (NWSG) provide excellent wildlife habitat and are well adapted to the Southeastern United States. Steaks that were obtained from cattle fed NWSG in the stocker phase and finished on grain and tall fescue were subjected to simulated retail display for 0, 3, 6, and 9 days (graininished) and 0, 3, and 6 (forageinished) days respectively. Grain finished carcasses graded as choice and select while forage finished carcasses were both select and standard. Fat percentage was higher and moisture was lower in steaks from grain finished carcasses when compared to forage finished cattle. Lipid oxidation was lower …

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Sequencing And Analysis Of The Flavobacterium Columnare Atcc 49512 Genome, Hasan Cihad Tekedar May 2014

Sequencing And Analysis Of The Flavobacterium Columnare Atcc 49512 Genome, Hasan Cihad Tekedar

Theses and Dissertations

Flavobacterium columnare is a Gram negative fish pathogen that causes columnaris disease, which infects populations of wild and cultured fish species. However, pathogenic mechanisms of F. columnare are largely unknown. The purpose of this research is to obtain the complete sequence of the F. columnare ATCC 49512 genome to advance pathogenesis research and increase our understanding of this pathogen. To accomplish this, genome sequencing by using Sanger and 454 sequencing was conducted. The sequences were assembled, gaps were filled, and the circular genome was autoannotated. The F. columnare genome size is 3.2 Mb and AT rich (68.5% AT). It contains …

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Developmental Effects And Selection Pressure Of Genuity Vt3 Pro Field Corn On Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa Zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Michael Benjamin Von Kanel May 2014

Developmental Effects And Selection Pressure Of Genuity Vt3 Pro Field Corn On Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa Zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Michael Benjamin Von Kanel

Theses and Dissertations

Transgenic corn and cotton expressing crystalline (Cry) insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were commercially introduced in 1996. This technology has greatly improved the control of several key lepidopteran insect pests tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Farbricius), pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, has been more difficult to control using Bt crops and supplemental insecticide applications are often needed to prevent economic losses. A major threat to the longevity of transgenic technology is the evolution of resistance, especially when an insect pest infests both …

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Effect Of Protein Source And Nutrient Density In Diets From Day Eight To Twenty One On Growth Of Male Broiler Chicks, Xi Wang May 2014

Effect Of Protein Source And Nutrient Density In Diets From Day Eight To Twenty One On Growth Of Male Broiler Chicks, Xi Wang

Theses and Dissertations

The effects of diet type, amino acid (AA), and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) levels in male broiler diets from d 8 to 21 on blood, small intestine, bone, and growth performance were investigated. Eight experimental diets with 2 protein sources [high inclusion of distiller's dried grains with solubles diet (hDDGS) or high inclusion of meat and bone meal diet (hMBM)], 2 AA densities (moderate or high), and 2 AME densities (2,998kcal/kg or 3,100kcal/kg), were fed to the broiler chicks from 8 to 21 days of age (d). High AME diets may lower feed cost by lowering feed intake. Intestinal morphology …

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Effects Of Selected Amino Acids On Resistance Training Protocol During A Selected Hypertrophy Protocol, Elizabeth Hall May 2014

Effects Of Selected Amino Acids On Resistance Training Protocol During A Selected Hypertrophy Protocol, Elizabeth Hall

Theses and Dissertations

Glycine-arginine-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (GAKIC) has been reported to enhance resistance performance during muscular strength and endurance protocols. PURPOSE: This study intended to investigate the potential ergogenic effects of GAKIC ingestion during repeated bouts of lower-body resistance exercise during a hypertrophy protocol. METHODS: Eleven resistance-trained males participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, double blind study. Participants were randomly assigned to placebo or GAKIC and performed five sets each of 67% of one-repetition maximum leg press, hack squat, and leg extension to failure. RESULTS: GAKIC supplementation significantly increased leg press repetitions, hack squat repetitions, and total load volume; however there was no significant difference …

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Upper Range Thermal Stress Tolerance In Channel And Hybrid Catfish Strains, Heather Ann Stewart May 2014

Upper Range Thermal Stress Tolerance In Channel And Hybrid Catfish Strains, Heather Ann Stewart

Theses and Dissertations

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) have a broad distribution from Canada to Mexico, suggesting that different strains may have different thermal tolerances. In aquaculture, daily temperature maximums up to 36-40°C and fluctuations of 3-6°C occur, and may be exacerbated by future climate change. To quantify differences in thermal tolerance amongst geographically-distinct channel catfish strains and corresponding hybrid catfish (I. punctatus x [blue catfish] I. furcatus): acute critical thermal maximum (CTmax), and the effects of chronic thermal regimes on growth, survival and differential gene expression were examined. Southern channel catfish had higher CTmax than northern, and channel catfish had higher CTmax than …

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Study Of Viruses Associated With Blackberry Yellow Vein Disease In Mississippi, Pratibha Ghimire May 2014

Study Of Viruses Associated With Blackberry Yellow Vein Disease In Mississippi, Pratibha Ghimire

Theses and Dissertations

Blackberry yellow vein disease (BYVD) is the most important virus disease of blackberry in the Southeastern United States. In order to determine viruses in BYVD-affected plants in Mississippi we tested a total of eighty one symptomatic cultivated and wild blackberries collected from different locations for infections by nine different viruses. All tested viruses were present in diseased samples at various rates, with the exception of Rubus canadensis virus 1. Blackberry yellow vein associated virus is prevalent virus in Mississippi, infecting 70% of tested samples, followed by Tobacco ringspot virus. The second part of this research focused on molecular and phylogenetic …

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Temperature And Soil Moisture Effects On Growth, Development, Physiology, Storage Root Initiation, And Biomass Yield In Sweetpotato, Karande Gajanayake Mudiyanselage Chandana Preethi Bandara Gajanayake May 2014

Temperature And Soil Moisture Effects On Growth, Development, Physiology, Storage Root Initiation, And Biomass Yield In Sweetpotato, Karande Gajanayake Mudiyanselage Chandana Preethi Bandara Gajanayake

Theses and Dissertations

Temperature and soil moisture (SM) are the two main environmental factors affecting sweetpotato growth and yield. Quantitative functional algorithms of plant growth and developmental processes under a wide range of above factors are needed for developing tools for modeling. Four experiments were conducted to quantify early and late season SM and temperature effects on sweetpotato growth, development, and physiology. In experiment I, effects of five SM levels were evaluated in a greenhouse using cultivars, Beauregard and Evangeline. Experiment II was conducted to evaluate late-season SM effects with four evapotranspiration (ET) based irrigation. In experiment III, five temperatures were imposed at …

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Mechanical And Cultural Practices To Reduce Skinning In Sweetpotato, Bradley Hodge Hayes May 2014

Mechanical And Cultural Practices To Reduce Skinning In Sweetpotato, Bradley Hodge Hayes

Theses and Dissertations

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is one of the major tropical root crops of the world and it is widely distributed throughout the tropical and temperate regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. During harvest and post-harvest handling, the skin can be separated from the underlying tissue of the storage root. Storage root damage contributed to income losses for producers. To minimize these loses, producers set the skin of the sweetpotato by removal of the vines prior to harvest. New mechanical (undercutting) and cultural (biochar) methods were developed and tested. Mechanical undercutting would sever the feeder roots of the plant …

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Metabolic Health And Academic Achievement In At Risk Youth Participating In Studio Based Summer Camp, Mallory Anne Kvasnicka May 2014

Metabolic Health And Academic Achievement In At Risk Youth Participating In Studio Based Summer Camp, Mallory Anne Kvasnicka

Theses and Dissertations

Childhood obesity and subsequent poor health implications continue to be a critical health concern and recent literature suggests academics may also be under greater strain among these individuals. This study examined the relationship between metabolic health and academic achievement in students “at risk” for drop. Fifteen adolescences participated in an educational camp aimed at developing knowledge of core curriculum by developing design projects. Metabolic health was assessed via biochemical measurements of blood lipid and glucose, resting blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements of height, weight, and waist circumference. Variables were examined individually and as a combined risk score. Academic achievement measurements …

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Genotype, Nitrogen And Harvest Management Effects On Switchgrass Production, Ramdeo Seepaul May 2014

Genotype, Nitrogen And Harvest Management Effects On Switchgrass Production, Ramdeo Seepaul

Theses and Dissertations

Use of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a forage and feedstock species requires knowledge of fertilizer application rates and harvest timing to optimize yield and quality. Three experiments were conducted at the Brown Loam Branch Experiment Station, Raymond, MS to quantify nitrogen rates, harvest timing, and genotype effects on biomass, nutrient removal, chemical composition and ethanol yield. Dry matter yield varied with N rate, genotype, harvest frequency and timing. Yields among genotypes were: NF/GA992 = NF/GA001 (13.7 Mg ha-1) > Alamo (11.6 Mg ha-1) > Cave-in-Rock (6.1 Mg ha-1). A single (9.5 Mg ha-1) or two harvests annually (10.3 Mg ha-1) produced …

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