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2014

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December 2014, Issue 6, James Madison University Uhc Marketing Team Dec 2014

December 2014, Issue 6, James Madison University Uhc Marketing Team

Potty Mouth

No abstract provided.


Analyzing Alcohol Behavior In San Luis Obispo, Ariana Montes Dec 2014

Analyzing Alcohol Behavior In San Luis Obispo, Ariana Montes

Statistics

No abstract provided.


Facilitating Natural Conversational Agent Interactions: Lessons From A Deception Experiment, Ryan M. Schuetzler, Mark Grimes, Justin Scott Giboney, Joesph Buckman Dec 2014

Facilitating Natural Conversational Agent Interactions: Lessons From A Deception Experiment, Ryan M. Schuetzler, Mark Grimes, Justin Scott Giboney, Joesph Buckman

Information Systems and Quantitative Analysis Faculty Proceedings & Presentations

This study reports the results of a laboratory experiment exploring interactions between humans and a conversational agent. Using the ChatScript language, we created a chat bot that asked participants to describe a series of images. The two objectives of this study were (1) to analyze the impact of dynamic responses on participants’ perceptions of the conversational agent, and (2) to explore behavioral changes in interactions with the chat bot (i.e. response latency and pauses) when participants engaged in deception. We discovered that a chat bot that provides adaptive responses based on the participant’s input dramatically increases the perceived humanness and …


Angiogenic, Neurotrophic, And Inflammatory System Snps Moderate The Association Between Birth Weight And Adhd Symptom Severity, Taylor F. Smith, Arthur D. Anastopoulos, Melanie E. Garrett, Alejandro Arias-Vasquez, Barbara Franke, Robert D. Oades, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Philip Asherson, Michael Gill, Jan K. Buitelaar, Joseph A. Sergeant, Scott H. Kollins, Stephen V. Faraone, Allison Ashley-Koch, Image Consortium Dec 2014

Angiogenic, Neurotrophic, And Inflammatory System Snps Moderate The Association Between Birth Weight And Adhd Symptom Severity, Taylor F. Smith, Arthur D. Anastopoulos, Melanie E. Garrett, Alejandro Arias-Vasquez, Barbara Franke, Robert D. Oades, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Philip Asherson, Michael Gill, Jan K. Buitelaar, Joseph A. Sergeant, Scott H. Kollins, Stephen V. Faraone, Allison Ashley-Koch, Image Consortium

Psychology and Child Development

Low birth weight is associated with increased risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); however, the etiological underpinnings of this relationship remain unclear. This study investigated if genetic variants in angiogenic, dopaminergic, neurotrophic, kynurenine, and cytokine-related biological pathways moderate the relationship between birth weight and ADHD symptom severity. A total of 398 youth from two multi-site, family-based studies of ADHD were included in the analysis. The sample consisted of 360 ADHD probands, 21 affected siblings, and 17 unaffected siblings. A set of 164 SNPs from 31 candidate genes, representing five biological pathways, were included in our analyses. Birth weight and gestational age …


Preventative V. Punitive: How Genetically Modified Rice Litigation Shaped Regulation And Remedy For Genetically Engineered Crops, Allison Waldrip Bragg Dec 2014

Preventative V. Punitive: How Genetically Modified Rice Litigation Shaped Regulation And Remedy For Genetically Engineered Crops, Allison Waldrip Bragg

Journal of Food Law & Policy

As agricultural technology develops, new issues emerge. While genetically engineered crops can increase yields and productivity, they can also increase new legal concerns that had not previously existed. One such concern is the comingling of non-engineered crops with genetically engineered varieties. The corruption of plants that are not engineered is a problem not only because of the loss of that original plant itself if the entire plant population were to become comingled, but also because of the inability to sell a crop that has been intended as a non-engineered crop when it is infiltrated by genetically engineered material.


Paradise Found? Food Transportation Regulation: A Detour Through Regulatory Purgatory, William Nash Dec 2014

Paradise Found? Food Transportation Regulation: A Detour Through Regulatory Purgatory, William Nash

Journal of Food Law & Policy

On January 31, 2014, the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ("NPRM") that would set requirements for shippers, carriers and receivers of food transported in intrastate and interstate commerce. The NPRM marks a potentially important step in a long history of the (non-)regulation of food transportation. In Parts I and II, this paper will provide some context of the history of food transportation, as well as the major incidents that placed the food transportation industry on the regulatory map. In Parts III and IV, the paper will consider the history of food transportation regulation from …


Journal Of Food Law & Policy - Fall 2014, Journal Editors Dec 2014

Journal Of Food Law & Policy - Fall 2014, Journal Editors

Journal of Food Law & Policy

No abstract provided.


Let's Stop Worrying And Learn To Love Transparency: Food And Technology In The Information Age, Scarlettah Schaefer Dec 2014

Let's Stop Worrying And Learn To Love Transparency: Food And Technology In The Information Age, Scarlettah Schaefer

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Food and technology have had a long and tempestuous relationship. Current methods of food production and processing in the industrialized world depend heavily on technological developments. However, all technologies are not created equal. Some can produce food that is safer, more sustainable, more nutritious, or longer lasting. Some can have the opposite effect: increasing opportunities for adulteration, increasing the difficulty in detecting food fraud, and contributing to both foreseeable and unforeseeable health or ecological costs. Increasingly sophisticated technologies often become less apparent to the average consumer. For example, consider irradiated meat or genetically modified foods as opposed to freezer storage …


The Hamburglar, Friend Or Foe: What Is The Best Solution For Lawsuits Alleging Obesity Caused By Fast Food Outlets When No Causal Link Between Consumption And Obesity Can Be Found?, Mary Hoshall Hodges Dec 2014

The Hamburglar, Friend Or Foe: What Is The Best Solution For Lawsuits Alleging Obesity Caused By Fast Food Outlets When No Causal Link Between Consumption And Obesity Can Be Found?, Mary Hoshall Hodges

Journal of Food Law & Policy

When is the last time you ventured through the drive-thru of a fast food establishment? Maybe last night when it was just easier than taking the time to cook dinner, or maybe last weekend on your way home from vacation, or maybe when you were running low on funds and needed a cheap meal? Given the busy, fast-paced lives Americans lead, it is no wonder that many rely on the fast food industry, even though most would not care to admit it.


Toward A Just Food Regime: Consumption, Ideology, And Democratic Strategy, Adam B. Lichtenberger Dec 2014

Toward A Just Food Regime: Consumption, Ideology, And Democratic Strategy, Adam B. Lichtenberger

Journal of Food Law & Policy

United States agricultural policies incentivize the growth and consumption of industrial foods. Industrial foods are linked to a host of social and ecological ills. However, agricultural policies are insulated from political criticism, in part, by the myth that consumers freely and rationally choose industrial foods. This neoliberal myth is congruous with the American preferences for "stealth democracy." That is, the neoliberal myth is an elegant, but ultimately erroneous, reconciliation of conflicting political preferences: Americans do not want to be involved in politics, but they also do not want the political process to be used by special interests or politicians to …


Straddling The Columbia: A Constitutional Law Professor's Musings On Circumventing Washington State's Criminal Prohibition On Compensated Surrogacy, Peter Nicolas Dec 2014

Straddling The Columbia: A Constitutional Law Professor's Musings On Circumventing Washington State's Criminal Prohibition On Compensated Surrogacy, Peter Nicolas

Washington Law Review

In this Article, I recount—through both the prisms of an intended parent and a constitutional law scholar—my successful efforts to become a parent via compensated surrogacy and egg donation. Part I of this Article provides a narrative of my experience in becoming a parent via compensated surrogacy, and the various state and federal legal roadblocks and deterrents that I encountered along the way, including Washington State’s criminal prohibition on compensated surrogacy as well as federal guidelines issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regarding the use of sperm by gay donors in the process of in vitro fertilization. Part …


Physiological Effects And Therapeutic Potential Of Proinsulin C-Peptide, Gina L.C. Yosten, Christine Maric-Bilkan, Patrizia Luppi, John Wahren Dec 2014

Physiological Effects And Therapeutic Potential Of Proinsulin C-Peptide, Gina L.C. Yosten, Christine Maric-Bilkan, Patrizia Luppi, John Wahren

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

Connecting Peptide, or C-peptide, is a product of the insulin prohormone, and is released with and in amounts equimolar to those of insulin. While it was once thought that C-peptide was biologically inert and had little biological significance beyond its role in the proper folding of insulin, it is now known that C-peptide binds specifically to the cell membranes of a variety of tissues and initiates specific intracellular signaling cascades that are pertussis toxin sensitive. Although it is now clear that C-peptide is a biologically active molecule, controversy still remains as to the physiological significance of the peptide. Interestingly, C-peptide …


A Comparison Of A Social Support Physical Activity Intervention In Weight Management Among Post-Partum Latinas, Colleen Keller, Barbara Ainsworth, Kathryn Records, Michael Todd, Michael Belyea, Sonia Vega-López, Paska Permana, Dean Coonrod, Allison Nagle-Williams Dec 2014

A Comparison Of A Social Support Physical Activity Intervention In Weight Management Among Post-Partum Latinas, Colleen Keller, Barbara Ainsworth, Kathryn Records, Michael Todd, Michael Belyea, Sonia Vega-López, Paska Permana, Dean Coonrod, Allison Nagle-Williams

Nursing Faculty Works

Background Weight gain during the childbearing years and failure to lose pregnancy weight after birth contribute to the development of obesity in postpartum Latinas. Methods Madres para la Salud [Mothers for Health] was a 12-month, randomized controlled trial exploring a social support intervention with moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) seeking to effect changes in body fat, fat tissue inflammation, and depression symptoms in sedentary postpartum Latinas. This report describes the efficacy of the Madres intervention. Results The results show that while social support increased during the active intervention delivery, it declined to pre-intervention levels by the end of the intervention. There …


Relation Of Chlorine Demand To The Water Quality Of Beaver Lake, Erin E. Scott, Jaime M. Gile, Brian E. Haggard Dec 2014

Relation Of Chlorine Demand To The Water Quality Of Beaver Lake, Erin E. Scott, Jaime M. Gile, Brian E. Haggard

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

No abstract provided.


Microplastics In Long Island Marine Estuaries, Jessica Steve Dec 2014

Microplastics In Long Island Marine Estuaries, Jessica Steve

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

This study investigated the prevalence of microplastics in Shinnecock Bay and Jamaica Bay on Long Island in New York. Surface water samples were collected with a 200 μ m plankton tow net, filtered onto metal mesh screens, and examined under a dissecting microscope. A total of 517 microplastic particles were found in samples from Shinnecock Bay (0-0.58 particles m-3), and 1,005 particles were found in Jamaica Bay samples (0-3.93 particles m-3). Particles were visually sorted by size, color, and shape. Statistical analyses were performed to analyze microplastic particle diversity, evenness, and any spatial or temporal variation. Attempts to determine source …


The Policing Of Self And Others: Foucault, Political Reason And A Critical Ontology Of Police, Kevin Scott Jobe Dec 2014

The Policing Of Self And Others: Foucault, Political Reason And A Critical Ontology Of Police, Kevin Scott Jobe

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Situating Foucault as a philosopher of actuality, I interpret and extend Foucault's critique of police as part of a broader philosophical reflection on subjectivity, and the practices of freedom (parrhesia) and revolt that constitute our actuality as free beings. In the first chapter, I situate Foucault as a philosopher of actuality, understood as the thinking of the continuity of ourselves (" we" ) as free beings involved in struggles against authority. In the second chapter, I draw out the fundamental antagonism in Foucault's later work between pastoral modes of subjectivity and Cynic modes of subjectivity, setting up an oppositon in …


The Substance Of Health: Aristotle, Deleuze And Guattari On The Dynamic Materiality Of The Living Body And Its Influence On Medical Concepts And Practices, Rachel Elaine Tillman Dec 2014

The Substance Of Health: Aristotle, Deleuze And Guattari On The Dynamic Materiality Of The Living Body And Its Influence On Medical Concepts And Practices, Rachel Elaine Tillman

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Western medicine relies on a mechanistic conception of matter as passive and inert. Yet matter, and especially living matter, is actually dynamic and agential. This has transformative implications both for our quest to understand what health is and for determining what kinds of practices best promote health. I draw on a diverse set of philosophical thinkers to articulate a dynamic conception of living bodily matter that can enable us to define health more robustly and promote it more effectively. First I discuss the theoretical framework put forth by contemporary feminist accounts of materiality (" new feminist materialisms" or " material …


Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (Pi3k) P11alpha Catalytic Subunit In Adipose Tissue Regulates Systemic Metabolism, Victoria Leigh Boughton Dec 2014

Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (Pi3k) P11alpha Catalytic Subunit In Adipose Tissue Regulates Systemic Metabolism, Victoria Leigh Boughton

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Adipose tissue is a highly insulin responsive organ that contributes to metabolic regulation. Insulin resistance in the adipose tissue affects systemic lipid and glucose homeostasis. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) mediates downstream insulin signaling in adipose tissue, but its physiological role in vivo remains unclear. Using Cre recombinase driven by the aP2 promoter, we created mice that lack the class 1A PI3K catalytic subunit p110alpha or p110beta specifically in the white and brown adipose tissue. The loss of p11alpha, not p110beta, resulted in increased adiposity, glucose intolerance and liver steatosis. Mice lacking p110alpha in adipose tissue exhibited a decrease in energy expenditure …


Microplastics In Long Island Marine Estuaries, Jessica Steve Dec 2014

Microplastics In Long Island Marine Estuaries, Jessica Steve

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

This study investigated the prevalence of microplastics in Shinnecock Bay and Jamaica Bay on Long Island in New York. Surface water samples were collected with a 200 μ m plankton tow net, filtered onto metal mesh screens, and examined under a dissecting microscope. A total of 517 microplastic particles were found in samples from Shinnecock Bay (0-0.58 particles m-3), and 1,005 particles were found in Jamaica Bay samples (0-3.93 particles m-3). Particles were visually sorted by size, color, and shape. Statistical analyses were performed to analyze microplastic particle diversity, evenness, and any spatial or temporal variation. Attempts to determine source …


Preparation And Sensing Properties Of Fsp Processed Wo3 Nano Sensor, Jiahao Huang Dec 2014

Preparation And Sensing Properties Of Fsp Processed Wo3 Nano Sensor, Jiahao Huang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Nano-scale tungsten trioxide particles have been synthesized by the flame spray pyrolysis method and a 3×3 mm2 sensor was made by the drop-coating method using the nanoparticles as the active element. After heat-treatment at 500 °C, the materials structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Sensing tests were carried out at 200 and 350 °C respectively, down to a trace nitric oxide concentration of 100 parts per billion. The sensor sensitivity was remarkable at these two working conditions employed in this work, providing evidence for the importance of flame spray pyrolysis method as …


Polyaniline/Cellulose Acetate Composite And Its Ammonium Ion Sensing Applications, Lei Li Dec 2014

Polyaniline/Cellulose Acetate Composite And Its Ammonium Ion Sensing Applications, Lei Li

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Conducting polymers have been investigated for years, since their discovery in 1977. Among them, polyaniline exhibits high electrical conductivity, leading to versatile applications, such as sensors, actuators, and catalysts. In this thesis, emeraldine salt polyaniline (ES-PANI) and cellulose acetate (CA) have been employed to produce composite fiber and films by three different methods: electrospinning, drop coating, and spin coating. The morphology and size of produced composites were studied by SEM. The results showed that the diameter of electrospun composite fiber decreases to nanosize, generating a nanofiber matrix that immobilize polyaniline particles. Sensing experiments were carried out at room temperature. Three …


Processing And Characterization Of Ε -Wo3 Processed By Flame Spray Pyrolysis, Wen Ling Liao Dec 2014

Processing And Characterization Of Ε -Wo3 Processed By Flame Spray Pyrolysis, Wen Ling Liao

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Acetone is one of the biomarkers in our breath that may be used to control metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. Sensors that monitor acetone in breath with high specificity and high sensitivity are needed for this purpose. It has been found previously by our research group that nanostructure epsilon-phase WO3 -based sensors are highly selective to acetone compared to other volatile organic compounds found in breath. Since doping in metal oxides usually present stability issues in the long-term operation of a gas sensor, pure epsilon-WO3 is being explored as the sensing element of choice for develop a non-invasive method to …


The Use Of Biomaterials For Cell Function Enhancement: Acceleration Of Fibroblast Migration And Promotion Of Stem Cell Proliferation, Sisi Qin Dec 2014

The Use Of Biomaterials For Cell Function Enhancement: Acceleration Of Fibroblast Migration And Promotion Of Stem Cell Proliferation, Sisi Qin

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Wound healing and tissue regeneration proceed via fibroblast migration along three dimensional scaffolds composed of fibers with different diameters, spacing, and junction angles. In order to understand how each of these factors influences fibroblast migration, a technique for preparation of three dimensional fibrillar scaffolds was developed where the fiber diameters and the angles between adjacent fiber layers could be precisely controlled. In order to study the en-mass migration process, the agarose droplet method was chosen since it enabled accurate determinations of the dependence of the migration speed, focal adhesion distribution, and nuclear deformation on the fiber structures. Results showed that …


Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 (Scca1) Promotes Mammary Tumorigenesis By Inducing The Unfolded Protein Response (Upr) And Il-6 Signaling, Namratha Sheshadri Dec 2014

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 (Scca1) Promotes Mammary Tumorigenesis By Inducing The Unfolded Protein Response (Upr) And Il-6 Signaling, Namratha Sheshadri

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

SCCA1 is a member of the serine/cysteine protease inhibitor (serpin) family whose intracellular targets include lysosomal cathepsins L, S and K. Its expression correlates with resistance to cell death resulting from lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin release in response to radiation and chemotherapy. Elevated SCCA1 expression has been reported in a wide array of cancers including squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, head and neck, skin, cervix, as well as hepatocellular carcinoma. Our laboratory recently found that increased expression of SCCA1 also correlates with high-grade, poorly differentiated breast carcinoma and poor prognosis. However, despite SCCA1's clear relevance in human cancer, …


Modeling The Effect Of Sequencing Error, Ruiqi Zhang Dec 2014

Modeling The Effect Of Sequencing Error, Ruiqi Zhang

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Genotype misclassification errors are known to reduce the power to detect genetic association, but the size of the effect is not known in next generation sequencing (NGS). The non-centrality parameter (NCP) and hence power of the association test allowing for errors for a specified error model at a base pair was found. This NCP was compared to the NCP for the usual chi-square test. The asymptotic power was compared to simulated power for specific settings of the true genotype and phenotype frequencies in the case and control populations, genotype misclassification rates, and total sample size. An R script was provided …


Characterization Of The Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Using Electrical Resistivity And Seepage Measurements, Josephine Miryam Kalyanie Durand Dec 2014

Characterization Of The Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Using Electrical Resistivity And Seepage Measurements, Josephine Miryam Kalyanie Durand

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) encompasses all fluids crossing the sediment/ocean interface, regardless of their origin, composition or driving forces. SGD provides a pathway for terrestrial contaminants that can significantly impact coastal ecosystems. Overexploitation of groundwater resources can decrease SGD which favors seawater intrusion at depth. Understanding SGD is therefore crucial for water quality and resource management. Quantifying SGD is challenging due to its diffuse and heterogeneous nature, in addition to significant spatio-temporal variations at multiple scales. In this thesis, an integrated approach combining electrical resistivity (ER) surveys, conductivity and temperature point measurements, seepage rates using manual and ultrasonic seepage meters, …


Analysis Of Principal Structural Orientation Of Trabecular Bone Using Quantitative Ultrasound, Liangjun Lin Dec 2014

Analysis Of Principal Structural Orientation Of Trabecular Bone Using Quantitative Ultrasound, Liangjun Lin

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) has been accepted widely as a non-invasive, economic, non-radioactive and portable modality for assessing bone heath status. This technology utilizes the basic physical mechanism of interaction between ultrasound wave and bone structure to provide mechanical and structural information of bone. Instead of only evaluating the quantity of bone like other traditional techniques such as duel energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), QUS is also capable of measuring the quality of bone such as anisotropy, microarchitecture and microfracture. This advantage of QUS is beneficial for treating the patient suffering from osteoporosis or other bone health deterioration, long term bed-rest patient …


Synthesis Of A Novel Bis-Thiol Receptor For Arsenic(Iii) Compounds, Karlee Archer Dec 2014

Synthesis Of A Novel Bis-Thiol Receptor For Arsenic(Iii) Compounds, Karlee Archer

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

The effects of ingesting trivalent and pentavelent arsenic compounds range from developmental problems to death. They dissolve readily in water, and more of these compounds are finding their way into groundwater due to agricultural runoff, leeching from preserved wood and mining, among other sources. Development of an easily visualized molecule that binds selectively and strongly to arsenic compounds might allow ease of both the removal and detection of these contaminants from water. The program HostDesigner was used to design a receptor containing thiol groups that would favorably bind to an arsenic(III) compound. The precursor to this receptor is a a …


Structural And Computational Study On The Interaction Of Bacterial Cell Division Protein, Ftsz, With Its Inhibitors For New Antibacterial Drug Discovery, Edwin Ottoniel Lazo Dec 2014

Structural And Computational Study On The Interaction Of Bacterial Cell Division Protein, Ftsz, With Its Inhibitors For New Antibacterial Drug Discovery, Edwin Ottoniel Lazo

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an essential bacterial cell division protein that polymerizes into a structure called the " Z-ring" . Here it has been targeted for drug discovery. Compounds that exhibit anti-tuberculosis activity have been synthesized and used in crystallization conditions. Four crystal structures of MtbFtsZ have been determined, of which two are similar to the published dimer (PDB 1RQ7) which exhibits lateral interactions; they belong to P65 space group and crystals diffracted to about 2.6Å. The other two structures had two trimers in the asymmetric unit. The crystals diffracted to approximately 3.5Å and …


Synthesis Of Structurally Diverse Major Groove Dna Interstrand Crosslinks, Shivam Mukherjee Dec 2014

Synthesis Of Structurally Diverse Major Groove Dna Interstrand Crosslinks, Shivam Mukherjee

Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection, 2006-2020 (closed to submissions)

DNA Interstrand Cross-links (ICLs) are extremely cytotoxic lesions caused by a variety of endogenous and exogenous agents. ICLs prevent the separation of two DNA strands and hence block essential cellular functions such as DNA transcription and replication. ICL causing agents are widely used in cancer chemotherapy and the removal of ICLs is associated with the resistance to anticancer agents. Despite the clinical importance of ICLs, the details of the pathways by which these lesions are repaired remain poorly understood. This dissertation focuses on the synthesis of structurally diverse major groove DNA ICLs that induce different degrees of distortion into the …