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2013

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Perfect Transfer Of Path-Entangled Photons In J(X) Photonic Lattices, Armando Perez-Leija, Robert Keil, Hector Moya-Cessa, Alexander Szameit, Demetrios N. Christodoulides Jan 2013

Perfect Transfer Of Path-Entangled Photons In J(X) Photonic Lattices, Armando Perez-Leija, Robert Keil, Hector Moya-Cessa, Alexander Szameit, Demetrios N. Christodoulides

Faculty Bibliography 2010s

We demonstrate that perfect transfer of path-entangled photons as well as of single-photon states is possible in a certain class of spin inspired optical systems-the so-called J(x) photonic lattices. In these fully integrable optical arrangements, perfect cyclic transitions from correlated states to totally anticorrelated states can naturally occur. Moreover we show that the bunching and antibunching response of path-entangled photons can be preengineered at will in such coupled optical arrangements. We elucidate these effects via pertinent examples.


Dark-Field Transmission Electron Microscopy And The Debye-Waller Factor Of Graphene, Brian Shevitski, Matthew Mecklenburg, Willaim A. Hubbard, E. R. White, Ben Dawson, M. S. Lodge, Masa Ishigami, B. C. Regan Jan 2013

Dark-Field Transmission Electron Microscopy And The Debye-Waller Factor Of Graphene, Brian Shevitski, Matthew Mecklenburg, Willaim A. Hubbard, E. R. White, Ben Dawson, M. S. Lodge, Masa Ishigami, B. C. Regan

Faculty Bibliography 2010s

Graphene's structure bears on both the material's electronic properties and fundamental questions about long-range order in two-dimensional crystals. We present an analytic calculation of selected area electron diffraction from multilayer graphene and compare it with data from samples prepared by chemical vapor deposition and mechanical exfoliation. A single layer scatters only 0.5% of the incident electrons, so this kinematical calculation can be considered reliable for five or fewer layers. Dark-field transmission electron micrographs of multilayer graphene illustrate how knowledge of the diffraction peak intensities can be applied for rapid mapping of thickness, stacking, and grain boundaries. The diffraction peak intensities …


A Gaussian-Mixed Fuzzy Clustering Model On Valence-Arousal-Related Fmri Data-Set, Fuqian Shi, Pamela Mccauley Bash Jan 2013

A Gaussian-Mixed Fuzzy Clustering Model On Valence-Arousal-Related Fmri Data-Set, Fuqian Shi, Pamela Mccauley Bash

Faculty Bibliography 2010s

Previous medical experiments illustrated that Valence and Arousal were high corresponded to brain response by amygdala and orbital frontal cortex through observation by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this paper, Valence-Arousal related fMRI data-set were acquired from the picture stimuli experiments, and finally the relative Valence -Arousal feature values for a given word that corresponding to a given picture stimuli were calculated. Gaussian bilateral filter and independent components analysis (ICA) based Gaussian component method were applied for image denosing and segmenting; to construct the timing signals of Valence and Arousal from fMRI data-set separately, expectation maximal of Gaussian mixed …


Measurements Of The Group Delay And The Group Delay Dispersion With Resonance Scanning Interferometer, M. K. Trubetskov, M. Von Pechmann, I. B. Angelov, K. L. Vodopyanov, F. Krausz, V. Pervak Jan 2013

Measurements Of The Group Delay And The Group Delay Dispersion With Resonance Scanning Interferometer, M. K. Trubetskov, M. Von Pechmann, I. B. Angelov, K. L. Vodopyanov, F. Krausz, V. Pervak

Faculty Bibliography 2010s

We developed a method for group delay and group delay dispersion measurements, based on location of interference resonance peaks. Such resonance peaks can be observed in transmittance or in reflectance when two mirrors are placed parallel to each other and separated by a thin air spacer. By using a novel approach, based on simultaneous processing of the data acquired for different spacer distances we obtained reliable results with high resolution. Measurements were performed both in transmittance and reflectance layouts depending on the reflectivity of the mirror to be measured. The developed method allows dispersion measurements of ultraviolet mirrors and ultra-broadband …


Scaling Laws And Accurate Small-Amplitude Stationary Solution For The Motion Of A Planar Vortex Filament In The Cartesian Form Of The Local Induction Approximation, Robert A. Van Gorder Jan 2013

Scaling Laws And Accurate Small-Amplitude Stationary Solution For The Motion Of A Planar Vortex Filament In The Cartesian Form Of The Local Induction Approximation, Robert A. Van Gorder

Faculty Bibliography 2010s

We provide a formulation of the local induction approximation (LIA) for the motion of a vortex filament in the Cartesian reference frame (the extrinsic coordinate system) which allows for scaling of the reference coordinate. For general monotone scalings of the reference coordinate, we derive an equation for the planar solution to the derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation governing the LIA. We proceed to solve this equation perturbatively in small amplitude through an application of multiple-scales analysis, which allows for accurate computation of the period of the planar vortex filament. The perturbation result is shown to agree strongly with numerical simulations, and …


Discovering Transcription And Splicing Networks In Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Hongyan Wang, Jianguo Wen, Chung-Che Chang, Xiaobo Zhou Jan 2013

Discovering Transcription And Splicing Networks In Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Hongyan Wang, Jianguo Wen, Chung-Che Chang, Xiaobo Zhou

Faculty Bibliography 2010s

More and more transcription factors and their motifs have been reported and linked to specific gene expression levels. However, focusing only on transcription is not sufficient for mechanism research. Most genes, especially in eukaryotes, are alternatively spliced to different isoforms. Some of these isoforms increase the biodiversity of proteins. From this viewpoint, transcription and splicing are two of important mechanisms to modulate expression levels of isoforms. To integrate these two kinds of regulation, we built a linear regression model to select a subset of transcription factors and splicing factors for each co-expressed isoforms using least-angle regression approach. Then, we applied …


New Spectral Bounds On The Chromatic Number Encompassing All Eigenvalues Of The Adjacency Matrix, Pawel Wocjan, Clive Elphick Jan 2013

New Spectral Bounds On The Chromatic Number Encompassing All Eigenvalues Of The Adjacency Matrix, Pawel Wocjan, Clive Elphick

Faculty Bibliography 2010s

The purpose of this article is to improve existing lower bounds on the chromatic number chi. Let mu(1), . . . , mu(n) be the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix sorted in non-increasing order. First, we prove the lower bound chi > = 1 + max(m){Sigma(m)(i=1)mu i/ - Sigma(m)(i=1) mu(n-i+1)} for m = 1, . . . , n - 1. This generalizes the Hoffman lower bound which only involves the maximum and minimum eigenvalues, i.e., the case m = 1. We provide several examples for which the new bound exceeds the Hoffman lower bound. Second, we conjecture the lower bound …


Injection Locking Of Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers For Long-Term Stability Of Widely Tunable Frequency Combs, Charles Williams Jan 2013

Injection Locking Of Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers For Long-Term Stability Of Widely Tunable Frequency Combs, Charles Williams

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Harmonically mode-locked semiconductor lasers with external ring cavities offer high repetition rate pulse trains while maintaining low optical linewidth via long cavity storage times. Single frequency injection locking generates widely-spaced and tunable frequency combs from these harmonically mode-locked lasers, while stabilizing the optical frequencies. The output is stabilized long-term with the help of a feedback loop utilizing either a novel technique based on Pound-Drever-Hall stabilization or by polarization spectroscopy. Error signals of both techniques are simulated and compared to experimentally obtained signals. Frequency combs spaced by 2.5 GHz and ~10 GHz are generated, with demonstrated optical sidemode suppression of unwanted …


An Analysis Of Student Achievement Outcomes Of Teachers Who Have Earned The Reading Endorsement Offered Through Brevard Public Schools Compared To Those Who Earned The Reading Endorsement Through Other Means, And Those Who Have Not Earned A Reading Endorsement, Carrie Chancellor Jan 2013

An Analysis Of Student Achievement Outcomes Of Teachers Who Have Earned The Reading Endorsement Offered Through Brevard Public Schools Compared To Those Who Earned The Reading Endorsement Through Other Means, And Those Who Have Not Earned A Reading Endorsement, Carrie Chancellor

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study sought to determine relationships between the independent variables of teaching years of experience and participation in Reading Endorsement professional development offered through Brevard Public Schools and the dependent variables of student outcome measures, as determined through teacher aggregated reading Value Added Model (VAM) scores. The significance of the study was that it will add to the literature by being the first study of its kind for the Brevard Public School District. This study will also provide information as to the reading instruction preparation effectiveness examined through student performance outcomes. This study used multiple statistical procedures to analyze the …


Detecting Semantic Method Clones In Java Code Using Method Ioe-Behavior, Rochelle Elva Jan 2013

Detecting Semantic Method Clones In Java Code Using Method Ioe-Behavior, Rochelle Elva

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The determination of semantic equivalence is an undecidable problem; however, this dissertation shows that a reasonable approximation can be obtained using a combination of static and dynamic analysis. This study investigates the detection of functional duplicates, referred to as semantic method clones (SMCs), in Java code. My algorithm extends the input-output notion of observable behavior, used in related work [1, 2], to include the effects of the method. The latter property refers to the persistent changes to the heap, brought about by the execution of the method. To differentiate this from the typical input-output behavior used by other researchers, I …


The Effects Of The Vocabulary Think Chart Strategy On Seventh-Grade Students' Scientific Vocabulary Knowledge: A Mixed-Method Study., Paloma Ferreira Jan 2013

The Effects Of The Vocabulary Think Chart Strategy On Seventh-Grade Students' Scientific Vocabulary Knowledge: A Mixed-Method Study., Paloma Ferreira

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This mixed-method study examined the effects of the use of the Vocabulary Think Chart in seventh-grade science students’ understanding of scientific vocabulary. Participants included 89 students who attended the only three regular Earth Science classes in the study site. Participants were assigned to the treatment and comparison group according to the teachers’ wish on how they wanted to participate in the study. The experimental group received one week long preparation on the use of the Vocabulary Think Chart, followed by five weeks of using the strategy independently. Results of the study did not show a significant change on students’ scientific …


Examining The Effect Of The Universal Design For Learning Expression Principle On Students With Learning Disabilities In Science, Lisa Finnegan Jan 2013

Examining The Effect Of The Universal Design For Learning Expression Principle On Students With Learning Disabilities In Science, Lisa Finnegan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The significance of students being able to express and demonstrate their knowledge and understanding in all content areas has always been important especially in the sciences. Students under the Next Generation Science Standards will be required to participate in science discourse through a variety of approaches. This study examined student engagement and student demonstration of content knowledge in inclusive science classrooms through a quasiexperimental research design which included four case study participants with a learning disability. The researcher also evaluated student content knowledge through the implementation of Universal Design for Learning-Expression (UDL-E) through a non-replicated control group design. Data were …


A Study Of The Marzano Teacher Evaluation Model And Student Achievement At 24 Elementary Schools In A Large Suburban School District In Central Florida, Amy Flowers Jan 2013

A Study Of The Marzano Teacher Evaluation Model And Student Achievement At 24 Elementary Schools In A Large Suburban School District In Central Florida, Amy Flowers

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The focus of this research was to examine the initial year of implementation of the Marzano Teacher Evaluation Model and iObservation®tool (Learning Sciences International, 2012) as it related to student achievement in the School District of Osceola County, Florida and to determine if the Marzano model improved the ability to determine teacher effectiveness with more accuracy than previous models of teacher evaluation used in the school district. Twelve research questions guided this study concerning the relationship and predictability between the variables of teacher instructional practice scores, number of observations reported in the iObservation®tool, and student achievement in Grades 3-5 using …


The Relationship Of Participation In A Summer Transition Program For At-Risk Ninth Grade Students And Their Progress Towards On-Time Graduation, Joseph Harper Jan 2013

The Relationship Of Participation In A Summer Transition Program For At-Risk Ninth Grade Students And Their Progress Towards On-Time Graduation, Joseph Harper

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics and relationships of participants and non-participants of the summer academic program in a local school district. The summer program also includes a component providing support to students as they progress through four years of high school. The study used 5,369 student records to conduct the study of the first cohort of students who entered their ninth grade in the 2009-2010 academic year.


A Study Of The Effectiveness Of The Equals Mathematics Curriculum And Teacher Perceptions Of And Attitudes About The Curriculum, Jennifer Hughes Jan 2013

A Study Of The Effectiveness Of The Equals Mathematics Curriculum And Teacher Perceptions Of And Attitudes About The Curriculum, Jennifer Hughes

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of the Equals mathematics curriculum had any statistically significant impact on the 2012 Florida Alternate Assessment mathematics scores of students with disabilities in six Florida school districts when comparing the scores of those who received mathematics instruction via the curriculum to the scores of students with disabilities in six other Florida school districts who did not receive mathematics instruction via the curriculum. This study further examined the perceptions of and attitudes about the Equals mathematics curriculum that exist among Exceptional Student Education (ESE) teachers who teach mathematics to students …


An Examination Of The Impact Of Student Characteristics And Teacher Experience And Preparation Program Attended On Student Achievement In A Small School District, Michael O'Neal Jan 2013

An Examination Of The Impact Of Student Characteristics And Teacher Experience And Preparation Program Attended On Student Achievement In A Small School District, Michael O'Neal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Demonstrating a direct link between teacher education programs and student growth is, to say the least, complex. Yet, using value-added systems as a means of holding teacher preparation programs accountable for the effectiveness of their graduates is a growing trend. However, few quantitative studies linking TPPs with the effectiveness of their graduates exist. The availability of student test scores linked to specific teachers in administrative databases makes it possible to use value-added modeling to obtain estimates of teacher effects. Only recently have researchers tapped into this expanding volume of data in an attempt to examine Teacher Preparation Programs as variables …


Volusia System For Empowering Teachers (Vset): Influence On Teacher Practice And Student Achievement, Lesley Sileo-Robinson Jan 2013

Volusia System For Empowering Teachers (Vset): Influence On Teacher Practice And Student Achievement, Lesley Sileo-Robinson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study provides an empirical analysis of the primary assumptions of a newly implemented teacher evaluation system, namely that the specific teaching practices evaluated are related to student achievement, and that teacher-directed professional growth plans effectively shape teacher practices in a particular domain. Results of the study are intended to inform the interpretation and the refinement of the Volusia System for Empowering Teachers (VSET), which aims to build capacity in the Volusia teacher work force and ultimately to improve student performance (School Board of Volusia County Team Volusia, Race to the Top application, 2011). This study focused on 14 pilot …


Formative Assessment: Benefit For All, William Wallace Jan 2013

Formative Assessment: Benefit For All, William Wallace

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated how formative assessment implemented in a fifth grade mathematics classroom with a student response system and a student self-evaluative tool affected student self-assessment. Data were collected through individual student and focus group interviews, self-assessment sheets, and teacher reflections. Formative assessment is a low stakes classroom assessment that is an assessment for learning. This study used a student response system to convey feedback from the formative assessment to both students and teacher during instruction. The student self-assessment sheet was implemented to provide a more dynamic level of feedback for students than what could be provided through the student …


Modified Pal Interpolation And Sampling Bilevel Signals With Finite Rate Of Innovation, Gayatri Ramesh Jan 2013

Modified Pal Interpolation And Sampling Bilevel Signals With Finite Rate Of Innovation, Gayatri Ramesh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Sampling and interpolation are two important topics in signal processing. Signal processing is a vast field of study that deals with analysis and operations of signals such as sounds, images, sensor data, telecommunications and so on. It also utilizes many mathematical theories such as approximation theory, analysis and wavelets. This dissertation is divided into two chapters: Modified Pal´ Interpolation and Sampling Bilevel Signals with Finite Rate of Innovation. In the first chapter, we introduce a new interpolation process, the modified Pal interpolation, based on papers by P ´ al, J ´ oo´ and Szabo, and we establish the existence and …


Nursing Students And Tuckman's Theory: Building Community Using Cohort Development, George Austin Jan 2013

Nursing Students And Tuckman's Theory: Building Community Using Cohort Development, George Austin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study explored the phenomenon of first year students who lived in a nursing living learning community and their experiences during their first year. The researcher utilized a qualitative research methodology to investigate the social and academic aspects that influenced these students as they worked to prepare to apply to the nursing program on their way to becoming nurses. Of the 68 students who lived in the community in the first two years, 12 were interviewed in a face-to-face setting. The researcher used Tuckman’s Stages of Group Development as the framework for this study, recognizing that groups go through several …


A Case Study Exploring The Relationship Between Culturally Responsive Teaching And A Mathematical Practice Of The Common Core State Standards, Tashana Howse Jan 2013

A Case Study Exploring The Relationship Between Culturally Responsive Teaching And A Mathematical Practice Of The Common Core State Standards, Tashana Howse

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This collective case study explores the nature of the relationship between teachers’ use of culturally responsive teaching (CRT) practices and students’ engagement in constructing viable arguments and critiquing the reasoning of others (SMP3). This study was informed by the Common Core State Standards Initiative related to developing mathematically proficient students through the use of student engagement practices consistent with the standards for mathematical practice. As a means to support teachers’ facilitating specific student engagement practices, professional development was provided. This study is situated in the growing body of research associated with student engagement and cultural identity. The case of two …


Modeling And Simulation Of All-Electric Aircraft Power Generation And Actuation, David Woodburn Jan 2013

Modeling And Simulation Of All-Electric Aircraft Power Generation And Actuation, David Woodburn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Modern aircraft, military and commercial, rely extensively on hydraulic systems. However, there is great interest in the avionics community to replace hydraulic systems with electric systems. There are physical challenges to replacing hydraulic actuators with electromechanical actuators (EMAs), especially for flight control surface actuation. These include dynamic heat generation and power management. Simulation is seen as a powerful tool in making the transition to all-electric aircraft by predicting the dynamic heat generated and the power flow in the EMA. Chapter 2 of this dissertation describes the nonlinear, lumped-element, integrated modeling of a permanent magnet (PM) motor used in an EMA. …


Magnesium And Acidified Ethanol Based Treatment Systems For The Extraction And Dechlorination Of Polychlorinated Biphenyls From Contaminated Oils, Paints, And Soils, Simone Novaes-Card Jan 2013

Magnesium And Acidified Ethanol Based Treatment Systems For The Extraction And Dechlorination Of Polychlorinated Biphenyls From Contaminated Oils, Paints, And Soils, Simone Novaes-Card

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of environmentally persistent halogenated organic compounds that were once used as stabilizers to improve the properties of a variety of materials such as lubricants, heat transfer fluids, paints, and caulking materials. PCBs are also capable of migration through processes such as spillage into soils, leaching into groundwater, and volatilization into the atmosphere. Although banned in 1979 over health concerns, PCBs persist in these materials to this day because they are resistant to biotic degradation and natural weathering processes. The wide variety of contaminated materials means that many existing treatment options cannot be used across …


An Analysis Of A Large Urban School District's Eighth-Grade Summer Reading Camp Curriculum And Student Performance Knowledge Voids, Eric Sochocki Jan 2013

An Analysis Of A Large Urban School District's Eighth-Grade Summer Reading Camp Curriculum And Student Performance Knowledge Voids, Eric Sochocki

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study sought to determine if the 2012 Eighth Grade Summer Reading Camp curriculum was aligned with the students’ needs. To determine if curriculum alignment existed, the researcher completed a qualitative and quantitative study. The qualitative study consisted of interviewing the school district program development team to ascertain how the curriculum was designed. The quantitative segment involved running descriptive statistics for student performance on the Pre-program Benchmark Examination. The determined student knowledge voids were compared to the amount of instructional time spent taught teaching those individual benchmarks to ascertain if the curriculum was aligned with student need. The curriculum was …


Teachers' Perceptions Of Actions To Achieve Equity And Access To Excellence In A Large School District, Sidney Moss Jan 2013

Teachers' Perceptions Of Actions To Achieve Equity And Access To Excellence In A Large School District, Sidney Moss

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this mixed-method, descriptive study was to determine the teachers' perceptions who were employed in the target school district from 2003 to 2011, regarding school district second-order change leadership decisions, events, and challenges, and the extent to which equity and access to excellence for all students were achieved. Also investigated was the relationship, if any, that existed in achieving equity and access to excellence based on school district second-order change leadership from 2003 to 2011. Teacher perception data were analyzed from a survey presented to teachers in over 16 schools who had been consecutively employed in the target …


Photophysical And Photochemical Factors Affecting Multi-Photon Direct Laser Writing Using The Cross-Linkable Epoxide Su-8, Henry Williams Jan 2013

Photophysical And Photochemical Factors Affecting Multi-Photon Direct Laser Writing Using The Cross-Linkable Epoxide Su-8, Henry Williams

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

For the past decade, the epoxy based photoresist SU-8 has been used commercially and in the lab for fabricating micro- and nano-structures. Investigators have studied how processing parameters such as pre- and post-exposure bake temperatures affect the resolution and quality of SU-8 structures patterned using ultraviolet or x-ray lithography. Despite the advances in understanding the phenomena, not all of them have been explored, especially those that are specific to multi-photon direct laser writing (mpDLW). Unlike conventional exposure techniques, mpDLW is an inherently three-dimensional (3D) process that is activated by nonlinear absorption of light. This dissertation reports how several key processing …


Planar Organic Photovoltaic Devices, Feras Alzubi Jan 2013

Planar Organic Photovoltaic Devices, Feras Alzubi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Organic Photovoltaic devices (OPV) are considered to be attractive candidates for clean and renewable energy source because of their potential for low cost of fabrication, easy processing, and their mechanical flexibility. The device efficiency of OPV cells are limited by several factors. Among them are: (i) donor-acceptor interface, (ii) morphology of the materials, (iii) electrode-organic semiconductor (OSC) interface and (iv) device architecture such as active material thickness and electrode separation. Although, the donor-acceptor interface has been studied in detail, the commonly prevalent vertical OPV device structure does not allow a good understanding of the other key issues as the vertical …


Secondary And Postsecondary Calculus Instructors' Expectations Of Student Knowledge Of Functions: A Multiple-Case Study, Cheryl Avila Jan 2013

Secondary And Postsecondary Calculus Instructors' Expectations Of Student Knowledge Of Functions: A Multiple-Case Study, Cheryl Avila

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This multiple-case study examines the explicit and implicit assumptions of six veteran calculus instructors from three types of educational institutions, comparing and contrasting their views on the iteration of conceptual understanding and procedural fluency of pre-calculus topics. There were three components to the research data recording process. The first component was a written survey, the second component was a "think-aloud" activity of the instructors analyzing the results of a function diagnostic instrument administered to a calculus class, and for the third component, the instructors responded to two quotations. As a result of this activity, themes were found between and among …


The Relationship Of Participation In A Summer Transition Program For At-Risk Ninth Grade Students And Their Performance In Algebra I, Jose Sanchez Jan 2013

The Relationship Of Participation In A Summer Transition Program For At-Risk Ninth Grade Students And Their Performance In Algebra I, Jose Sanchez

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the Summer Transition Program in a large suburban school district. One of the common concerns of education leaders is the number of students who choose to dropout of high school. The eighth to ninth grade Summer Transition Program has been implemented to address the high school dropout issue and was the focus of this study. The researcher examined if participation in the Summer Transition Program could be predicted by student subgroup, to what extent, if any, participation in the Summer Transition Program had on the academic success in Algebra I, and if there is a relationship with …


The Inclusion Of Women's History In The Secondary Social Studies Classroom, Cicely Scheiner-Fisher Jan 2013

The Inclusion Of Women's History In The Secondary Social Studies Classroom, Cicely Scheiner-Fisher

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The author examined the motivation for why, and methods of how, some secondary social studies teachers incorporate women’s voices into the traditional history framework. A multi-layered qualitative methodology was employed for this study using survey, case study, and phenomenological approaches, including interviews and classroom observations of participants. The researcher discovered the percentage of teachers who claim to incorporate women’s history/perspectives into their lessons; how teachers incorporate women’s history/perspectives into their lessons; and, the factors that contribute to teachers including women’s history/perspectives into their classes.