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Humdrum Aha!, Dana Odwazny Pell
Humdrum Aha!, Dana Odwazny Pell
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Following the work of Sara Houghton-Walker and Edward Strickland, this thesis theorizes the "mundane sublime" as encountered in romanticist John Clare's poetry. Instead of being oriented upward, as with Longinus's elevatory sublime, Clare's mundane sublime brings the subject downward to earth. While the sublime of the Burkean tradition begins with terror, I claim that the mundane sublime emerges out of love for that which is commonplace. Still revelatory, it may be further characterized by an engagement with ecosystems, eternity, divinity, and nature as a whole. Clare's style scaffolds images resulting in a profusion of detail that arrests the mind and …
Identification Of Others Using Biological Motion, Sara. Manuel
Identification Of Others Using Biological Motion, Sara. Manuel
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
The literature regarding biological motion suggests that people may accurately identify and recognize the gender of others using movement cues in the absence of typical identifiers. This study compared identification and gender judgments of traditional point-light stimuli to skeleton stimuli. Controlling for previous experience and execution of actions, the frequency and familiarity of movements was also considered. Watching action clips, participants learned to identify 4 male and 4 female actors. Participants then identified the corresponding point-light or skeleton displays. Although results indicate higher than chance performance, no difference was observed between stimuli conditions. Analyses did show better gender recognition for …
Impact Of Satisfaction With Care And Empowerment On Glycemic Control Among Older African American Adults With Diabetes, Bridgette M. Johnson
Impact Of Satisfaction With Care And Empowerment On Glycemic Control Among Older African American Adults With Diabetes, Bridgette M. Johnson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
atisfaction with diabetes care, perceived feelings of empowerment to participate in self-care management, and glycemic control in a sample of older African American men and women with diabetes. A descriptive correlational quantitative design was used. The participants in this study were 73 men and women of African descent who were at least 50 years, English speaking, and diagnosed with diabetes for at least one year. The participants were asked to complete three survey instruments: the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-18 (PSQ-18), which measured how satisfied the participants were with their medical care; the Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF), which measured attitudes towards …
Impact Of Stress On Elementary School Principals And Their Effective Coping Mechanisms, Joyce. Krzemienski
Impact Of Stress On Elementary School Principals And Their Effective Coping Mechanisms, Joyce. Krzemienski
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
In today's era of high stakes testing and accountability, school principals are confronted with many difficult challenges in addition to those traditionally experienced by principals given the advent of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the many mandates each school principal must report on annually. With mandated curriculum standards and widespread demand to improve student achievement, principals face a multitude of administrative tasks. As the school accountability deadline to meet the 2014 federal objective of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 rapidly draws closer for the majority of states, this federal legislation has created increasingly high stress levels, …
Interpretation Of Forced And Unforced Choice Behavior, Brian. Vail
Interpretation Of Forced And Unforced Choice Behavior, Brian. Vail
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
The current study investigated the interpretation of an agent's actions under the influence of external forces. Participants viewed a series of videos of an agent making a varying series of decisions and forced behaviors and were asked to predict future behavior. Firstly, we found evidence that suggests that perceivers make inferences about an agent that once they have shown a preference toward an object, they will persist with those initial desires, despite, external forces leading them to a different object. Secondly, we found evidence that suggests that submitting to a coerced choice will be perceived as reflecting a conflicting combination …
Product Placement Within Violent Media, Johanna D. Berger
Product Placement Within Violent Media, Johanna D. Berger
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Despite extensive research into memory and violence, relatively little is known about the relationship between violent media and memory of advertised products. Research has yielded contradictory evidence ; some scholars have found a negative relationship, others a nonexistent one... This research investigated the role of emotion in the relationship between violent media and product placement memory. This study creates insight into inconclusive previous findings by providing evidence that violence influences product memory. Specifically, participants were significantly worse at remembering products placed within violent clips (e.g., free recall, cued recall, recognition. Participants' emotional responses to the violent clips also appeared to …
Psychophysiological Measures Of Aggression And Victimization In Early Adolescence, Christopher D. Aults
Psychophysiological Measures Of Aggression And Victimization In Early Adolescence, Christopher D. Aults
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Many cardiovascular psychophysiological studies have found evidence of lower arousal states in aggressive individuals and hyper-arousal states in individuals exposed to chronic stress. However, most of these studies have relied on clinical diagnoses or self-reports to identify aggressive and victimized individuals. The present study used peer nominations to identify aggressive, victimized, and non-aggressive or victimized adolescents (mean age = 12.09 yrs.) to examine if any psychophysiological differences exist during resting and startle conditions. ANOVAs revealed that high aggressive/low victimized adolescents had a lower resting heart period/rate compared to high victimized/low aggressive adolescents. Further analyses revealed a statistical trend of lower …
Principals' Knowledge Of Special Education Policies And Procedures, Lindsay. Jesteadt
Principals' Knowledge Of Special Education Policies And Procedures, Lindsay. Jesteadt
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Research has shown that most school leaders lack the knowledge necessary to deal with the many different aspects and issues that special education programs encompass. This lack of knowledge ultimately places special education teachers, programs, and students with disabilities at a clear disadvantage. With The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 and the reauthorization of The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) in 2004, schools and school leaders are being held accountable for the learning gains of all students, including students with disabilities. This study sought to assess the knowledge of Florida school principals in the area …
Relationship Bertween Wellness And Burnout Among Novice Counselors, Jennifer. Bilot
Relationship Bertween Wellness And Burnout Among Novice Counselors, Jennifer. Bilot
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between wellness and burnout among novice counselors. This research was carried out in order to gain a better understanding of the experience of the novice counselor as well as to gain insight into the effects of wellness and burnout on these experiences. The significance of this research lies in the need to understand the novice counselor's journey, the factors that can contribute to or prevent burnout, and the potential prevention and intervention strategies that can be employed in response to burnout. The data of a final sample of 144 participants' …
Assessing Environmental Inequality In Portland, Oregon: An Exploration Of Local Environmental Justice Struggles, Jordan Douglas Folks
Assessing Environmental Inequality In Portland, Oregon: An Exploration Of Local Environmental Justice Struggles, Jordan Douglas Folks
Dissertations and Theses
This thesis explores patterns of environmental inequality in Portland, Oregon; both the existence of spatial environmental inequalities and the structural and local forces which contribute to them. Research on environmental inequality, or inequitable exposure to toxins, has shown that minority and low-income populations experience the bulk of the exposure to environmental hazards. Although Portland is often cited as the archetype of a sustainable city, environmental inequality is a pervasive issue. This thesis examines the health inequalities that characterize underserved communities in Portland. Utilizing a mixed methods approach, the researcher uses 1) logistic regression to statistically assess the relationship between race, …
Understanding The Emission From Semiconductor Nanoparticles, Beth Ann Manhat
Understanding The Emission From Semiconductor Nanoparticles, Beth Ann Manhat
Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation describes the synthesis and characterization of fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) in order to optimize their biomedical utility for imaging and sensing applications. While both direct and indirect bandgap semiconductor NPs have been studied, control over their emission properties vary. Quantum confinement (QC), which primarily controls the emission wavelength of nanosized semiconductors, dictates that as the size of semiconductor NPs decrease, the magnitude of the bandgap increases, resulting in changes in the observed emission wavelength: smaller NPs have a larger bandgap, and thus a bluer emission. However, surface, interfacial, or shell defects can act as non-radiative or radiative recombination …
Do Adverts Increase The Probability Of Finding Online Cognitive Behavioural Therapy For Depression? Cross-Sectional Study., Ray B. Jones, Lesley Goldsmith, Paul Hewson, Boulos Mn Kamel, Christopher J. Williams
Do Adverts Increase The Probability Of Finding Online Cognitive Behavioural Therapy For Depression? Cross-Sectional Study., Ray B. Jones, Lesley Goldsmith, Paul Hewson, Boulos Mn Kamel, Christopher J. Williams
School of Nursing and Midwifery
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of online adverts on the probability of finding online cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for depression. DESIGN: Exploratory online cross-sectional study of search experience of people in the UK with depression in 2011. (1) The authors identified the search terms over 6 months entered by users who subsequently clicked on the advert for online help for depression. (2) A panel of volunteers across the UK recorded websites presented by normal Google search for the term 'depression'. (iii) The authors examined these websites to estimate probabilities of knowledgeable and naive internet users finding online CBT and the …
Neurofibromatosis 2011: A Report Of The Children's Tumor Foundation Annual Meeting., Michel Kalamarides, Maria T. Acosta, Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic, Olli Carpen, Karen Cichowski, Dg Evans, Filippo Giancotti, Co Hanemann, David Ingram, Alison C. Lloyd, Debra A. Mayes, Ludwine Messiaen, Helen Morrison, Kathryn North, Roger Packer, Duojia Pan, Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov, Meena Upadhyaya, David Viskochil, Margret R. Wallace, Kim Hunter-Schaedle, Nancy Ratner
Neurofibromatosis 2011: A Report Of The Children's Tumor Foundation Annual Meeting., Michel Kalamarides, Maria T. Acosta, Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic, Olli Carpen, Karen Cichowski, Dg Evans, Filippo Giancotti, Co Hanemann, David Ingram, Alison C. Lloyd, Debra A. Mayes, Ludwine Messiaen, Helen Morrison, Kathryn North, Roger Packer, Duojia Pan, Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov, Meena Upadhyaya, David Viskochil, Margret R. Wallace, Kim Hunter-Schaedle, Nancy Ratner
Peninsula Medical School
The 2011 annual meeting of the Children's Tumor Foundation, the annual gathering of the neurofibromatosis (NF) research and clinical communities, was attended by 330 participants who discussed integration of new signaling pathways into NF research, the appreciation for NF mutations in sporadic cancers, and an expanding pre-clinical and clinical agenda. NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis collectively affect approximately 100,000 persons in US, and result from mutations in different genes. Benign tumors of NF1 (neurofibroma and optic pathway glioma) and NF2 (schwannoma, ependymoma, and meningioma) and schwannomatosis (schwannoma) can cause significant morbidity, and there are no proven drug treatments for any form …
Using Problem-Based Learning To Foster Student Development, Shannon Chance
Using Problem-Based Learning To Foster Student Development, Shannon Chance
Research Outputs: 2025-Present
At the University of Michigan, professors Marshall, Shtein, and Daubmann (2011)have developed a “multidisciplinary hands-on think tank” (p. 1). Their SmartSurfaces course is offered to students majoring in engineering, art, and architecture as part of the university’s Multidisciplinary Learning Team Teaching Initiative (MLTT). The course provides insight into the efficacy of hands-on, Problem-Based Learning (PBL). A follow-up survey conducted by Bierwert, Olds, and Barber (2010) on behalf of the university’s Center for Research on Learningand Teaching (CRLT) revealed high levels of student learning through this course. Students reported developing strong skills related to critical thinking, oral communication, and creative thinking. …
Guided Self-Help Concreteness Training As An Intervention For Major Depression In Primary Care: A Phase Ii Randomized Controlled Trial., E. R. Watkins, R. S. Taylor, R. Byng, C. Baeyens, R. Read, K. Pearson, L. Watson
Guided Self-Help Concreteness Training As An Intervention For Major Depression In Primary Care: A Phase Ii Randomized Controlled Trial., E. R. Watkins, R. S. Taylor, R. Byng, C. Baeyens, R. Read, K. Pearson, L. Watson
Peninsula Medical School
BACKGROUND: The development of widely accessible, effective psychological interventions for depression is a priority. This randomized trial provides the first controlled data on an innovative cognitive bias modification (CBM) training guided self-help intervention for depression. METHOD: One hundred and twenty-one consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for current major depression were randomly allocated to treatment as usual (TAU) or to TAU plus concreteness training (CNT) guided self-help or to TAU plus relaxation training (RT) guided self-help. CNT involved repeated practice at mental exercises designed to switch patients from an unhelpful abstract thinking habit to a helpful concrete thinking habit, thereby targeting …
Designing Wise Communities That Engage In Creative Problem Solving: An Analysis Of An Online Design Model, Charlotte Nirmalani Gunawardena, Ludmila Layne, Casey Frechette
Designing Wise Communities That Engage In Creative Problem Solving: An Analysis Of An Online Design Model, Charlotte Nirmalani Gunawardena, Ludmila Layne, Casey Frechette
University Libraries & Learning Sciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Addressing the conference theme of “design thinking,” this paper discusses an instructional design model, WisCom (Wisdom Communities) that we developed to build a wise learning community online, to solve open-ended, ill-structured problems such as solving a health crisis or an environmental disaster, which requires the exchange of multiple perspectives, inter-disciplinary thinking, creative problem solving, and social construction of knowledge. Based on socio-constructivist, sociocultural theories of learning and mediated cognition (Vygotsky, 1978), distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1995; Pea, 1993), group cognition (Stahl, 2006), research on how people learn (Bransford, Vye, Bateman, Brophy, & Roselli, 2004), and distance education design principles (Moore & …
Bullying In Schools, Chantal M. Gagnon
Bullying In Schools, Chantal M. Gagnon
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Peer aggression and bullying are significant problems for children in American schools. While a large body of research has been conducted in this area, none to date has examined the combined roles of temperament (behavioral activation system, or BAS, and behavioral inhibition system, or BIS), and empathy in predicting participation in bullying interactions. Previous research has found that low empathy facilitates aggressive behavior, while high empathy inhibits it, and has linked poor emotion regulation to conduct disorders. Thus, if these factors can predict behaviors towards peers, they may also predict (independently and in combination) involvement in bullying, specifically the roles …
Children's Adaptave Strategies In A Tool Use Task, Allison. Weinstein
Children's Adaptave Strategies In A Tool Use Task, Allison. Weinstein
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Problem solving and strategy adaptation was assessed in 47 children ranging from 36 to 67 months. This was evaluated through problem sets in which participants were given tools that failed to reach given goal states, and then instructed to select appropriate tools in order to reach desired results. Analyses revealed that when participants were given a choice of tools to solve a given problem, they were more likely to select a correct tool when options were similar in function and appearance. Additionally, participants were more likely to verbalize the need for a new tool when there was a lack of …
Facilitated Physical Activity As A Treatment For Depressed Adults: Randomised Controlled Trial, Melanie Chalder, Nicola J. Wiles, John Campbell, Sandra P. Hollinghurst, Anne M. Haase, Adrian H. Taylor, Kenneth R. Fox, Ceire Costelloe, Aidan Searle, Helen Baxter, Rachel Winder, Christine Wright, Katrina M. Turner, Michael Calnan, Deborah A. Lawlor, Tim J. Peters, Deborah J. Sharp, Alan A. Montgomery, Glyn Lewis
Facilitated Physical Activity As A Treatment For Depressed Adults: Randomised Controlled Trial, Melanie Chalder, Nicola J. Wiles, John Campbell, Sandra P. Hollinghurst, Anne M. Haase, Adrian H. Taylor, Kenneth R. Fox, Ceire Costelloe, Aidan Searle, Helen Baxter, Rachel Winder, Christine Wright, Katrina M. Turner, Michael Calnan, Deborah A. Lawlor, Tim J. Peters, Deborah J. Sharp, Alan A. Montgomery, Glyn Lewis
Peninsula Medical School
No abstract provided.
Development Of A Framework For Sustainable Repair Of Adobe Building In An Urban Area In Nigeria, Theophilus Adeyinka Shittu
Development Of A Framework For Sustainable Repair Of Adobe Building In An Urban Area In Nigeria, Theophilus Adeyinka Shittu
School of Art, Design and Architecture Theses
Building with earth is still a living practice in Nigeria most especially in the northern region. Pear shaped sun-dried earth brick (tubali) was used traditionally by the Hausa in northern Nigeria. However, the use of tubali has ceased to exist in favour of the adobe blocks in both the urban and rural settlements in Nigeria. Sabon Gari, the study area is one of the urban areas in this region with buildings constructed with adobe. However, these adobe buildings are in deplorable conditions and in dire need of repair. Sabon Gari in Kaduna was selected as the thesis’ study area because …
Drawing Into Knowing: A Natural History, Sm Black, L Imperatore
Drawing Into Knowing: A Natural History, Sm Black, L Imperatore
School of Art, Design and Architecture
Co-presentation w/ Lynn Imperatore. ABSTRACT Whether drawing commences in strategic suspension of cognition or from a posture that seeks deeper recognition of the considered object, this research pair share a method of practice that employs the drawn line to trace paths commencing outward from acknowledged deficiencies of information. Both view drawing as tool for exploration; a kind of raw material of thought-made-visible in marks that nibble away at preconception and other barriers to knowledge. The resultant records of such active thinking reveal discoveries to both the artists and a wider audience. A practice-based drawing project was devised in order to …
An Empirical Study Into Uk Customer Expectations Of Dining Out In Relation To Meal Cost, Christina Westhead
An Empirical Study Into Uk Customer Expectations Of Dining Out In Relation To Meal Cost, Christina Westhead
Plymouth Business School Theses
The continued growth of the UK dining out industry, and the unceasing trend in popularity for customers to spend time and money eating outside the home, has led to an increase in the number of dining out establishments, and competition between businesses. Although there have been studies examining aspects of the restaurant industry and food consumption outside the home, very little research has looked specifically at customer expectations. Therefore, this thesis examines customer expectations associated with the meal experience in relation to the varying costs of dining out opportunities. In addition, the study reflects on customers’ socio-economic characteristics combined with …
‘Implicit Creation’ – Non-Programmer Conceptual Models For Authoring In Interactive Digital Storytelling, Ulrike Martina Spierling
‘Implicit Creation’ – Non-Programmer Conceptual Models For Authoring In Interactive Digital Storytelling, Ulrike Martina Spierling
Plymouth Business School Theses
Interactive Digital Storytelling (IDS) constitutes a research field that emerged from several areas of art, creation and computer science. It inquires technologies and possible artefacts that allow ‘highly-interactive’ experiences of digital worlds with compelling stories. However, the situation for story creators approaching ‘highly-interactive’ storytelling is complex. There is a gap between the available technology, which requires programming and prior knowledge in Artificial Intelligence, and established models of storytelling, which are too linear to have the potential to be highly interactive. This thesis reports on research that lays the ground for bridging this gap, leading to novel creation philosophies in future …
Effects Of A Crisis Intervention Team (Cit) Training Program Upon Police Officers Before And After Crisis Intervention Team Training: An Evidenced Based Program Evaluation Project In Miami Dade County Florida, Horace Ellis
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Throughout communities across the United States, police officers frequently come in contact with individuals who are experiencing an active state of mental health crisis and do not have the necessary skills to safely and effectively intervene. The deinstitutionalization of patients in American psychiatric hospitals began in the 1970s (Burris, 2004). This policy was meant to be a way to help re-integrate those chronically ill patients back into the community (Burris, 2004). The theory of deinstitutionalization consists of component processes: the release of persons residing in psychiatric hospitals to families and alternative living facilities in the community, the diversion of potential …
Dnp Role In Specialty Care: Starting An Autonomous Psychiatric Practice In Miami Using Electronic Health Record (Ehr) Technology, George V. Cioffi
Dnp Role In Specialty Care: Starting An Autonomous Psychiatric Practice In Miami Using Electronic Health Record (Ehr) Technology, George V. Cioffi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) in the state of Florida face multiple barriers to practicing autonomously. The Nurse Practice Act in Florida requires a collaborative agreement with a Medical Doctor, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine or a Dentist in order for the APN to be able to practice. Collaborative agreements, often called protocols, require a fee to be paid to the collaborating physician. This increases the fixed costs of the practice and is a financial burden that is not experienced by similar practices in other states. The project explores challenges of starting an autonomous APN psychiatric practice in South Florida using Electronic …
An Exemplar For Teaching And Learning Qualitative Research, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Nancy L. Leech, John R. Slate, Marcella Stark, Bipin Sharma, Rebecca Frels, Kristin Harris, Julie P. Combs
An Exemplar For Teaching And Learning Qualitative Research, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Nancy L. Leech, John R. Slate, Marcella Stark, Bipin Sharma, Rebecca Frels, Kristin Harris, Julie P. Combs
The Qualitative Report
In this article, we outline a course wherein the instructors teach students how to conduct rigorous qualitative research. We discuss the four major distinct, but overlapping, phases of the course: conceptual/theoretical, technical, applied, and emergent scholar. Students write several qualitative reports, called qualitative notebooks, which involve data that they collect (via three different types of interviews), analyze (using nine qualitative analysis techniques via qualitative software), and interpret. Each notebook is edited by the instructors to help them improve the quality of subsequent notebook reports. Finally, we advocate asking students who have previously taken this course to team-teach future courses. We …
Residential Grief Camps: An Initial Phenomenological Study Of Staff Perspectives, Tiffany B. Brown, Thomas G. Kimball
Residential Grief Camps: An Initial Phenomenological Study Of Staff Perspectives, Tiffany B. Brown, Thomas G. Kimball
The Qualitative Report
Research has focused primarily on the impact of death on family functioning and the stages and tasks of grief, though little attention has been given to grief camps or the experiences of those who work there. This study explored the experiences of staff at a four-day overnight children’s grief camp. Eight participants reported their experience of camp in two major categories: connection to others and independence in grief and five themes. Camp provides the opportunity for campers to connect to others while finding their own path to healing. Clinical implications and future research directions are also discussed.
Conversing Life: An Autoethnographic Construction, Christopher N. Hoelson, Rod Burton
Conversing Life: An Autoethnographic Construction, Christopher N. Hoelson, Rod Burton
The Qualitative Report
This autoethnography is a constructed account of a co-exploration into the nature and effects of a longitudinal dyadic conversation process from a relational constructionist perspective. The conversations, between me as participant autoethnographer and a co-participant, aimed at maximising personal learning for both. Through co-created contexts of mutual engagement and respectful presence, we were able to focus our learning on the spontaneous process and content of the conversations. The qualitative data were sampled purposively from diary entries summarizing the conversations which spanned a period of five years. The data were analysed into themes and together, with selected illustrative examples of significant …
Building Interdisciplinary Qualitative Research Networks: Reflections On Qualitative Research Group (Qrg) At The University Of Manitoba, Kerstin Stieber Roger, Gayle Halas
Building Interdisciplinary Qualitative Research Networks: Reflections On Qualitative Research Group (Qrg) At The University Of Manitoba, Kerstin Stieber Roger, Gayle Halas
The Qualitative Report
As qualitative research methodologies continue to evolve and develop, both students and experienced researchers are showing greater interest in learning about and developing new approaches. To meet this need, faculty at the University of Manitoba created the Qualitative Research Group (QRG), a community of practice that utilizes experiential learning in the context of social relationships to nurture social interaction, create opportunities to share knowledge, support knowledge creation, and build collaborations among all disciplines. While many other qualitative research networks such as the QRG may exist, little has been published on their early development or the activities that contribute to the …
A Qualitative Inquiry In The Evaluation Of A Pedagogical Course From The Prospective Teachers’ Points Of View, Banu Yucel Toy, Ahmet Ok
A Qualitative Inquiry In The Evaluation Of A Pedagogical Course From The Prospective Teachers’ Points Of View, Banu Yucel Toy, Ahmet Ok
The Qualitative Report
Qualitative inquiry has gained importance in the evaluation of educational settings because it provides in-depth information, shedding light on context, situations, or processes. In this study, a qualitative inquiry was undertaken in order to evaluate a pedagogical course from the prospective teachers’ points of view. In this case study, data were collected through focus group interviews with three groups of prospective teachers. The lack of putting theories into practice, the lack of relating the topics to teaching life, the lack of attention and participation, and the lack of a variety of materials appeared to be the most essential problems. In …