Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (5269)
- Education (2942)
- Arts and Humanities (2323)
- Law (2299)
- Psychology (2212)
-
- Medicine and Health Sciences (1756)
- Sociology (998)
- Business (847)
- Communication (701)
- Higher Education (653)
- Religion (454)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (443)
- Life Sciences (428)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (394)
- History (374)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (358)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (344)
- Library and Information Science (329)
- Public Health (316)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (290)
- English Language and Literature (287)
- Curriculum and Instruction (262)
- Nursing (255)
- Engineering (253)
- Philosophy (244)
- Psychiatry and Psychology (243)
- Social Work (237)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (229)
- Clinical Psychology (228)
- Higher Education Administration (221)
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (463)
- Pepperdine University (448)
- University of South Florida (323)
- Nova Southeastern University (317)
- St. John's University School of Law (317)
-
- Wayne State University (310)
- Purdue University (309)
- Brigham Young University (308)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (302)
- Edith Cowan University (267)
- Georgia Southern University (252)
- University of Central Florida (252)
- Utah State University (230)
- Eastern Illinois University (215)
- San Jose State University (207)
- Old Dominion University (203)
- Eastern Michigan University (193)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (192)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (189)
- University of Kentucky (185)
- Marquette University (176)
- Western Michigan University (176)
- University of Northern Iowa (171)
- University of Mississippi (169)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (167)
- University of North Dakota (167)
- Clemson University (163)
- University of New Mexico (160)
- Louisiana State University (159)
- Portland State University (158)
- Keyword
-
- Education (325)
- Psychology (212)
- Gender (180)
- Newspaper (171)
- Higher education (137)
-
- Women (130)
- 2012 (125)
- Children (121)
- Depression (119)
- Communication (114)
- Leadership (111)
- Humans (107)
- Female (99)
- Student newspaper (99)
- Adolescent (96)
- Stress (94)
- Students (94)
- Adolescents (88)
- Culture (86)
- Identity (86)
- Deaf News (84)
- DeafDigest (84)
- Mental health (84)
- Motivation (83)
- College students (81)
- History (80)
- Male (76)
- Newsletter (75)
- Education, General (72)
- Learning (72)
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (649)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (442)
- Dissertations (363)
- Faculty Publications (240)
- St. John's Law Review (207)
-
- Criticism (167)
- Faculty Scholarship (160)
- Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints (148)
- Pepperdine Law Review (143)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (142)
- Leaven (127)
- Honors Theses (122)
- Master's Theses (121)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (118)
- Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy (116)
- Theses (111)
- Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development (106)
- Research outputs 2012 (105)
- Articles (103)
- Masters Theses (102)
- Publications and Research (100)
- Theses Digitization Project (98)
- Student Works (2010-2019) (90)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (89)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive (89)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD) (87)
- All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (86)
- The Qualitative Report (85)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (83)
- Marquette Elder's Advisor (81)
- Publication Type
Articles 20431 - 20460 of 21321
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Analysis Of The Retention Level Of A Foreign Language Among High School Students After Graduation, Obed Barrientos
Analysis Of The Retention Level Of A Foreign Language Among High School Students After Graduation, Obed Barrientos
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
This applied dissertation was designed to measure student retention levels of the Spanish that they learned during high school. The researcher compared the scores of participants who took Spanish in college to the scores of participants who did not attend college. In addition, the purpose of the study was to (a) see if motivation had an impact on retention, (b) see if high school grade point average correlated with retention, and (c) investigate specific topics of the curriculum that former students remembered the most. The researcher tested former students who graduated from high school between 2002 and 2011.
Students completed …
Developing A Recognition Program To Boost Teaching Faculty Morale At A University In Belize, Bernard Kelvin Watler
Developing A Recognition Program To Boost Teaching Faculty Morale At A University In Belize, Bernard Kelvin Watler
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
This study investigated the level of morale and the nature of the current recognition program/policies at the Faculty of Management and Social Sciences (FMSS) at a major university in Belize. The main objective of the study was to answer the following research questions:
1. What is the overall level of lecturer morale at the FMSS as well as the components of morale?
2. How adequate is the current level of recognition received by lecturers for their contributions to the FMSS?
3. What is the relationship between lecturers‘ recognition and morale?
4. To what extent do lecturers believe that a comprehensive …
A Preliminary Examination Of A Program That Provides Free Blood Glucose Testing Meters, And Subsidies On Test-Strips To Adult Diabetics, Cecil White
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
This applied dissertation was designed to conduct a preliminary examination of the effects of the provision of free glucose testing meters, and test-strips subsidies on blood glucose control among diabetics. The study examined whether there was any impact on the frequency of testing, and whether there was a correlation between the frequency of testing and blood sugar control, as measured by HbA1c tests.
The researcher conducted a study of the program using a quasi-experimental design, and used the Glucose Monitoring Patient Questionnaire to compare the results between a test group and a control group of participants. Independent t tests were …
The Effectiveness Of A Ninth-Grade Mentorship Program For Increasing Reading Comprehension, Yolanda M. Tucker
The Effectiveness Of A Ninth-Grade Mentorship Program For Increasing Reading Comprehension, Yolanda M. Tucker
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
This applied dissertation compared 50 Grade 9 students’ reading and English language arts performance before and after a mentoring program focused on reading. There were no instructional support programs at this high school that could assist struggling students in the area of reading and English language arts. This high school mentoring program was implemented during the 2008–2009 school year to help students in areas such as oral reading fluency, vocabulary, and reading comprehension in response to a growing number of Grade 9 students failing the state’s annual reading assessment. Foundational reading skills are needed to succeed in all subject areas. …
Exploring The Impact Of Digital Publishing: A Case Study Involving Service-Learning Integrated With Technology, Bridget Ann Bonczyk
Exploring The Impact Of Digital Publishing: A Case Study Involving Service-Learning Integrated With Technology, Bridget Ann Bonczyk
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
The study explored the long-term academic effects on the educational progress for three students who participated in a technology driven service-learning program. The purpose of the study was to describe the long-term effects of the program on the students’ academic experiences and students’ sense of self-efficacy. The study examined whether or not the associated activities involved in the creation of digital books had an impact on the technology skills the students were presently learning.
The writer developed the child-centered service learning project entitled, RealeWriter and RealeLibrary ~ Leading English Language Learners to Learn and Serve in the spring of 2006. …
La Integración De La Dimensión Ambiental En Una Institución De Educación Superior, Geralda Díaz
La Integración De La Dimensión Ambiental En Una Institución De Educación Superior, Geralda Díaz
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
El estudio consistió en identificar los conocimientos y actitudes ambientales en los estudiantes de Psicología, a partir de los cuales se proponen estrategias de aprendizaje para la inserción de la dimensión ambiental como herramienta para aumentar el grado de conocimiento y actitud proambiental en una Institución de Educación Superior. Existen estudios que demuestran que las universidades han hecho esfuerzos por actualizar el currículo en todas las carreras, con el propósito de dotar de conocimientos y competencias a sus egresados sobre la dimensión ambiental. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos no han logrado materializarse en todas las universidades. La institución objeto de estudio …
An Ethnographic Case Study Of Elementary Principal Leadership Strategies And The No Child Left Behind Act, Cassandra J. Poole
An Ethnographic Case Study Of Elementary Principal Leadership Strategies And The No Child Left Behind Act, Cassandra J. Poole
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
Leadership is regarded as the key to comprehensive school improvement efforts and the principal is expected to lead the charge/change. Book knowledge is good, but the difference between effective and less effective principals is not what they know but what they actually do. What do principals do to meet AYP? Young (2004) pointed out that some principals recognize they can gain the edge and survive by learning from other effective practitioners. NCLB and AYP demand change to meet the mandates that will bring about improvement in student achievement. NCLB has changed the educational landscape. Numerous articles and literature exists on …
Evaluation Of A Special Education Reading Program For Secondary Students, Lorraine Yonally Kibler
Evaluation Of A Special Education Reading Program For Secondary Students, Lorraine Yonally Kibler
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
This applied dissertation was designed to provide information regarding the training of personnel, implementation of the programs within the classroom, and outcome results of the “Plugged-in to Reading” program for special education students and staff at two high schools. The reading programs were intended to serve adolescents who are at-risk. The programs had been in use for an average of four years and no evaluation had been done to determine if using the program had improved reading levels for these students.
The researcher designed this study to evaluate the training, utilization, and outcome data of a reading program utilizing a …
Examining The Effects Of Extracurricular Activities On Grade Point Averages And Discipline Referrals, Jessica Keaton
Examining The Effects Of Extracurricular Activities On Grade Point Averages And Discipline Referrals, Jessica Keaton
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
This applied dissertation was designed to provide information for school administrators, school board members, instructional staff, parents, and students. Expectations for student achievement continue to increase due to many federal, state, and local initiatives. Many schools are analyzing current programs to determine what programs have the most effect on students‘ achievement. Additionally, schools are faced with reduced budgets, so it is imperative that the most effective programs are maintained while less effective programs are discontinued in order to spend funding in the areas that most directly impacts student achievement.
This causal comparative study compared Grade Point Averages (GPA) and discipline …
An Investigation On Self-Esteem And Battered Women In A Shelter In Belize: A Guide To Treatment Intervention, Dorla E. Rosado
An Investigation On Self-Esteem And Battered Women In A Shelter In Belize: A Guide To Treatment Intervention, Dorla E. Rosado
Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive
The problem investigated involved the increasing numbers of reported cases of domestic violence in Belize between 2000 and 2009. As a result of this situation, the purpose of this applied research was to investigate the self-esteem of battered women who access the services of a shelter in Belize. This first of its kind study in Belize provided baseline data on the self-esteem of battered women to guide the development and implementation of treatment intervention for the women. Key to developing any treatment intervention is that the format is based on data-driven evidence that indicates how battered women in the shelter …
Text Work As Identity Work For Legal Writers, Erika Abner, Shelley M. Kierstead
Text Work As Identity Work For Legal Writers, Erika Abner, Shelley M. Kierstead
All Papers
The authors conduct an analysis of a number of first year and practitioner legal writing texts in order to examine whether and how these texts focus on the development of a legal identity, in particular, through creation of a personal, professional, or discoursal voice. The question of creation of a legal identity is significant, in part, because of the increased focus on teaching and learning professionalism and professional behaviors, both within law schools and in practice. The authors conclude that there is a limited focus within the texts on the identity work inherent in learning to write with authority under …
Papers Of Gilbert James Arc2006-001 - Finding Aid, Ats Special Collections And Archives
Papers Of Gilbert James Arc2006-001 - Finding Aid, Ats Special Collections And Archives
Finding Aids
No abstract provided.
Varying Treatment Intensity In A Home-Based Parent And Child Therapy Program For Families Living In Poverty: A Randomized Clinic Trial, Robert A. Fox, Jennifer Carrasco
Varying Treatment Intensity In A Home-Based Parent And Child Therapy Program For Families Living In Poverty: A Randomized Clinic Trial, Robert A. Fox, Jennifer Carrasco
College of Education Faculty Research and Publications
This study addressed the question of whether increasing the intensity of a parent and child therapy program would improve results for young children with significant behavior problems from families living in poverty. Children were randomly assigned to either a standard condition or an intensity condition that provided 50% more treatment over a standard 8-week treatment period. Based on multiple parent-report, direct observation, and clinician-report measures of the children and their caregivers, both groups improved on all measures from pretest to posttest and from pretest to follow-up. No differences in outcomes were found between the standard and intensity groups at posttest …
Exploring Living-Learning Communities As A Venue For Men’S Identity Construction., Jody E. Jessup-Anger, Brianne N. Johnson, Matthew R. Wawrzynski
Exploring Living-Learning Communities As A Venue For Men’S Identity Construction., Jody E. Jessup-Anger, Brianne N. Johnson, Matthew R. Wawrzynski
College of Education Faculty Research and Publications
THIS QUALITATIVE STUDY EXPLORED how male undergraduate students experienced living-learning community environments. Findings revealed that living-learning communities provided men a "safe haven" from rigid gender role expectations, offered a plethora of involvement opportunities, and fostered relationships with faculty and peers. The findings highlight the potential of living-learning communities to provide men with the support they need to reject rigid gender expectations and develop a healthy identity. Recommendations for practice are discussed.
Toward The Prevention Of Risky Sexual Behavior Among Latina Youth, Lisa M. Edwards, Lucia J. Stubbs
Toward The Prevention Of Risky Sexual Behavior Among Latina Youth, Lisa M. Edwards, Lucia J. Stubbs
College of Education Faculty Research and Publications
Sexual risk-taking among Latina youth has been noted as a critical health concern within the United States. In this chapter. the importance of prevention of risky sexual behavior among Latina youth will be discussed. Current prevalence rates and consequences associated with sexual behavior among Latino/as will be reviewed. along with factors that are relevant to understanding the prevention of sexual activity. Finally. programs that have been developed to prevent risky sexual behavior among Latinas will be reviewed and suggestions for prevention efforts will be presented.
Creative Careers And Self-Actualization, Kaitlyn T. Cameron
Creative Careers And Self-Actualization, Kaitlyn T. Cameron
Honors Theses and Capstones
The purpose of this study was to address differences in self-actualization, satisfaction with life, and motivation that exist between individuals in careers of varying levels of creativity. Roughly 330 participants mainly from the United States and India took part in the study. Participants completed a survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk in which they rated their career as not at all creative, somewhat creative, or highly creative. The survey included questions from the Brief Index of Self-Actualization by Sumerlin and Budrick and the Satisfaction with Life scale by Emmons et al. The findings showed that individuals who rated their careers as …
The Effect Of An Evidence Based Bowel Protocol On Time Taken To Return To Normal Bowel Function In Post Operative Total Hip And Total Knee Replacement Patients, Gail Ross-Adjie
Theses
Total hip and knee replacement operations are one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures in Australia. It is estimated however that up to 65% of patients will experience some degree of opioid-related bowel dysfunction in the post operative period. Often considered a mild and selflimiting problem, constipation can lead to significant morbidity and occasional mortality. Several clinical incidents and a lack of robust evidence to guide bowel management in this cohort was the impetus for this study.
This cluster randomised study sought to evaluate the Murdoch Bowel Protocol©, a simple nursing intervention based on the administration of polyethylene glycol …
Strengthening Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Pre-Damaged In Shear, Yousef Mohammed Bachar Chekfeh
Strengthening Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Pre-Damaged In Shear, Yousef Mohammed Bachar Chekfeh
Theses
Repair and strengthening of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures has increased drastically in recent years. Shear reinforcement in RC beams is typically of a small bar diameter, and hence any shear-damage would result in a severe safety hazard and a catastrophic mode of failure especially under extreme loading events. The present work was initiated to the effectiveness of different composite strengthening systems; namely externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (EB-CFRP), and near surface mounted glass fiber reinforced polymer (NSM-GFRP) to prolong the functional service life of RC beams pre-damaged in shear. It comprised experimental testing and analytical investigation.
The experimental …
Building Situational Stimuli In Assessment Center Exercises: Do Specific Exercise Instructions And Role-Player Prompts Increase The Observability Of Behavior?, Eveline Schollaert, Filip Lievens
Building Situational Stimuli In Assessment Center Exercises: Do Specific Exercise Instructions And Role-Player Prompts Increase The Observability Of Behavior?, Eveline Schollaert, Filip Lievens
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Little is known about how assessment center exercises might be designed to better elicit job-relevant behavior. This study uses trait activation theory as a theoretical lens for increasing the number of behaviors that can be observed in assessment centers. Two standardized exercise stimuli (specific exercise instructions and role-player prompts) are proposed, and their effects on the observability of candidate behavior are examined. Results showed a significant effect of role-player prompts in increasing both the general number of behavioral observations and the number of behavioral observations related to three out of four dimensions. Specific exercise instructions did not have effects on …
Evaluation Of Novel Low Molecular Weight Antimicrobial Compounds Produced By Lactic Acid Bacteria., Jiahui Leona Guo
Evaluation Of Novel Low Molecular Weight Antimicrobial Compounds Produced By Lactic Acid Bacteria., Jiahui Leona Guo
Theses
Fungal food spoilage plays a pivotal role in the deterioration of food and feed systems and some fungi are also able to produce compounds toxic for humans and animals. The mycotoxins produced by fungi can cause serious health hazards and include toxins which are cancerogenic, immunotoxic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic effects and Kashin-Beck disease. In addition to this, fungal spoilage/pathogens cause losses of marketable quality and hygiene of foodstuffs, resulting in major economic problem throughout the world. Nowadays, food spoilage can be prevented using physical and chemical methods, but no efficient strategy has been proposed so far to reduce …
The Effect Of Background Music On Translation Quality, Amin Karimnia, Nastaran Sadeghzadeh Lari
The Effect Of Background Music On Translation Quality, Amin Karimnia, Nastaran Sadeghzadeh Lari
Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The current study was designed to investigate the effect of background classical music of Mozart on the students’ English-into-Persian translation quality. To achieve this purpose, at first 90 B. A. junior and senior students majoring in Translation were selected randomly from Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. These 90 students participated in a translation pretest. The pretests were assessed and the researchers chose 58 ones whose scores in the pretest were in the same range. These 58 students were then divided into an experimental and a control group, each of which having 29 students. They were asked to participate in the …
Women, Men And Education In Azerbaijan, Kifayat Aghayeva
Women, Men And Education In Azerbaijan, Kifayat Aghayeva
Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
There is a very popular saying in my country, “science is for a man, a woman’s place is at home.” Many talented women have struggled for a doctoral degree and most of them could not complete it because of one reason, a “violence rule of the main gatekeepers” of academia who are inclined to preserve the ideals to authorize their positions. As my research and teaching focus is gender, I always raise gender inequality problems in my scientific works. I have some articles dealing with marginalization of women within academia or slow inclusion of women into the National Academia of …
The Use Of Public Relations Tactics In Two Nationwide Fundraising Campaigns In Nonprofit Organisations In Ireland. A Case Study Analysis, Arlene Hogan
Theses
This study aims to analysis the use of public relations in two of Ireland’s nonprofit organisations and their national fundraising campaigns. The two charities chosen were The Mater Foundation and its national fundraising campaign called The Heart Appeal and the second charity is The Irish Heart Foundation and its national campaign called Happy Heart Weekend. The questions that the author will be looking to find are the importance of having PR as part of a nonprofit nationwide fundraising campaign, what PR tactics do these charities use to publicise their national fundraising campaigns in question and does communication play a strategic …
Assessing The Impact Of Social Media On The Museum And Cultural Sector : A Public Relations Perspective, Ciara Murray
Assessing The Impact Of Social Media On The Museum And Cultural Sector : A Public Relations Perspective, Ciara Murray
Theses
Public relations strategies and tactics have helped Irish business and Irish organisations to effectively meet their goals for decades. However, museums are now also benefiting from public relations practices .Effective public relations strategies have become important to museums in order to utilise social media and to open up access to their collections.
Many museums are non-profits and they have a unique set of communication concerns that force them to engage with multiple publics in order to operate efficiently and achieve success. A fter conducting with PR professionals working in the museum around Ireland this paper analyzes how public relations is …
What Is The European Management School Model?, Howard Thomas
What Is The European Management School Model?, Howard Thomas
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The article discusses the important role of the European Foundation of Management Development (EFMD) in positioning and influencing business schools in Europe. It highlights the effort of the organization in ensuring internationalization and corporate link to high quality management education in business schools. It also mentions the success of the European management schools in emphasizing international character and being agents in the transformation of management education.
The Transition Experience To Boarding School For Male Aboriginal Secondary School Students From Regional And Remote Communities Across Western Australia, David James Mander
The Transition Experience To Boarding School For Male Aboriginal Secondary School Students From Regional And Remote Communities Across Western Australia, David James Mander
Theses: Doctorates and Masters
The experience of transitioning to boarding schools away from home for Aboriginal secondary school students from regional and remote communities in Australia has not received the attention it deserves (Calma, 2009; Dodson, 2009). The weight of public discourse and a paucity in research provided strong testimony for undertaking the current study. Moreover, it was evident the voice of those Aboriginal students undertaking the experience was absent from this public dialogue and the literature. This qualitative research investigated from a social constructionist perspective how 32 male Aboriginal secondary school students from regional and remote communities constructed meaning and understanding around the …
Lilac Tractors : A Novel ; And, Critical Essay: Intersections Among Psychiatry, Madness, Sexuality And Feminism In 'Lilac Tractors', Anna Bennetts
Lilac Tractors : A Novel ; And, Critical Essay: Intersections Among Psychiatry, Madness, Sexuality And Feminism In 'Lilac Tractors', Anna Bennetts
Theses: Doctorates and Masters
This thesis comprises a novel, ‘Lilac Tractors’ and an essay, ‘Intersections among psychiatry, madness, sexuality and feminism in ‘Lilac Tractors’’. The novel focuses on the relationship of a married couple, Gary, a fly-in, fly-out rig worker, and Sharon, a mature-age university student studying psychology. They live together in Perth’s north at the turn of the twenty-first century, as the outer suburbs are beginning to sprawl. Gary has Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Sharon finds that her growing knowledge of the condition increases her annoyance with him, rather than her compassion. But mostly she is unhappy because Gary is too gentle …
Self-Reported Stress And Posttraumatic Growth Following The Transition To Motherhood : Investigating The Role Of Social Support And Self-Efficacy, Jillian M. Millar
Self-Reported Stress And Posttraumatic Growth Following The Transition To Motherhood : Investigating The Role Of Social Support And Self-Efficacy, Jillian M. Millar
Theses: Doctorates and Masters
The onset of parenthood signifies a transition point in a person’s life, which requires adaptation to a variety of changes and is often considered a time of great stress and great joy. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) or positive psychological outcomes can be experienced as a result of an individual’s struggles with highly stressful or challenging life events, such as the birth of a child. The current research explores the relationship between PTG and the transition to motherhood. Two studies investigated women’s retrospective perceptions of PTG regarding their first experience of parenthood. Study One employed a quantitative methodology to examine the extent …
Bullying In Schools, Chantal M. Gagnon
Bullying In Schools, Chantal M. Gagnon
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Peer aggression and bullying are significant problems for children in American schools. While a large body of research has been conducted in this area, none to date has examined the combined roles of temperament (behavioral activation system, or BAS, and behavioral inhibition system, or BIS), and empathy in predicting participation in bullying interactions. Previous research has found that low empathy facilitates aggressive behavior, while high empathy inhibits it, and has linked poor emotion regulation to conduct disorders. Thus, if these factors can predict behaviors towards peers, they may also predict (independently and in combination) involvement in bullying, specifically the roles …
Children's Adaptave Strategies In A Tool Use Task, Allison. Weinstein
Children's Adaptave Strategies In A Tool Use Task, Allison. Weinstein
Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2010 - 2019
Problem solving and strategy adaptation was assessed in 47 children ranging from 36 to 67 months. This was evaluated through problem sets in which participants were given tools that failed to reach given goal states, and then instructed to select appropriate tools in order to reach desired results. Analyses revealed that when participants were given a choice of tools to solve a given problem, they were more likely to select a correct tool when options were similar in function and appearance. Additionally, participants were more likely to verbalize the need for a new tool when there was a lack of …