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2012

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Infrapopliteal Stenosis Requiring Proximal And Distal Approach, Amit N. Nanavati Md, Adrian C. Bell Do, Sarang S. Mangalmurti Md Jan 2012

Infrapopliteal Stenosis Requiring Proximal And Distal Approach, Amit N. Nanavati Md, Adrian C. Bell Do, Sarang S. Mangalmurti Md

Department of Medicine

No abstract provided.


Car Seat Dermatitis - A Case Report, Marie S. Lewars Do, Joshua M. Levin Md, Stephen Purcell Do Jan 2012

Car Seat Dermatitis - A Case Report, Marie S. Lewars Do, Joshua M. Levin Md, Stephen Purcell Do

Department of Medicine

No abstract provided.


Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Rare But Deadly Cause Of Acs In Younger Patients, Daniel J. Makowski Do, David A. Cox Md Jan 2012

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Rare But Deadly Cause Of Acs In Younger Patients, Daniel J. Makowski Do, David A. Cox Md

Department of Medicine

No abstract provided.


Rapid Door To Balloon Time In The Treatment Of Acute St- Elevation Myocardial Infarction Meaningfully Reduces Overall Hospital Stay, Amit N. Nanavati Md, Nainesh Patel Md, Bruce Feldman Do, J Patrick Kleaveland Md, Orlando E. Rivera Rn, David A. Cox Md Jan 2012

Rapid Door To Balloon Time In The Treatment Of Acute St- Elevation Myocardial Infarction Meaningfully Reduces Overall Hospital Stay, Amit N. Nanavati Md, Nainesh Patel Md, Bruce Feldman Do, J Patrick Kleaveland Md, Orlando E. Rivera Rn, David A. Cox Md

Department of Medicine

No abstract provided.


The Effects Of 17Α-Ethynylestradiol (Ee2) On Gonadal Development And Differentiation In The Estuarine Killifish, Fundulus Heteroclitus, Ibrahim Chehade Jan 2012

The Effects Of 17Α-Ethynylestradiol (Ee2) On Gonadal Development And Differentiation In The Estuarine Killifish, Fundulus Heteroclitus, Ibrahim Chehade

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Endocrine disrupting substances (EDSs) comprise a wide variety of chemicals that perturb normal endocrine function including developmental and reproductive processes in vertebrates. The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) is a commonly-used model EDS because of its environmental relevance and its effects on the reproductive endocrine system. Early life-stage exposure of fish to estrogenic EDSs causes effects such as intersex (ovotestes in males) and feminization. This study aims to confirm the period of gonadal differentiation in the estuarine killifish or mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and to determine the sensitivity of gonadal development to EE2. Artificially-regressed mummichog were spawned, and …


The Cult Of The Monstrous: Caricature, Physiognomy, And Monsters In Early Modern Italy, Sandra Cheng Jan 2012

The Cult Of The Monstrous: Caricature, Physiognomy, And Monsters In Early Modern Italy, Sandra Cheng

Publications and Research

Caricature emerged as a pictorial genre in early modern Italy and became a potent form of social satire practiced by the period’s foremost draftsmen, including the Carracci and Guercino. The deformed and misshapen subjects of caricature drawings coincided with a fascination with monstrosity. Monsters, aberrations, and anomalies reflected a cultural appreciation for the curious. The monster that slowly took shape in scientific literature was first alluded to in comparative physiognomic texts that related man to beast, then made brief appearances in the discourse on medical conditions, and finally became the primary focus of specialty publications. The attention given to physical …


How Milk Does The World Good: Vernacular Sustainability And Alternative Food Systems In Post-Socialist Europe, Diana Mincyte Jan 2012

How Milk Does The World Good: Vernacular Sustainability And Alternative Food Systems In Post-Socialist Europe, Diana Mincyte

Publications and Research

Scholarly debates on sustainable consumption have generally overlooked alternative agro-food networks in the economies outside of Western Europe and North America. Building on practice-based theories, this article focuses on informal raw milk markets in post-socialist Lithuania to examine how such alternative systems emerge and operate in the changing political, social, and economic contexts. It makes two contributions to the scholarship on sustainable consumption. In considering semi-subsistence practices and poverty-driven consumption, this article argues for a richer, more critical, and inclusive theory of sustainability that takes into consideration vernacular forms of exchange and approaches poor consumers as subjects of global history. …


Technological Innovations For The Human Service Profession, Tara M. Hill, Cassandra Pusateri, Erik Braun, Mueni "Joy" Maweu Jan 2012

Technological Innovations For The Human Service Profession, Tara M. Hill, Cassandra Pusateri, Erik Braun, Mueni "Joy" Maweu

Counseling & Human Services Faculty Publications

Many professions are incorporating innovative and affordable technologies such as smart phones, wireless Internet, gaming systems in which the only controller is the human body, and countless software programs and applications to improve efficiency, increase access, and promote themselves. The human service profession is also making strides to utilize new and existing technological mediums in original and creative ways. The article presents ideas for the use of innovative technological approaches in the training of human services students, the dissemination of services to consumers, supervision of human service students and professions, and the everyday operations of human service agencies. The limitations …


The Use Of Empathy In Human Services: Strategies For Diverse Professional Roles, Hannah B. Bayne, Cassandra Pusateri, Lashauna Dean-Nganga Jan 2012

The Use Of Empathy In Human Services: Strategies For Diverse Professional Roles, Hannah B. Bayne, Cassandra Pusateri, Lashauna Dean-Nganga

Counseling & Human Services Faculty Publications

Human service professionals must manage a variety of roles and responsibilities in order to meet individual, group, and community needs. Managing these roles often necessitates the use of empathy in order to correctly understand issues, build trusting relationships, and meet the needs of client populations. This article presents a brief overview of empathy and applies it to the human service roles of direct service worker, advocate, administrator, and evaluator. In each professional role, examples are provided of how empathy can help human service workers achieve optimal outcomes. Implications for human services training and professional development are also provided.


Treating Detained Juveniles: Measuring Mental Health Traits And Gender Differences, Todd L. Grande, Janelle M. Hallman, Lee A. Underwood, Kellie M. Warren, Mark Rehfuss Jan 2012

Treating Detained Juveniles: Measuring Mental Health Traits And Gender Differences, Todd L. Grande, Janelle M. Hallman, Lee A. Underwood, Kellie M. Warren, Mark Rehfuss

Counseling & Human Services Faculty Publications

An understanding of gender-specific differences between detained male and female youth and how these differences relate to mental health is fundamental to understanding, assessing, and treating this population. This study examined the prevalence of mental health symptoms among a sample of 4,015 incarcerated juveniles who were assessed at intake using the BASC-2, MAYSI-2, and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children. Significant differences were found between males and females on many of the instruments’ clinical scales, the effect size, however, was small. The prevalence of mental health symptoms varied greatly based on the instrument used (12% and 70% for males; 18% and …


Probing Molecular Mechanisms Of The Hsp90 Chaperone: Biophysical Modeling Identifies Key Regulators Of Functional Dynamics, Anshuman Dixit, Gennady M. Verkhivker Jan 2012

Probing Molecular Mechanisms Of The Hsp90 Chaperone: Biophysical Modeling Identifies Key Regulators Of Functional Dynamics, Anshuman Dixit, Gennady M. Verkhivker

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Deciphering functional mechanisms of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is an important objective in cancer biology aiming to facilitate discovery of targeted anti-cancer therapies. Despite significant advances in understanding structure and function of molecular chaperones, organizing molecular principles that control the relationship between conformational diversity and functional mechanisms of the Hsp90 activity lack a sufficient quantitative characterization. We combined molecular dynamics simulations, principal component analysis, the energy landscape model and structure-functional analysis of Hsp90 regulatory interactions to systematically investigate functional dynamics of the molecular chaperone. This approach has identified a network of conserved regions common to the Hsp90 chaperones that could …


Impact Of Vegetation On Land-Atmosphere Coupling Strength And Its Implication For Desertification Mitigation Over East Asia, Boksoon Myoung, Yong-Sang Choi, Suk-Jin Choi, Seon Ki Park Jan 2012

Impact Of Vegetation On Land-Atmosphere Coupling Strength And Its Implication For Desertification Mitigation Over East Asia, Boksoon Myoung, Yong-Sang Choi, Suk-Jin Choi, Seon Ki Park

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Desertification of the East Asian drylands and the consequent dust transport have been serious concerns for adjacent Asian countries as well as the western United States. Tree planting has been considered one applicable strategy to mitigate the desertification. However, the desired effect of the tree planting would not be brought to fruition unless the newly planted trees change the coupling characteristics between the land and the atmosphere. Based on this perception, we attempt to clarify the effects of vegetation on the coupling strength between the atmosphere and land surface, and we suggest the most efficient areas of tree planting for …


Balance Sheet Crises: Causes, Consequences And Responses, Steven Gjerstad, Vernon Smith Jan 2012

Balance Sheet Crises: Causes, Consequences And Responses, Steven Gjerstad, Vernon Smith

ESI Working Papers

We propose that the severity of the Depression beginning in 1929, and that of the Great Recession starting in 2007 were twin household-bank balance sheet crises—events that were quite distinguishable from the recessions appearing between them. Each episode, we hypothesize, was preceded by unsustainable rises in expenditures on construction of new housing units and in mortgage credit for purchases of new and existing homes. In both cases housing values rapidly collapsed by over thirty percent but mortgage debt obligations fell only very slowly, so that housing equity fell sharply.


Psychopathy And Victim-Type Related To Treatment Outcome For Civilly Committed Sexual Offenders, Ashley Helle Jan 2012

Psychopathy And Victim-Type Related To Treatment Outcome For Civilly Committed Sexual Offenders, Ashley Helle

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Previous research on sexual offender treatment has produced mixed results regarding effectiveness and recidivism rates of sexual offenders. The literature shows differences among categories of sexual offenders which suggest extrafamilial adult offenders (rapists) and offenders with both adult and child victims ten to be a bigger threat to society in comparison to familial offenders (incest) and extrafamilial child offenders ( child molesters). Extrafamilial adult offenders and mixed offenders have demonstrated higher levels of psychopathy. Seventy-four civilly committed sexual offenders participated in the current study by completing a psychopathy measure and retrieval of archival data. Fifty-five participants produced valid PPI-R profiles …


Marita Bonner: Creator Of Frye Street And Environs, Laya Jack Jan 2012

Marita Bonner: Creator Of Frye Street And Environs, Laya Jack

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Lorraine Elena Roses and Ruth Elizabeth Randolph, with their publication, Harlem Renaissance And Beyond: Literary Biographies of 100 Black Women Writers 1900-1945, embarked on a mission to bring to the forefront of literary scholarship black women who wrote significant works in the early twentieth century, but who have received little or no recognition. Although their research does not provide a comprehensive account on the lives and works of these women, they offer very pertinent information, which "broaden[s] the fields of scholarly inquiry while opening up the possibility of a revised history and tradition in black, women's and American literature." Their …


Does The Perception That Stress Affects Health Matter? The Association With Health And Mortality, Abiola O. Keller, Kristin Litzelman, Lauren E. Wisk, Torsheika Maddox, Erika Rose Cheng, Paul D. Creswell, Whitney P. Witt Jan 2012

Does The Perception That Stress Affects Health Matter? The Association With Health And Mortality, Abiola O. Keller, Kristin Litzelman, Lauren E. Wisk, Torsheika Maddox, Erika Rose Cheng, Paul D. Creswell, Whitney P. Witt

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.


Limited Assessment Of A Selected Particulate Matter Sensor Technology In Emission Measurement Applications On Diesel Vehicles, Svetlana Korotkova Espinosa Jan 2012

Limited Assessment Of A Selected Particulate Matter Sensor Technology In Emission Measurement Applications On Diesel Vehicles, Svetlana Korotkova Espinosa

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The study assessed the ability of a novel particle sensor to provide adequate evaluation of real-time emissions from modem diesel engines and estimate the effectiveness of emission control devices. Emission data were obtained from vehicles in real-world field conditions under various test cycles. The datasets were used to determine whether there is an association between particulate matter (PM) measurements produced by particle sensor and the PM measurements from reference instrument. Exploratory analysis was combined with statistical techniques to investigate suitability of particle sensor to adequately measure PM mass concentrations in exhaust gases of modem diesel vehicles. Results of the study …


Role Strain In Probation And Parole Work And Strategies Used To Reduce Strain, Samantha A. Shoger Jan 2012

Role Strain In Probation And Parole Work And Strategies Used To Reduce Strain, Samantha A. Shoger

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Probation and parole officers play a vital role in the operation of the correctional system. As a part of their role work in community-based corrections, probation and parole officers must act as both a client monitor and treatment counselor to not only assist in client reentry, but also to protect the public. Due to the nature of probation and parole work and the historical changes that have affected their work (i.e. the punitive turn, the New Penology, and the current correctional budgetary constraints), probation and parole officers must cope with a variety of factors in their work that can cause …


Discrimination, Acculturation, Acculturative Stress, And Latino Psychological Distress: A Moderated-Mediational Model, Lucas Torres, Mark W. Driscoll, Maria Voell Jan 2012

Discrimination, Acculturation, Acculturative Stress, And Latino Psychological Distress: A Moderated-Mediational Model, Lucas Torres, Mark W. Driscoll, Maria Voell

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Prior research has found that perceived discrimination is associated with adverse mental health outcomes among Latinos. However, the process by which this relationship occurs remains an understudied area. The present study investigated the role of acculturative stress in underlying the relationship between perceived discrimination and Latino psychological distress. Also examined was the ability of acculturation to serve as a moderator between perceived discrimination and acculturative stress. Among a sample of Latino adults (N = 669), moderated mediational analyses revealed that acculturative stress mediated the perceived discrimination-psychological distress relationship, and that the link between perceived discrimination and acculturative stress was moderated …


Youth Experiences Of Family Violence And Teen Dating Violence Perpetration: Cognitive And Emotional Mediators, John H. Grych, Ernest N. Jouriles, Renee Mcdonald, Victoria Mueller Jan 2012

Youth Experiences Of Family Violence And Teen Dating Violence Perpetration: Cognitive And Emotional Mediators, John H. Grych, Ernest N. Jouriles, Renee Mcdonald, Victoria Mueller

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

This article describes a conceptual model of cognitive and emotional processes proposed to mediate the relation between youth exposure to family violence and teen dating violence perpetration. Explicit beliefs about violence, internal knowledge structures, and executive functioning are hypothesized as cognitive mediators, and their potential influences upon one another are described. Theory and research on the role of emotions and emotional processes in the relation between youths’ exposure to family violence and teen dating violence perpetration are also reviewed. We present an integrated model that highlights how emotions and emotional processes work in tandem with hypothesized cognitive mediators to predict …


Toward A More Comprehensive Understanding Of Interpersonal Violence: Introduction To The Special Issue On Interconnections Among Different Types Of Violence, Suzanne Swan, John H. Grych Jan 2012

Toward A More Comprehensive Understanding Of Interpersonal Violence: Introduction To The Special Issue On Interconnections Among Different Types Of Violence, Suzanne Swan, John H. Grych

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Recent epidemiological work shows that most victims of interpersonal violence have experienced other forms of violence as well. Similarly, perpetrators of one type of violence often engage in aggression in other contexts, and many people report both perpetration and victimization. This special issue presents 8 studies on the leading edge of research investigating the interconnections among different forms of violence, abuse, and maltreatment. They examine links between sexual and physical abuse, intimate partner violence, teen dating violence, community violence, and violent media. Together, they suggest that focusing on the co-occurrence of different types of violence has the potential to advance …


Lifestyle And Genetic Contributions To Cognitive Decline And Hippocampal Structure And Function In Healthy Aging, John L. Woodard, Michael Sugarman, Kristy A. Nielson, J. Carson Smith, Michael Seidenberg, Sally Durgerian, Alissa Butts, Nathan Hantke, Melissa A. Lancaster, Monica A. Matthews, Stephen M. Rao Jan 2012

Lifestyle And Genetic Contributions To Cognitive Decline And Hippocampal Structure And Function In Healthy Aging, John L. Woodard, Michael Sugarman, Kristy A. Nielson, J. Carson Smith, Michael Seidenberg, Sally Durgerian, Alissa Butts, Nathan Hantke, Melissa A. Lancaster, Monica A. Matthews, Stephen M. Rao

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Background: Engagement in cognitively stimulating activities (CA) and leisure time physical activity (PA) have been associated with maintaining cognitive performance and reducing the likelihood of cognitive decline in older adults. However, neural mechanisms underlying protective effects of these lifestyle behaviors are largely unknown. In the current study, we investigated the effect of self-reported PA and CA on hippocampal volume and semantic processing activation during a fame discrimination task, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also examined whether possession of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ?4 allele could moderate the effect of PA or CA on hippocampal structure or …


Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs About Hiv/Aids Among Central African Immigrants Who Live In Cedar Rapids, Ia, Natalie M. Sugira Jan 2012

Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs About Hiv/Aids Among Central African Immigrants Who Live In Cedar Rapids, Ia, Natalie M. Sugira

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The purpose of the study was to elucidate and understand the HIV/ AIDS knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes among selected Central African immigrants who live in Cedar Rapids, IA. Included in the study was the identification, availability, and accessibility of HIV/AIDS health services tailored to meet the needs of the African immigrants. A convenience sample of20 (10 males and 10 females) African immigrants originally from Burundi and Rwanda were individually interviewed at their homes. The interview instrument was modeled after and utilized questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) of the Center for Disease Control (CDC),which were adjusted to …


Gender Differences In Maximal Aerobic Capacity In Trained Junior Triathletes, Carson Elliott Christen Jan 2012

Gender Differences In Maximal Aerobic Capacity In Trained Junior Triathletes, Carson Elliott Christen

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The major purpose of this thesis was to determine if there are gender differences in maximal aerobic capacity (V02 max) in trained elite junior triathletes. The study analyzed V02 max data on a treadmill and cycle ergometer to determine potential differences in V02 max. A secondary purpose was to determine if significant differences existed in V02max when determined on a treadmill and cycle ergometer. Previous research has identified males have significantly greater V02 max values compared to females for both absolute (ml°min-1) and relative (ml°kg-1min-1) units. Little information is available on whether or not the gender difference in V02 max …


Behavioral Factors Influencing Health Outcomes In Youth With Type 1 Diabetes, Jessica C. Kichler, Ashley Moss, Astrida S. Kaugars Jan 2012

Behavioral Factors Influencing Health Outcomes In Youth With Type 1 Diabetes, Jessica C. Kichler, Ashley Moss, Astrida S. Kaugars

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

The Pediatric Self-Management Model provides an overview of how behavioral factors influence children’s chronic medical illnesses. This general framework is used to organize the present review of how self-management behaviors, contextual factors, and processes impact health outcomes for adolescent youth with type 1 diabetes. Adherence has been widely studied in the diabetes literature, and there are consistent findings demonstrating associations between aspects of self-management, adherence, and metabolic control, yet there are still equivocal approaches to adherence assessment methodology (e.g. global versus specific measures). Metabolic control is a hallmark health outcome for youth with type 1 diabetes, but additional outcomes need …


Five-Year Changes In Brain Volume And Episodic Memory In Cognitively Intact Elders With And Without An Apolipoprotein Ε4 Allele, Monica A. Matthews, Michael Seidenberg, John L. Woodard, Sally Durgerian, Kristy A. Nielson, J. Carson Smith, Melissa A. Lancaster, Alissa Butts, Nathan Hantke, Stephen M. Rao Jan 2012

Five-Year Changes In Brain Volume And Episodic Memory In Cognitively Intact Elders With And Without An Apolipoprotein Ε4 Allele, Monica A. Matthews, Michael Seidenberg, John L. Woodard, Sally Durgerian, Kristy A. Nielson, J. Carson Smith, Melissa A. Lancaster, Alissa Butts, Nathan Hantke, Stephen M. Rao

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

The apolipoprotein ε4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. ε4 carriers diagnosed with AD or MCI exhibit an increased rate of atrophy on MRI relative to non-carriers. Few longitudinal studies have examined the rate of atrophy and cognitive change in older ε4 carriers who were cognitively intact at study entry. In this study, structural MRI and episodic memory testing were administered on two occasions separated by 5 years to 45 cognitively intact older adults, ages 65-90 years, divided into two groups: (1) carriers with one or both ε4 alleles (n=24) and (2) demographically-matched non-carriers (n=21). Longitudinal analysis of …


Discrimination, Acculturation, Acculturative Stress, And Latino Psychological Distress: A Moderated Mediational Model, Lucas Torres, Mark W. Driscoll, Maria Voell Jan 2012

Discrimination, Acculturation, Acculturative Stress, And Latino Psychological Distress: A Moderated Mediational Model, Lucas Torres, Mark W. Driscoll, Maria Voell

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Prior research has found that perceived discrimination is associated with adverse mental health outcomes among Latinos. However, the process by which this relationship occurs remains an understudied area. The present study investigated the role of acculturative stress in underlying the relationship between perceived discrimination and Latino psychological distress. Also examined was the ability of acculturation to serve as a moderator between perceived discrimination and acculturative stress. Among a sample of Latino adults (N = 669), moderated mediational analyses revealed that acculturative stress mediated the perceived discrimination-psychological distress relationship, and that the link between perceived discrimination and acculturative stress was moderated …


Electrokinetic Properties Of Lipid And Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes In Aqueous Electrolyte And In The Presence Of Lipophilic Ions, Laura Elizabeth Satterfield Jan 2012

Electrokinetic Properties Of Lipid And Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes In Aqueous Electrolyte And In The Presence Of Lipophilic Ions, Laura Elizabeth Satterfield

Dissertations and Theses

The purpose of this study is the characterization of the membrane-water interfaces of both sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane (SR) and charged lipid bilayers under varied properties of the surrounding aqueous solution. In this work we studied the electrokinetic properties of liposomes and SR vesicles as well as the interaction of lipophilic ions with these membranes. The study of electrokinetic properties is based on the measurements of electrophoretic mobility of SR membrane vesicles and PC/PG liposomes. Electrophoretic mobility of SR vesicles was measured as a function of ionic strength for six pH values (pH 4.0, 4.7, 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0). Electrophoretic …


Reconceptualizing Organizational Commitment Using The Theory Of Reasoned Action: Testing Antecedents Of Multiple Organizational Behaviors, Thu Gia Hoang Jan 2012

Reconceptualizing Organizational Commitment Using The Theory Of Reasoned Action: Testing Antecedents Of Multiple Organizational Behaviors, Thu Gia Hoang

Dissertations and Theses

The Three-Component Model of organizational commitment (TCM) by Meyer and Allen (1991, 1997) is widely regarded as the most dominant model in organizational commitment research (Cohen, 2003, 2007). However, recent research by Solinger et al. (2008) questioned the legitimacy of the TCM as a general model of organizational commitment. More specifically, the authors criticized the TCM for grouping affective commitment as an attitude toward target with continuance and normative commitment as attitudes toward behaviors under one general label of attitudinal construct. Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), Solinger et al. (2008) argued that we …


Reflective Practice And Readiness For Self-Directed Learning In Anesthesiology Residents Training In The United States, Amy Katrina Miller Juve Jan 2012

Reflective Practice And Readiness For Self-Directed Learning In Anesthesiology Residents Training In The United States, Amy Katrina Miller Juve

Dissertations and Theses

The science and technology of medicine is evolving and changing at a fast pace. With these rapid advances, it is paramount that physicians maintain a level of medical knowledge that is current and relevant to their practice in order to address the challenges of patient care and safety. One way physicians can maintain a level of medical knowledge that is current and relevant to their practice is through self-directed, lifelong learning, however little is known about how to develop these traits during clinical training. Schön (1983, 1987) theorized that one way learners can become self-directed, lifelong learners is through reflective …