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2012

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Bokor V. Commissioner Social Security Dec 2012

Bokor V. Commissioner Social Security

2012 Decisions

USDC for the District of New Jersey


Assessment Of Knowledge Of Pediatric Resident Doctors About Neonatal Pain, Numan Nafie Hameed, Bassam H. Sweedan Dec 2012

Assessment Of Knowledge Of Pediatric Resident Doctors About Neonatal Pain, Numan Nafie Hameed, Bassam H. Sweedan

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Infants including newborn babies, experience pain similarly and probably more intensely than older children and adult. They are also at risk of adverse long term effects on behavior and development, through inadequate attention towards pain relief in early life. However, the issue of analgesia in young babies has been largely neglected in most clinical setting, despite subjecting them to painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge of resident doctors regarding neonatal pain and to compare this with best evidence-based medicine. SUBJECTS & METHODS: A survey study questionnaires was distributed to pediatric resident doctors (PRD) in …


Influenza Influenzainfluenza-A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And Perceptions Amo Perceptions Amo Perceptions Amo Perceptions Amoperceptions Amoperceptions Amoperceptions Among Al Ng Alng Al -Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Studentsnahrain Medical Students Nahrain, Atheer J. Abdul Ameer Dec 2012

Influenza Influenzainfluenza-A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And A (H1n1) Knowledge And Perceptions Amo Perceptions Amo Perceptions Amo Perceptions Amoperceptions Amoperceptions Amoperceptions Among Al Ng Alng Al -Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Students Nahrain Medical Studentsnahrain Medical Students Nahrain, Atheer J. Abdul Ameer

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Understanding the awareness and perception to infectious disease threats particularly among medical students is important to assist improving educational programs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess students’ knowledge of the pandemic H1N1 influenza. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of Al-Nahrain Medical College in Baghdad during February 2010. The data were collected through a self-administered anonymous questionnaire and results were analyzed using SPSS version 16. RESULTS: A total of 217 medical students participated in this study with a mean age of 21.1 (± 1.7). Overall, the mean score of students' knowledge was 69.95 …


Prevalence And Risk Factors For Congenital Anomalies In Mosul City, Zhraa Abd-Alkader Taboo Dec 2012

Prevalence And Risk Factors For Congenital Anomalies In Mosul City, Zhraa Abd-Alkader Taboo

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies define as abnormalities of body structure that originated before birth, about 3% of all children are born with a serious structural defect that interferes with normal body function and can lead to lifelong handicap or even early death. There is a variation in the frequency of congenital anomalies in different populations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the easily identifiable congenital anomalies also to estimate the risk factors which may predispose to anomalies and pattern of distribution of congenital anomalies of newborn in Mosul city. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, charts of forty six thousand and …


Detection Of Human Papilloma Virus In Iraqi Patients With Breast Cancer, Ala, A A. Al-Mansour, Salim R. Al-Obaidy, Mushtak T. S. Al-Ouqaili Dec 2012

Detection Of Human Papilloma Virus In Iraqi Patients With Breast Cancer, Ala, A A. Al-Mansour, Salim R. Al-Obaidy, Mushtak T. S. Al-Ouqaili

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It is well realized that breast cancer is the most terrifying cancer for females, the commonest malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Recent studies suggested that the association of viral infection with breast cancer pathogenesis such as Epstein Barr virus and mouse mammary tumor virus. In addition, human papilloma virus DNA sequences have been isolated. There is relationship between human papilloma virus and other neoplasms (anogenital, skin and 99.7% of cervicouterine carcinomas). OBJECTIVE: This study has been undertaken for detecting high risk group HPV genotypes in breast carcinoma in different provinces in Iraq …


Normative Data Of Needle Electromyography, What Is Different In Iraqi Patients, Hasan Azeez Al-Hamadani, Zainulabdeen Abdulsamad Mahdi, Farah Al-Saffar, Atheer Sabah Fayahd Dec 2012

Normative Data Of Needle Electromyography, What Is Different In Iraqi Patients, Hasan Azeez Al-Hamadani, Zainulabdeen Abdulsamad Mahdi, Farah Al-Saffar, Atheer Sabah Fayahd

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The electrodiagnostic studies are useful adjuncts to the clinical examination of the peripheral nervous system. Electromyography (EMG) records the physiologic status of muscle function. Needle electromyography help localize abnormalities along peripheral nerves or lower motor neurons. OBJECTIVE: To establish the normal electrophysiological values of the common upper and lower limbs muscles in sample of healthy adult population in Iraq using standard temperature control, and to compare with those data published in other studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross sectional study conducted in Al-Kadhmiya Teaching Hospital during the period from July 2008 to December 2009. The study …


Predictors Of Outcome For Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage In Iraqi Stroke Patients, Zaki N. Al Mousawi, Kareem M. Al Tameemi, Ghazi Farhan Haji Dec 2012

Predictors Of Outcome For Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage In Iraqi Stroke Patients, Zaki N. Al Mousawi, Kareem M. Al Tameemi, Ghazi Farhan Haji

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACK GROUND: Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the common vascular insults with a relatively high rate of morbidity and mortality and there are many factors which influence the outcome. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine potential early predictors of outcome within first six days of primary spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage and to evaluate the influence of those various factors on the mortality and morbidity of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHOD: 70 patients (48 men and 22 women) were admitted to Baghdad teaching hospital, for the period from January 2010 to January 2011. They were …


Pregnancy With Stroke, Abathar Qahtan Dec 2012

Pregnancy With Stroke, Abathar Qahtan

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although stroke in pregnancy is uncommon, the risk of stroke is increased during pregnancy and puerperium, and considered a major contributor to the serious morbidity and mortality of pregnancy OBJECTIVE: This study had been designed to find the frequency of stroke in relation to different periods of pregnancy and puerperium, to assess the effect of variable risk factors and their association with stroke and to verify which type of stroke is more frequent among pregnant ladies METHODS : This is a cross sectional study that enrolled 30 pregnant patients who had stroke either during pregnancy or puerperium and …


Management Of Choledochal Cysts In Gastroenterology And Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Mohamed H Suadi, Wesam Shakir Hameed, Laith. R. Alhadad Dec 2012

Management Of Choledochal Cysts In Gastroenterology And Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Mohamed H Suadi, Wesam Shakir Hameed, Laith. R. Alhadad

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: A Choledochal cyst is a rare biliary disease mostly presenting during childhood. Adult presentation is rare and associated diseases and complications are common. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to review the management of patients who presented to our hospital with choledochal cysts, focusing on their presentation, preoperative investigations, treatment given and postoperative course. METHODS: A prospective and retrospective review of all our choledochal cysts patients from April 2000 to November 2010 was performed RESULTS: There were twenty three patients, sixteen females and seven males the average age was 25.82 (range 4-70) years. The commonest presenting complaints were abdominal pain …


Evaluation Of Postnatal Prophylactic Program For Rhesus Isoimmunization, Taghreed K. Alhaidari, Murooge Abdul-Razza Dec 2012

Evaluation Of Postnatal Prophylactic Program For Rhesus Isoimmunization, Taghreed K. Alhaidari, Murooge Abdul-Razza

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of routine postpartum prophylaxis in the 1960s, the crude incidence of Rhesus isoimmunization has been declined all over the world. Iraq and due to many years of sanctions and wars had many occasions where there was a limited supply of this valuable injection. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of our preventive postnatal prophylactic protocol for Rhesus isoimmunization. METHODS: A Cohort observational study conducted at a private clinic and AL-Elwyia Maternity Teaching Hospital between the start of April 2010 till the end of June 2011. A total of 500 women were enrolled in the study; who …


Emphysematous Pyelonephritis, Hayder Mahdi Al-Ardi Dec 2012

Emphysematous Pyelonephritis, Hayder Mahdi Al-Ardi

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

No abstract provided.


Correlations Between Preoperative Measurement Of Prostate Volume By Transabdominal And Transrectal Ultrasound With Open Prostatectomy, Auda Hassan Ali Al.Jabbiri, Mohanad M.H. Al-Saed, Usama S. Al.Nasiri Dec 2012

Correlations Between Preoperative Measurement Of Prostate Volume By Transabdominal And Transrectal Ultrasound With Open Prostatectomy, Auda Hassan Ali Al.Jabbiri, Mohanad M.H. Al-Saed, Usama S. Al.Nasiri

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Despite being formally included in the assessment of patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is not routinely offered to these patients. Data exist on the superiority of TRUS over transabdominal ultrasound in accurately predicting prostate volume. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate which of these methods are more accurate in calculation of prostate volume. The volume is most commonly measured using the formula, prostate volume=height×width×length /6, which is derived considering the gland as ellipsoid, PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty five patients aged (60-75) years; with mean age (65.1±4.016) years and mean of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) …


Prevalence Of Hymenolepis Nana Infections In Abu-Ghraib City /Baghdad/Iraq, Huda Thaher Al- Marsome Dec 2012

Prevalence Of Hymenolepis Nana Infections In Abu-Ghraib City /Baghdad/Iraq, Huda Thaher Al- Marsome

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasitic infestation represents a considerable medical and public health problem in the developing countries and up to 10% of the population of the developing world is infected with intestinal worms(1). OBJECTIVE: This study was initiated to investigate the prevalence of H. nana infection in rural environments in Baghdad and to determine if the prevalence could be linked to the availability of water and sanitation facilities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 300 patients in the Abu-Ghraib province. Stool smear were prepared for each sample stool culture for Shigella spp. . Hemoglobin estimation was evaluated by Cyanmethemoglobin method. …


Prevalence Of Pressure Ulcers In Orthopaedic Patients, Ali M. Al-Shadedi Dec 2012

Prevalence Of Pressure Ulcers In Orthopaedic Patients, Ali M. Al-Shadedi

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Pressure sore in orthopedic patients is a common problem with high expectation of occurrence on the ward, it should be watched for in any admitted patient having high liability for its development like, old age particularly those patients with dementia, patient with malnutrition or anemia and long stay in bed or complicated multiple surgeries. Orthopedic staff should be familiar with measures required to prevent and reduce its occurrence. OBJECTIVE: To highlight the prevalence, onset, types and number and the most common sites of pressure sores, length of stay in hospital with various types of treatment delivered to these …


A Case Of Giant Uterine Fibroid In A Young Woman, Safa M.Al-Obaidi, Mohammed Abd-Zaid Akool Dec 2012

A Case Of Giant Uterine Fibroid In A Young Woman, Safa M.Al-Obaidi, Mohammed Abd-Zaid Akool

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: The incidence of uterine fibroid tumor increase as women grow older and they may occur in more than 30 percent of women 40 to 60 years of age. Risk factors include nulliparity, obesity, family history, black race, and hypertension. These neoplasms frequently cause abnormal period, pelvic pain, and pressure symptoms. We present a case report of a large leiomyoma in an adult woman


The Effect Of Intradetrusor Botulinum Toxin Injection In Patients With Idiopathic Detrosur Overactivity, Waleed Nassar Jaffal, Hassanain Farhan Hasan, Adil Hifdhi Al-Sufi Dec 2012

The Effect Of Intradetrusor Botulinum Toxin Injection In Patients With Idiopathic Detrosur Overactivity, Waleed Nassar Jaffal, Hassanain Farhan Hasan, Adil Hifdhi Al-Sufi

Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The overactive bladder (OAB) is extremely common. The treatment of refractory overactive bladder conditions has changed radically over the last decade. The efficacy of OAB treatment protocols in improving patient symptoms are not satisfactory, so new agents such as botulinum-A toxin must be investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intradetrusor botulinum -A toxin injection in patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity resistant to anticholinergic drugs. METHODS: From March 2010 to September 2011, 38 women with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO), from the urologic consultation department in Baghdad Medical City and Al-Ramadi teaching hospital, were included in …


Morc2 Signaling Integrates Phosphorylation-Dependent, Atpase-Coupled Chromatin Remodeling During The Dna Damage Response, Da-Qiang Li, Sujit S. Nair, Kazufumi Ohshiro, Anupam Kumar, Vasudha S. Nair, Suresh B. Pakala, Sirigiri Divijendra Natha Reddy, Rajendra P. Gajula, Jeyanthy Eswaran, L. Aravind, Rakesh Kumar Dec 2012

Morc2 Signaling Integrates Phosphorylation-Dependent, Atpase-Coupled Chromatin Remodeling During The Dna Damage Response, Da-Qiang Li, Sujit S. Nair, Kazufumi Ohshiro, Anupam Kumar, Vasudha S. Nair, Suresh B. Pakala, Sirigiri Divijendra Natha Reddy, Rajendra P. Gajula, Jeyanthy Eswaran, L. Aravind, Rakesh Kumar

Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Faculty Publications

Chromatin dynamics play a central role in maintaining genome integrity, but how this is achieved remains largely unknown. Here, we report that microrchidia CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2), an uncharacterized protein with a derived PHD finger domain and a conserved GHKL-type ATPase module, is a physiological substrate of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an important integrator of extracellular signals and nuclear processes. Following DNA damage, MORC2 is phosphorylated on serine 739 in a PAK1-dependent manner, and phosphorylated MORC2 regulates its DNA-dependent ATPase activity to facilitate chromatin remodeling. Moreover, MORC2 associates with chromatin and promotes gamma-H2AX induction in a PAK1 phosphorylation-dependent manner. …


Gavra V. Google, United States District Court For The Northern District Of California Dec 2012

Gavra V. Google, United States District Court For The Northern District Of California

Historical and Topical Legal Documents

No abstract provided.


Acute Hypersensitivity Of Pluripotent Testicular Cancer-Derived Embryonal Carcinoma To Low-Dose 5-Aza Deoxycytidine Is Associated With Global Dna Damage-Associated P53 Activation, Anti-Pluripotency And Dna Demethylation, Bijesh K. Biswal, Maroun J. Beyrouthy, Mary P. Hever-Jardine, David Armstrong, Craig R. Tomlinson, Brock C. Christensen, Carmen J. Marsit, Michael J. Spinella Dec 2012

Acute Hypersensitivity Of Pluripotent Testicular Cancer-Derived Embryonal Carcinoma To Low-Dose 5-Aza Deoxycytidine Is Associated With Global Dna Damage-Associated P53 Activation, Anti-Pluripotency And Dna Demethylation, Bijesh K. Biswal, Maroun J. Beyrouthy, Mary P. Hever-Jardine, David Armstrong, Craig R. Tomlinson, Brock C. Christensen, Carmen J. Marsit, Michael J. Spinella

Dartmouth Scholarship

Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are the stem cells of nonseminoma testicular germ cells tumors (TGCTs) and share remarkable similarities to human embryonic stem (ES) cells. In prior work we found that EC cells are hypersensitive to low nanomolar doses of 5-aza deoxycytidine (5-aza) and that this hypersensitivity partially depended on unusually high levels of the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3B. We show here that low-dose 5-aza treatment results in DNA damage and induction of p53 in NT2/D1 cells. In addition, low-dose 5-aza results in global and gene specific promoter DNA hypomethylation. Low- dose 5-aza induces a p53 transcriptional signature distinct from …


The Weekly Challenger, December 27, 2012, The Weekly Challenger, Et Al Dec 2012

The Weekly Challenger, December 27, 2012, The Weekly Challenger, Et Al

Weekly Challenger Newspaper Collection

The December 27, 2012, issue of The Weekly Challenger.


The Posterior Hypothalamus Exerts Opposing Effects On Nociception Via The A7 Catecholamine Cell Group In Rats, Y. Jeong, J. R. Moes, M. Wagner, J. E. Holden Dec 2012

The Posterior Hypothalamus Exerts Opposing Effects On Nociception Via The A7 Catecholamine Cell Group In Rats, Y. Jeong, J. R. Moes, M. Wagner, J. E. Holden

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) produces antinociception in rats and humans, but the precise mechanisms are unknown. The PH forms anatomical connections with the parabrachial area, which contains the pontine A7 catecholamine cell group, a group of spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons known to produce antinociception in the dorsal horn. The aim of the present study was to determine whether PH-induced antinociception is mediated in part through connections with the A7 cell group in female Sprague-Dawley rats, as measured by the tail flick and foot withdrawal latency. Stimulation of the PH with the cholinergic agonist carbachol (125nmol) produced antinociception …


On The Interplay Of Telomeres, Nevi And The Risk Of Melanoma, Clara Bodelon, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, Valentina Bollati, Julien Debbache, Donato Calista, Paola Ghiorzo, Maria Concetta Fargnoli, Giovanna Bianchi-Scarra, Ketty Peris, Mirjam Hoxha, Amy Hutchinson, Laura Burke, Shenying Fang, Margaret A. Tucker, Alisa M. Goldstein, Jeffrey E. Lee, Qingyi Wei, Sharon A. Savage, Xiaohong R. Yang, Christopher Amos, Maria Teresa Landi Dec 2012

On The Interplay Of Telomeres, Nevi And The Risk Of Melanoma, Clara Bodelon, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, Valentina Bollati, Julien Debbache, Donato Calista, Paola Ghiorzo, Maria Concetta Fargnoli, Giovanna Bianchi-Scarra, Ketty Peris, Mirjam Hoxha, Amy Hutchinson, Laura Burke, Shenying Fang, Margaret A. Tucker, Alisa M. Goldstein, Jeffrey E. Lee, Qingyi Wei, Sharon A. Savage, Xiaohong R. Yang, Christopher Amos, Maria Teresa Landi

Dartmouth Scholarship

The relationship between telomeres, nevi and melanoma is complex. Shorter telomeres have been found to be associated with many cancers and with number of nevi, a known risk factor for melanoma. However, shorter telomeres have also been found to decrease melanoma risk. We performed a systematic analysis of telomere-related genes and tagSNPs within these genes, in relation to the risk of melanoma, dysplastic nevi, and nevus count combining data from four studies conducted in Italy. In addition, we examined whether telomere length measured in peripheral blood leukocytes is related to the risk of melanoma, dysplastic nevi, number of nevi, or …


Hyperosmolar Therapy For Raised Intracranial Pressure., Ethan A Benardete Dec 2012

Hyperosmolar Therapy For Raised Intracranial Pressure., Ethan A Benardete

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.


Parallel Ngo Networks For Hiv Control: Risks And Opportunities For Ngo Contracting., Shehla Zaidi, Xaher Gul, Noureen Aleem Nishtar Dec 2012

Parallel Ngo Networks For Hiv Control: Risks And Opportunities For Ngo Contracting., Shehla Zaidi, Xaher Gul, Noureen Aleem Nishtar

Community Health Sciences

Policy measures for preventive and promotive services are increasingly reliant on contracting of NGOs. Contracting is a neo-liberal response relying on open market competition for service delivery tenders. In contracting of health services a common assumption is a monolithic NGO market. A case study of HIV control in Pakistan shows that in reality the NGO market comprises of parallel NGO networks having widely different service packages, approaches and agendas. These parallel networks had evolved over time due to vertical policy agendas. Contracting of NGOs for provision of HIV services was faced with uneven capacities and turf rivalries across both NGO …


Mary Lou Best Williams Dec 2012

Mary Lou Best Williams

African American Funeral Programs

No abstract provided.


The Posterior Hypothalamus Exerts Opposing Effects On Nociception Via The A7 Catecholamine Cell Group In Rats, Y. Jeong, J. R. Moes, M. Wagner, J. E. Holden Dec 2012

The Posterior Hypothalamus Exerts Opposing Effects On Nociception Via The A7 Catecholamine Cell Group In Rats, Y. Jeong, J. R. Moes, M. Wagner, J. E. Holden

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) produces antinociception in rats and humans, but the precise mechanisms are unknown. The PH forms anatomical connections with the parabrachial area, which contains the pontine A7 catecholamine cell group, a group of spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons known to produce antinociception in the dorsal horn. The aim of the present study was to determine whether PH-induced antinociception is mediated in part through connections with the A7 cell group in female Sprague-Dawley rats, as measured by the tail flick and foot withdrawal latency. Stimulation of the PH with the cholinergic agonist carbachol (125nmol) produced antinociception …


The 'Art' Of Medicine: Building A Caring Relationship With Clients, Lisa Barkley Dec 2012

The 'Art' Of Medicine: Building A Caring Relationship With Clients, Lisa Barkley

UCF Forum

On the first day of school each year at the UCF College of Medicine, Dean Deborah German asks our incoming class of students what they think makes a “good doctor.”


Risk Factors For Mixed Complicated Skin And Skin Structure Infections To Help Tailor Appropriate Empiric Therapy, Marya Zilberberg, Scott T. Micek, Marin H. Kollef, Ahmed Shelbaya, Andrew F. Shorr Dec 2012

Risk Factors For Mixed Complicated Skin And Skin Structure Infections To Help Tailor Appropriate Empiric Therapy, Marya Zilberberg, Scott T. Micek, Marin H. Kollef, Ahmed Shelbaya, Andrew F. Shorr

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.


State V. Johnson Appellant's Brief Dckt. 39573 Dec 2012

State V. Johnson Appellant's Brief Dckt. 39573

Not Reported

No abstract provided.


The Constitutional Debate: Herodotus’ Exploration Of Good Government, C. Sydnor Roy Dec 2012

The Constitutional Debate: Herodotus’ Exploration Of Good Government, C. Sydnor Roy

Humanities Faculty Research

Herodotus’ Constitutional Debate is an important contribution to the development of political thought, since Herodotus provides in it definitions of the three forms of government, democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. Yet the narrative context of the debate, as well as the Histories entire, often undermines these descriptions. In this article, I attempt to show how Herodotus focuses much more on the pragmatic goals of government—accountability, good decision-making, and stability—than on pure constitutional forms, and such a pragmatic focus suggests that Herodotus may be an early proponent of a ‘mixed’ constitution.