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2011

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Ecology And Transmission Of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus In The Southeastern United States, Gregory Scott White Jan 2011

Ecology And Transmission Of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus In The Southeastern United States, Gregory Scott White

All ETDs from UAB

The virus Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a highly pathogenic arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) present in the US. The virus is listed as a reportable illness to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and is also listed as a select agent by Human Health and Services (HHS). Studies on EEEV starting back in the 1930's have determined many important facets of the ecology, transmission and evolution of the virus. It is understood that in many endemic foci, the mosquito Culiseta melanura is the primary enzootic vector of the virus. EEEV is thus maintained in an enzootic cycle between …

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Conceptualization Of Cervical Cancer And Screening Experiences Among Zambian Women Attending A Cervical Screening Program, Heather Leah White Jan 2011

Conceptualization Of Cervical Cancer And Screening Experiences Among Zambian Women Attending A Cervical Screening Program, Heather Leah White

All ETDs from UAB

Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide, and approximately 85% of the disease burden occurs in underdeveloped countries. In 2006, the Zambian government launched a cervical screening program within primary health clinics using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) coupled with immediate treatment via cryotherapy. The objective of this dissertation was to determine whether the VIA screening program is responsive to the needs and concerns of Zambian women in an effort to improve screening uptake, and for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive women who are potentially subject to increased ICC screening and treatment, increase long-term …

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Functional Interplay Between Trans Factors And Cis-Elements That Govern Il17a&F Transcription, Sarah Kern Whitley Jan 2011

Functional Interplay Between Trans Factors And Cis-Elements That Govern Il17a&F Transcription, Sarah Kern Whitley

All ETDs from UAB

Protective immunity against a variety of infections depends on the amplification and differentiation of naïve antigen-specific CD4 T cells. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are important for defending mucosal barriers from invading extracellular bacterial pathogens. This effector CD4 lineage is characterized by production of the cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22, which elicit influx of inflammatory cells to promote pathogen clearance. The cytokines IL-6 and TGF&beta are the principal factors that initiate Th17 lineage development, and the STAT3-inducing cytokines IL-21 and IL-23 assist and/or maintain the Th17 developmental program. Recently, an additional cytokine has been demonstrated to encourage Th17 differentiation: …

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Pick It Up, Put It Down: A Grounded Theory Study Of How Low Income African American Patients In The Deep South Start Smoking And Quit Smoking, Jessica Hillman Williams Jan 2011

Pick It Up, Put It Down: A Grounded Theory Study Of How Low Income African American Patients In The Deep South Start Smoking And Quit Smoking, Jessica Hillman Williams

All ETDs from UAB

The purpose of this qualitative was to use data extracted from the narrative stories of African American patients to generate a grounded theory to explain the process and act of initiating and of quitting smoking among low income African American patients in the Deep South. This is important since African Americans are more likely to suffer from smoking-related illnesses, which are the leading cause of death among African Americans. Data were analyzed from interviews conducted in 2005 as part of the Stories Project and supplementary interviews conducted in 2011. Convenience sampling strategies guided participant recruitment for primary interviews and theoretical …

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Tear Component Interference In Bead-Based Biomarker Assays Using Magnetic Beads, Larezia Denise Williams Jan 2011

Tear Component Interference In Bead-Based Biomarker Assays Using Magnetic Beads, Larezia Denise Williams

All ETDs from UAB

Cytokines in tears can be biomarkers for ocular inflammation in dry eye subjects. Multiplex bead-based assays measure the concentration of multiple cytokines in a single tear sample. Bio-Rad® polystyrene bead-based assay kits have provided acceptable results for tear samples in this lab. Recently, Bio-Rad decided to replace polystyrene beads with magnetic beads. In earlier experiments in this laboratory, magnetic bead-based as-says did not produce results equivalent to polystyrene bead-based assays. The purpose of this investigation was to modify the magnetic bead-based tear cytokine assay to produce equivalent results to those obtained with the polystyrene bead-based assay. The modifications included running …

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Trust Or Consequences: The Relationship Between Faculty Trust And Faculty Learning Communities In Higher Education, Gaye R. Wilson Jan 2011

Trust Or Consequences: The Relationship Between Faculty Trust And Faculty Learning Communities In Higher Education, Gaye R. Wilson

All ETDs from UAB

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between FLC membership and faculty trust in higher education colleagues and faculty trust in higher education administration in public and private universities in the United States. This quantitative study examines trust in colleagues and trust in administration in higher education, two factors of faculty trust that Hoy, Tschannen-Moran and others have shown to contribute to the relationship of teacher trust in administration and colleagues, collaboration, and to positive student outcomes in K-12 public schools. Grounded in trust theory as conceptualized by Castelfranchi and Falcone (2010) and using Hoy and Miskel's (2008) …

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Measuring Aniseikonia Using Scattering Filters To Simulate Cataract, Jason Anthony Wilson Jan 2011

Measuring Aniseikonia Using Scattering Filters To Simulate Cataract, Jason Anthony Wilson

All ETDs from UAB

MEASURING ANISEIKONIA USING SCATTERING FILTERS TO SIMULATE CATARACT JASON WILSON DEPARTMENT OF VISION SCIENCE ABSTRACT The relationship between anisometropia and aniseikonia (ANK) is not well understood. Ametropic cataract patients provide a unique opportunity to study this relationship after undergoing emmetropizing lens extraction. Because light scatter may affect ANK measurement in cataract patients, its effect should also be evaluated. The Basic Aniseikonia Test (BAT) was evaluated using afocal size lenses to produce specific changes in retinal height. Several light scattering devices were then evaluated to determine which produced effects most similar to cataract. Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity (VA) losses were …

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Enamel Demineralization Around Bonded Orthdontic Appliances Using Resin Coatings, Michael Brett Wood Jan 2011

Enamel Demineralization Around Bonded Orthdontic Appliances Using Resin Coatings, Michael Brett Wood

All ETDs from UAB

Introduction: Orthodontists work to achieve a favorable esthetic and functional result, only to have the outcome tainted by the presence of demineralization upon appliance removal. The presence of WSL's is a disappointment to both orthodontists and patients. Several products have been developed to prevent this unfortunate damage to tooth structure, including "Opalseal" and "Ortho-coat". Opalseal is a 38% filled primer that releases and recharges fluoride. Ortho-coat is a fluoride releasing, light cure, hydrophilic resin that coats both the bracket and tooth surface preventing decalcification. The aim of this study was to investigate the barrier effect of Opalseal and Ortho-coat compared …

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Windowed Drop Spine Box, Donia J. Conn, Department Of Preservation And Conservation Jan 2011

Windowed Drop Spine Box, Donia J. Conn, Department Of Preservation And Conservation

Librarian Publications

Step-by-step instructions for measuring and assembling a drop-spine box for the housing or rare books and other materials. This variant of box features a clear spine area allowing the contents to be seen when the box is closed.

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Phase Box, Donia J. Conn, Peter D. Verheyen, Department Of Preservation And Conservation Jan 2011

Phase Box, Donia J. Conn, Peter D. Verheyen, Department Of Preservation And Conservation

Librarian Publications

The "phase box" is a simple, low-cost, enclosure made from 20pt acid-free folder stock. It is designed to protect brittle, deteriorated, "low priority" items.

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The Pickle Eaters, Laura Emily Pitts Jan 2011

The Pickle Eaters, Laura Emily Pitts

All ETDs from UAB

Late October during 1945, Linus Morgan anticipates the return of his father, an airman serving the country during WWII. However, before his dad returns, Linus has plenty to keep him occupied. The country fair is approaching and Linus has high hopes of entering the annual pickle eating contest with only one thing in mind - beating the class bully Tommy Thompson. But before that, Linus and his two best friends, Sam and Bo, journey down the river to pay the mysterious lady living in the old, white house a visit. A lady, it seems, who has more secrets up her …

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Regulation Of Neuronal Death By The Autophagy Lysosomal Pathway: Implications For Parkinson Disease, Violetta N. Pivtoraiko Jan 2011

Regulation Of Neuronal Death By The Autophagy Lysosomal Pathway: Implications For Parkinson Disease, Violetta N. Pivtoraiko

All ETDs from UAB

Parkinson Disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized pathologically by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the stubstantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn), an intracellular protein involved in synaptic function, are all pathological hallmarks of PD have been implicated in PD pathogenesis. However, it is debated whether α-syn aggregates themselves are responsible for neurodegeneration in PD, cellular pathways involved in degradation of α-syn aggregates are believed to promote neuron survival. The autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP), a physiological mechanism for recycling of intracellular components, …

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Examination Of Ideal Physical Parameter Choices For Efficacious Hyperthermic Treatment Of Cancer, Lauren Rast Jan 2011

Examination Of Ideal Physical Parameter Choices For Efficacious Hyperthermic Treatment Of Cancer, Lauren Rast

All ETDs from UAB

This dissertation presents results on the computational modeling of electromagnetic and thermal effects during the hyperthermic treatment of cancer using magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia can be used for direct targeting and destruction of tumors through heat treatment or as a complement to chemotherapy. This method of treatment would be much less invasive than many current treatment options. Additionally, since these are nanoscale devices, the hyperthermic treatment of the cancer cells would be extremely localized. This would cause very minimal damage to surrounding tissue, making these systems superior to traditional hyperthermic treatment. The use of ferrofluids for cancer treatment requires …

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Myosin Ii In Hippocampal Synapses: Regulation Of Synaptic Plasticity, Strength And Actin Dynamics By Two Distinct Isoforms, Maria Dolores Rubio Jan 2011

Myosin Ii In Hippocampal Synapses: Regulation Of Synaptic Plasticity, Strength And Actin Dynamics By Two Distinct Isoforms, Maria Dolores Rubio

All ETDs from UAB

Cytoskeletal actin filaments underlie dendritic spine plasticity, critical for several forms of learning and memory. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate actin dynamics is essential to elucidate memory formation pathways. Myosins, a superfamily of actin binding proteins, have emerged as candidates for regulation of actin dynamics in the brain. Several myosin class II isoforms have been identified in brain, but their individual contribution to synaptic activity is still unknown. Based on the finding that myosin IIB regulates actin polymerization in the growth cone of developing neurons and that it is necessary for maintenance of dendritic spine structure, I hypothesized that …

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The Natural History Of Sivcpz Infection In Wild Living Chimpanzees, Rebecca Steele Rudicell Jan 2011

The Natural History Of Sivcpz Infection In Wild Living Chimpanzees, Rebecca Steele Rudicell

All ETDs from UAB

Simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) is the immediate precursor to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but even the most basic aspects of SIVcpz infection in its natural host are unknown. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the natural history of SIVcpz infection in wild living chimpanzees. Using non-invasive (feces and urine based) methods, we studied two unique chimpanzee populations in Tanzania: the famous chimpanzees of Gombe National Park and the savanna chimpanzees of Ugalla, located about 135 km southeast of Gombe. Gombe chimpanzees are endemically infected with SIVcpz, and the park's established research infrastructure provides a …

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Increased Cutting Efficacy Of Diamond Burs With Biochemical Solution Spraying, Ramtin Sadid Zadeh Jan 2011

Increased Cutting Efficacy Of Diamond Burs With Biochemical Solution Spraying, Ramtin Sadid Zadeh

All ETDs from UAB

CAD/CAM units are becoming increasingly popular for milling all ceramic restorations from ceramic blocks. The solution used to spray the diamond cutting instrument also improves cutting effectiveness and also lubricates the diamond, which may not only prolong the cutting life of the diamond instrument but also provide smoother cuts on the ceramic block. The purpose of this study is to evaluate cutting efficacy of diamond burs with three solutions and to compare roughness produced by each solution on the glass-ceramic block. Material and methods: 15 Empress CAD blocks, 30 fine diamond burs, two solutions and distilled water were used. Each …

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Optimization And Characterization Of Multifunctional Polymeric-Nanodiamond Electrospun Scaffolds, Amanee Salaam Jan 2011

Optimization And Characterization Of Multifunctional Polymeric-Nanodiamond Electrospun Scaffolds, Amanee Salaam

All ETDs from UAB

Due to the lack of treatment options available for patients suffering from bone abnormalities, current research focuses on developing novel biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Since a tissue scaffold is implanted in vivo, it could also serve as a substrate for localized, systemic delivery of therapeutics. Particularly in primary bone cancer after removal of a cancerous lesion, there is a need for a system that can support the generation of new tissue while delivering localized chemotherapy. However, a complex molecule is needed to serve as a vehicle for delivering the drug and targeting only cancerous cells. Detonation nanodiamond (DND) is …

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Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 2b1b: Structure, Function And Expression In Human Brain, Emily D. Salman Jan 2011

Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 2b1b: Structure, Function And Expression In Human Brain, Emily D. Salman

All ETDs from UAB

The human cytosolic sulfotransferases are a family of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes that conjugate a sulfonate moiety from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl moeity on a substrate. SULT2B1b catalyzes the sulfation of hydroxysteroids as well as many xenobiotics; and is expressed extra-hepatically. SULT2B1b is a unique SULT because it has amino (N)- and carboxy (C)-terminal peptide extensions, undergoes post-translational modification, and is localized in both the cytosol and nucleus. Analysis of SULT2B1b revealed that the N- and C-terminal extensions of SULT2B1b are predicted to be intrinsically unstructured peptides. Size exclusion chromatography has revealed that SULT2B1b is enzymatically active as …

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Optimization And Characterization Of Bioactive Glass Nanofibers And Nanocomposites, Reginna Evette Scarber Jan 2011

Optimization And Characterization Of Bioactive Glass Nanofibers And Nanocomposites, Reginna Evette Scarber

All ETDs from UAB

Disease affects different areas of the bone and can impact individuals of all pathologies and ethnicities. These bone diseases can result in weakening which leads to trauma during ordinary function, the need for reconstructive surgery, and eventual bone replacement. Tissue engineering can provide a less traumatic and more fundamental solution to the current therapies. Bioactive glasses are promising materials in tissue engineering applications because of their ability to form hydroxycarbonate apatite in the presence of simulated body fluid, support cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation, induce bone formation, and concentrate bone morphogenic proteins in vivo. The research in this dissertation will …

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The Impact Of Endopytic Algae On Growth And Survival Of Antarctic Macroalgae (Rhodophyta), Kathryn M. Schoenrock Jan 2011

The Impact Of Endopytic Algae On Growth And Survival Of Antarctic Macroalgae (Rhodophyta), Kathryn M. Schoenrock

All ETDs from UAB

Filamentous algal endophytes are common in many species of chemically defended macroalgae along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Effects of filamentous algal endophytes in macroalgal hosts are unknown, but may be detrimental to host due to competition for light and nutrients or pathogenic effects. Growth of three species of red Antarctic macroalgae were examined in situunder varying loads of endophyte infection. The experiment occurred at the end of the Austral summer and lasted approximately six to nine weeks until population senescence was imminent. Growth was measured through change in mass, change in surface area, growth rate, relative growth rate and surface …

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Thesis- Clinical Evaluation Of Non-Carious Cervical Lesion- A Longitudinal Study., Shreya D. Shah Jan 2011

Thesis- Clinical Evaluation Of Non-Carious Cervical Lesion- A Longitudinal Study., Shreya D. Shah

All ETDs from UAB

Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) are non-bacterial in origin and defined as the loss of tooth substance at the cemento-enamel junction (Mair, 1992). There is growing evidence that NCCLs may be associated with occlusal and lateral. OBJECTIVE: To develop a non invasive, highly reproducible technique to measure the occlusal forces (biting pressure) and to correlate it with lesion progression. MATERIALS & METHODS: Twenty-six subjects and 60 teeth were measured for biting force. Digital images and elastomeric impressions were made ateach of three visits (baseline restoration, one and two years). Casts were prepared and a fixture which aligned each patients cast in …

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Metallacrown Ethers As Hydroformylation Catalyst, Justin Thomas Sheff Jan 2011

Metallacrown Ethers As Hydroformylation Catalyst, Justin Thomas Sheff

All ETDs from UAB

The research described in this manuscript includes a study of the effects of alkali metal salts on the activities and regioselectivities of rhodium metallacrown ether catalysts for the hydroformylation of styrene. It also includes a complementary study of the binding of alkali metal cations to the model metallacrown ethers for the rhodium catalysts that provides insight into the factors affecting the activity and regioselectivity of styrene hydroformylation. Chapter 1 of this dissertation evaluates cis-Mo(CO)4(2,2'-C12H8O2)PO(CH2CH2O)4(2,2'-C12H8O2) metallacrown ether binding of alkali metal salts by application of binding density analysis to determine accurate binding constants by 31P{1H} NMR titrations in an optimized mixture …

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Effect Of Different Percentages Of Silica Nanofibers Filler Loads On Mechanical And Physical Properties Of Flowable Composite Resins, Shashikant Singhal Jan 2011

Effect Of Different Percentages Of Silica Nanofibers Filler Loads On Mechanical And Physical Properties Of Flowable Composite Resins, Shashikant Singhal

All ETDs from UAB

Dental composites are important in the spectra of restorative materials. Ability to match the color of natural dentition is an appealing characteristic of composite restorations. Additionally, they can be bonded physically to the tooth, which limits the amount of tooth preparation required and thereby conserves healthy tooth structure. In relation to other restorations like amalgams, non-metallic compositions of dental composites have exhibited good biocompatibility. The dental composites are composed of a resin matrix containing a blend of bis-GMA (bis-phenol A-glycidyldimethacrylate) or urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) along with TEGDMA (tetraethylglycidylmethacrylate). Novel techniques for the reinforcement of these resin-based composites continue in a …

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Social Support, Social Stigma, Health, Coping, And Quality Of Life In Older Gay Men With Hiv, Larry Zuendel Slater Jan 2011

Social Support, Social Stigma, Health, Coping, And Quality Of Life In Older Gay Men With Hiv, Larry Zuendel Slater

All ETDs from UAB

With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV/AIDS are living longer and managing their HIV infection as would an individual with any other chronic disease. As life expectancy increases, quality of life has progressed as an emerging issue for older adults with HIV/AIDS. A majority of people living with HIV in the U.S. are still gay men, who thus comprise a large portion of those who are growing older with the disease. The aims of the descriptive, correlational study were to: (1) explore the relationships among age, race, socioeconomic status, health, social support, social stigma, coping, perceived health, and …

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The Effect Of Curricular Sequencing Of Human Patient Simulation Learning Experiences On Students’ Self-Perceptions Of Clinical Reasoning Abilities, Rebecca Jensen Phd, Rn Jan 2011

The Effect Of Curricular Sequencing Of Human Patient Simulation Learning Experiences On Students’ Self-Perceptions Of Clinical Reasoning Abilities, Rebecca Jensen Phd, Rn

Nursing Publications, Posters, & Presentations

It is unknown whether timing of human patient simulation (HPS) in a semester, demographic (age, gender, and ethnicity), and situational (type of program and previous baccalaureate degree and experience in healthcare) variables affects students‘ perceptions of their clinical reasoning abilities. Nursing students were divided into two groups, mid and end of semester HPS experiences. Students‘ perceptions of clinical reasoning abilities were measured at Baseline (beginning of semester) and Time 2 (end of semester), along with demographic and situational variables. Dependent variable was Difference scores where Baseline scores were subtracted from Time 2 scores to reveal changes in students‘ perceptions of …

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Predictors Of The Decision To Terminate Pregnancy Following Prenatal Diagnoses Of Fetal Abnormalities, Cynthia Renee Hall Jan 2011

Predictors Of The Decision To Terminate Pregnancy Following Prenatal Diagnoses Of Fetal Abnormalities, Cynthia Renee Hall

All ETDs from UAB

The purpose of the present study was to examine several factors and their contri-butions to termination decisions and address limitations associated with previous re-search. Specifically, type of prenatally diagnosed disorder, perception of parenting, atti-tude toward abortion, attachment, religiosity, and attitude toward disabled persons were examined as predictors of the decision to terminate pregnancy. Also, the role of familiari-ty with persons having developmental disabilities was explored as a covariate. In addi-tion, priming effect of labeled disorders was investigated. Participants (N = 144) were college students aged 19 - 56 years (M = 22.07, SD = 6.62). Participants completed the Experiences in …

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Calciotropic Hormonal Influence On Energy Homeostasis, Lynae J. Hanks Jan 2011

Calciotropic Hormonal Influence On Energy Homeostasis, Lynae J. Hanks

All ETDs from UAB

Energy balance exists when intake is equivalent to expenditure. It has become evident that beyond quantitative aspects of intake, dietary components also have directive impact. On the expenditure side, an underappreciated yet key contributor is resting energy expenditure (REE). As the largest constituent of overall energy output, REE encompasses physiologic, dietary and genetic influence on body composition. While cellular and overall systemic contribution cannot be ignored, the relative proportion of adipose, bone and lean body tissue (i.e., body composition) represents the primary determinant underlying REE. It is possible that the mineral calcium is a common denominator encompassing energy balance influenced …

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In Vivo Analysis Of The Natural Diversity Of The Igr Ires Family And Characterization Of The Role Of Ribosomal Protein S25 In Ires-Mediated Translation, Marla Ilene Hertz Jan 2011

In Vivo Analysis Of The Natural Diversity Of The Igr Ires Family And Characterization Of The Role Of Ribosomal Protein S25 In Ires-Mediated Translation, Marla Ilene Hertz

All ETDs from UAB

Translation of the majority of eukaryotic mRNAs is initiated upon recognition of its 5' cap structure by translation initiation factors in so-called cap-dependent translation. Cap-dependent translation is repressed during cell stress and translation initiation by internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) predominates. IRESs, located in the 5' untranslated region of specific mRNAs, recruit the ribosome independent of the 5' cap and are essential regulatory elements in many RNA viruses and cellular messages. The dysregulation of cellular IRESs has been linked to cancer because they regulate the expression of genes involved in growth, development and stress response. In comparison to cap-dependent translation, …

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Risk Associations Between Perceived Stress, Allostatic Load, And Insulin Resistance Among Nondiabetic African American Women Of The Jackson Heart Study, Alethea N. Hill Jan 2011

Risk Associations Between Perceived Stress, Allostatic Load, And Insulin Resistance Among Nondiabetic African American Women Of The Jackson Heart Study, Alethea N. Hill

All ETDs from UAB

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between perceived stress, allostatic load, and insulin resistance measured by HOMAIR among nondiabetic African American women of the Jackson Heart Study. Methods: The investigative team examined the cross-sectional associations (2000-2004) of perceived stress, summary indices of allostatic load, and insulin resistance in 2,245 nondiabetic African American women, stratified by glycemic profile, participating in the Jackson Heart Study. Measurements include physiological markers, anthropometric measures, and (3) stress instruments: Weekly Stress Inventory (WSI), Global Stress (STS), and JHS Discrimination Questionnaire (DIS). t-tests, ÷2 test, bivariate correlations, and forward hierarchical linear regression …

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The Effects Of Supplemental Dietary Vitamins On Weight Gain And Organ Production In The Variegated Sea Urchin, Lytechinus Variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), Warren T. Jones Jan 2011

The Effects Of Supplemental Dietary Vitamins On Weight Gain And Organ Production In The Variegated Sea Urchin, Lytechinus Variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), Warren T. Jones

All ETDs from UAB

Due to the global decline in sea urchin fisheries, there has been an increased need to produce nutritionally-complete sea urchin diets for the emerging sea urchin aquaculture industry. Previous studies have established various macronutrient requirements; however, micronutrient requirements have not been well-researched in sea urchins. Vitamins are important micronutrients in both vertebrates and invertebrates, but their importance has not been established in any sea urchin species. To establish the essentiality and nutritional requirements of vitamins in sea urchins, a suite of important vitamins were tested in nutritional trials in the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. Sea urchins fed moderate levels of …

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