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2010

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Augmented Epa With Augmented Efie Method For Packaging Analysis, Zuhui Ma, Lijun Jiang, Wengcho Chew, Maokun Li, Zhiguo Qian Dec 2010

Augmented Epa With Augmented Efie Method For Packaging Analysis, Zuhui Ma, Lijun Jiang, Wengcho Chew, Maokun Li, Zhiguo Qian

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

It is evident that the low frequency full wave electromagnetic modelling is necessary for IC packaging analysis. Considering the complexity, it is very difficult to solve the whole problem directly. Even though the domain decomposition method is a legitimate approach for these types of problems, the domain decomposition method based on the equivalence principle has the low frequency breakdown issue. In this paper, we developed a low frequency augmented equivalence principle algorithm (AEPA) with the augmented electric field integral equation (AEFIE) for packaging and IC analysis. On the equivalence surfaces, not only the electric current and the magnetic current, but …

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Review Of Multi-Scale Electromagnetic Modeling, W. C. Chew, Lijun Jiang, H. Y. Chao, A. J. Hesford, M. K. Li, Z. G. Qian, Y. G. Liu, Y. P. Chen, Z. H. Ma, L. E. Sun, M. S. Tong, C. Davis, W. E.I. Sha Dec 2010

Review Of Multi-Scale Electromagnetic Modeling, W. C. Chew, Lijun Jiang, H. Y. Chao, A. J. Hesford, M. K. Li, Z. G. Qian, Y. G. Liu, Y. P. Chen, Z. H. Ma, L. E. Sun, M. S. Tong, C. Davis, W. E.I. Sha

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper reviews various methods to solve multiscale problems ranging from low-frequency methods to very high-frequency methods. ©2010 IEEE.

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Robust Neural Network Rise Observer Based Fault Diagnostics And Prediction, James W. Fonda, S. (Sarangapani) Jagannathan, Steve Eugene Watkins Dec 2010

Robust Neural Network Rise Observer Based Fault Diagnostics And Prediction, James W. Fonda, S. (Sarangapani) Jagannathan, Steve Eugene Watkins

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A novel fault diagnostics and prediction scheme in continuous time is introduced for a class of nonlinear systems. The proposed method uses a novel neural network (NN) based robust integral sign of the error (RISE) observer, or estimator, allowing for semi-global asymptotic stability in the presence of NN approximation errors, disturbances and unmodeled dynamics. This is in comparison to typical results presented in the literature that show only boundedness in the presence of uncertainties. The output of the observer/estimator is compared with that of the nonlinear system and a residual is used for declaring the presence of a fault when …

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Characterization Of Neuronal Groups Regulating Sexual And Agonistic Behavior In Male Chicken (Gallus Gallus), Jingjing Xie Dec 2010

Characterization Of Neuronal Groups Regulating Sexual And Agonistic Behavior In Male Chicken (Gallus Gallus), Jingjing Xie

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The study aimed to understand the neuronal regulation of male sexual and agonistic behavior in broiler breeders. First, brain structures associated with sexual and agonistic behavior were identified by mapping Fos expression. The ventromedial subnucleus of medial portion of bed nucleus of the stria teriminalis (BSTM2) was specifically activated by male courtship behavior. The medial preoptic nucleus (POM) and lateral septum (SL) were associated with both sexual and agonistic behaviors. The bed nucleus of the pallial commissure (NCPa) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were closely related to stress. Second, Fos-ir neurons were phenotyped by double labeling Fos with aromatase (ARO) …

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Analysis Of The Response Of Medicago Truncatula Calcium Oxalate Mutants To Abiotic Stress, Wayra Gabriela Navia-Gine Dec 2010

Analysis Of The Response Of Medicago Truncatula Calcium Oxalate Mutants To Abiotic Stress, Wayra Gabriela Navia-Gine

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Calcium oxalate crystals are found in most plant species. In Medicago truncatula wild-type A17, crystals accumulate in leaves along the secondary veins and the only role attributed to them so far is defense against chewing insects. Calcium oxalate deficient (cod) mutants were isolated in M. truncatula; the cod mutants include cod5, which completely lack crystals in the leaves and cod6 that accumulates fewer and smaller crystals compared to A17. We analyzed gene expression in the cod mutants and A17 using GeneChip® Medicago Genome Arrays and found important differences in transcriptome between the three genotypes. In particular, we found a gene …

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Campus Recreation Program Involvement, Athletic Identity, Transitional Loss And Life Satisfaction In Former High School Athletes, Katie E. Helms Dec 2010

Campus Recreation Program Involvement, Athletic Identity, Transitional Loss And Life Satisfaction In Former High School Athletes, Katie E. Helms

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Sports participation can result in strong associations with the athlete role for participants. While strong athletic identity can have positive implications, it can also create vulnerability to emotional difficulty following exit from sport (Brewer, 1993). Exit from sport is inevitable, resulting from a wide range of sources such as injury, aging, de-selection, or not qualifying to participate at a certain skill level. Despite a large proportion of high school students who play sports, there is little opportunity for continuation at the college level. This discrepancy often results in significant transitional loss resulting from exhausted athletic eligibility. The current study examines …

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December 1, 2010, The Daily Mississippian Dec 2010

December 1, 2010, The Daily Mississippian

Daily Mississippian (all digitized issues)

No abstract provided.

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A Test-Bed For Secure Hierarchical Data Aggregation In Wireless Sensor Networks, Vimal Kumar, Joshua Mccarville-Schueths, Sanjay Madria Dec 2010

A Test-Bed For Secure Hierarchical Data Aggregation In Wireless Sensor Networks, Vimal Kumar, Joshua Mccarville-Schueths, Sanjay Madria

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Data aggregation is a technique used to conserve battery power in wireless sensor networks (WSN). When securing such a network, it is important that we minimize the number of computationally expensive security operations without compromising on the security. This paper deals with the test-bed implementation of our end-to-end secure data aggregation algorithm. Unlike previous algorithms which required separate phases for secure aggregation and integrity verification, ours does not require an additional phase for verification. This saves energy by avoiding additional transmissions and computation overhead on the sensor nodes. We have implemented our secure data aggregation algorithms on mica2 motes. ©2010 …

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2-D Path Planning For Direct Laser Deposition Process, Swathi Routhu, Divya Kanakanala, Jianzhong Ruan, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Frank Liou Dec 2010

2-D Path Planning For Direct Laser Deposition Process, Swathi Routhu, Divya Kanakanala, Jianzhong Ruan, Xiaoqing Frank Liu, Frank Liou

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

The zigzag and offset path have been the two most popular path patterns for tool movement in machining process. Different from the traditional machining processes, the quality of parts produced by the metal deposition process is much more dependent upon the choice of deposition paths. Due to the nature of the metal deposition processes, various tool path patterns not only change the efficiency but also affect the deposition height, a critical quality for metal deposition process. This paper presents the research conducted on calculating zigzag pattern to improve efficiency by minimizing the idle path. the deposition height is highly dependent …

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Swine High Fever Syndrome: What Prrsv Gotta Do With It?, Roongroje Thanawongnuwech Dec 2010

Swine High Fever Syndrome: What Prrsv Gotta Do With It?, Roongroje Thanawongnuwech

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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Effects Of Dietary Melamine Or Urea-Formaldehyde Or Their Mixtures On Performance, Carcass Quality, Melamine Residues And Microscopic Changes In Broiler Tissues, Srisuda Sirilaophaisan, Jowaman Khajarern, Bundit Tengjarernkul Dec 2010

Effects Of Dietary Melamine Or Urea-Formaldehyde Or Their Mixtures On Performance, Carcass Quality, Melamine Residues And Microscopic Changes In Broiler Tissues, Srisuda Sirilaophaisan, Jowaman Khajarern, Bundit Tengjarernkul

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary graded levels of melamine, urea-formaldehyde (UF) and their mixture on growth performance, carcass quality, melamine residues and microscopic changes in broiler tissues from d-1 to d-42 followed by a 7-d feeding of withdrawal diets. One thousand and forty 1-d-old equal mixed-sex Arber Acres broiler were assigned to 13 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens of 20 chicks assigned to each treatment. The diets of melamine, UF and their mixture contained four graded levels (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00%) but no melamine or UF was added to the control diet. There …

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Salbutamol Residues In Swine Tissues And Body Fluids After Feeding, Jen Hung Ming, Hsiang Huang Han, Ling Chen Chao, Jen Wu Yu, Katie Marie Dixon, Liang Mao Chi Dec 2010

Salbutamol Residues In Swine Tissues And Body Fluids After Feeding, Jen Hung Ming, Hsiang Huang Han, Ling Chen Chao, Jen Wu Yu, Katie Marie Dixon, Liang Mao Chi

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Salbutamol residues in swine tissues and fluids were investigated. Tissue, serum and urine samples were collected from 33 pigs after 14 days of oral administration of 3 ppm salbutamol. The concentrations of salbutamol were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and further confirmed by capillary electrophoresis. The highest urinary concentration of salbutamol was 145.12 ng/ml at 18 hour and remained detectable for 30 days after the last feeding. Salbutamol was undetectable in serum samples. The highest concentrations of salbutamol in liver, kidney, lung, heart, brain and muscle were 70.42 ng/g, 31.88 ng/g, 26.06 ng/g, 6.76 ng/g, 3.41 ng/g and 2.97 ng/g, …

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Comparative Study Of Temperatures Used In Silicone Impregnation Of Porcine Hearts Plastination, Damri Darawiroj, Adisorn Adirekthaworn, Sayamon Srisuwattanasakul, Kongkiat Srisuwattanasakul Dec 2010

Comparative Study Of Temperatures Used In Silicone Impregnation Of Porcine Hearts Plastination, Damri Darawiroj, Adisorn Adirekthaworn, Sayamon Srisuwattanasakul, Kongkiat Srisuwattanasakul

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Forced impregnation process is normally performed under vacuum at freezing temperature which requires expensive plastination apparatus. To reduce the cost in the plastination process, forced impregnation of porcine hearts under two different environments, which are at the freezing temperature (-20oC) and at room temperature (22-25oC), was compared. Twelve porcine hearts were collected from a slaughter house, and divided into the groups, six in each, and subjected to be plastinated by S10 standard technique at the two temperatures. Although the forced impregnation at room temperature, also the curing process, was more time-consuming, all hearts from both groups produced satisfying plastinated specimens. …

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An Outbreak Of Avibacterium Paragallinarum Serovar B In A Thai Layer Farm, Kridda Chukiatsiri, Suwit Chotinun, Niwat Chansiripornchai Dec 2010

An Outbreak Of Avibacterium Paragallinarum Serovar B In A Thai Layer Farm, Kridda Chukiatsiri, Suwit Chotinun, Niwat Chansiripornchai

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Avibacterium paragallinarum serovar B was diagnosed and revealed in a layer farm. The infected chickens showed mucous nasal discharge, facial edema and conjunctivitis. Egg production also decreased dramatically. Necropsy findings showed lesions of conjunctivitis and edematous tissue around the eyes. The infraorbital sinuses were filled with a caseopurulent mass and tracheitis. Bacterial isolation and identification was performed and confirmed by PCR technic. A hemagglutination inhibition test using specific antibodies against serovar B revealed the Avibacterium paragallinarum serovar B infection. A pathogenicity test done in 10 layer chickens, showed clinical signs of nasal discharge, facial edema and conjunctivitis. This is the …

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Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Winai Chansaisakorn Dec 2010

Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Winai Chansaisakorn

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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In Vitro Testing Of The Efficacy Of Organic Releasing Chlorine (Virusnip™) Against Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Spp. Candida Albicans And Trichophyton Mentagophytes, Indhira Kramomtong, Waree Niyomtham, Sasiwimon Talummuk, Penchan Chaiyanate, Kai Sievert Dec 2010

In Vitro Testing Of The Efficacy Of Organic Releasing Chlorine (Virusnip™) Against Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Spp. Candida Albicans And Trichophyton Mentagophytes, Indhira Kramomtong, Waree Niyomtham, Sasiwimon Talummuk, Penchan Chaiyanate, Kai Sievert

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The antimicrobial activities of organic releasing chlorine disinfectant (Virusnip™) was evaluated and compared by semi-quantitative suspension-neutralization method under clean condition in vitro. The test organisms were clinical bacterial isolates of hemolytic Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Infantis, and Salmonella Virchow. Fungal isolates were Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagophytes. Four sets of Virusnip™ concentrations were prepared at 1:100, 1:200, 1:400 and 1:1000 for bacteria and 3 sets of 1:100, 1:200 and 1:400 for fungi. Each set of various concentrations was kept at room temperature for 1, 2 and 7 days before use. The assays were performed at …

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What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph Dec 2010

What Is Your Diagnosis?, Pranee Tuntivanich, Suwicha Chuthateph

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

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A Mean-Variance Optimization Algorithm, Istvan Erlich, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Nakawiro Worawat Dec 2010

A Mean-Variance Optimization Algorithm, Istvan Erlich, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Nakawiro Worawat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new stochastic optimization algorithm referred to by the authors as the 'Mean-Variance Optimization' (MVO) algorithm is presented in this paper. MVO falls into the category of the so-called "population-Based stochastic optimization technique." the uniqueness of the MVO algorithm is based on the strategic transformation used for mutating the offspring based on mean-variance of the n-best dynamic population. the mapping function used transforms the uniformly distributed random variation into a new one characterized by the variance and mean of the n-best population attained so far. the searching space within the algorithm is restricted to the range - zero to one …

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Applying Feature Selective Validation (Fsv) As An Objective Function For Data Optimization, Siming Pan, Hanfeng Wang, Jun Fan Dec 2010

Applying Feature Selective Validation (Fsv) As An Objective Function For Data Optimization, Siming Pan, Hanfeng Wang, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Feature Select Validation (FSV) is a widely used validation method for data comparison. FSV provides a quantitative standard to describe the similarity between two sets of data. in this paper, the application of the FSV technique is extended to data optimization. the raw data obtained from simulations or measurements are often non-ideal for further processing. Several techniques, such as data perturbation, can be used to improve the data quality in certain aspects. However, after modifications the new data could be very different to the original one. using FSV as an objective function for the optimization process is discussed in this …

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Statistical Channel Modeling Of Wireless Shallow Water Acoustic Communications From Experiment Data, Jian Zhang, Jesse Cross, Yahong Rosa Zheng Dec 2010

Statistical Channel Modeling Of Wireless Shallow Water Acoustic Communications From Experiment Data, Jian Zhang, Jesse Cross, Yahong Rosa Zheng

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper analyzes statistical characteristics of underwater acoustic channels estimated by ocean experimental data. the baseband complex channel impulse responses (CIRs) are estimated by a time-domain least square method with sliding windows applied to long probing sequences. the probability density functions (PDF) of the real part, imaginary part, magnitude, and phase of the CIR are evaluated, and the two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to measure fitness of the magnitude PDF to the Gamma, Rayleigh, and compound-K distributions. the second-order statistics of the channel are also investigated in terms of autocorrelation function, channel coherence time, and scattering function. the experimental …

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A Novel Impedance Definition Of A Parallel Plate Pair For An Intrinsic Via Circuit Model, Yaojiang Zhang, Gang Feng, Jun Fan Dec 2010

A Novel Impedance Definition Of A Parallel Plate Pair For An Intrinsic Via Circuit Model, Yaojiang Zhang, Gang Feng, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Rigorous analysis of via-plate-pair interactions requires the impedance of a plate pair to be defined in terms of radial transmission lines on perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) ports. the plate domain is not a solid plate pair but one with multiple PMC holes where conventional impedance definitions are not suitable. a new impedance definition is proposed where port voltages and currents are expressed in terms of the inward and outward zero-order modes of a radial transmission line. Radial scattering parameters among multiple radial ports are then introduced and the transforms between the radial scattering and impedance matrices are given. an analytical …

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Hybrid Method Used To Model Via Transitions, Hanfeng Wang, Albert E. Ruehli, Jun Fan Dec 2010

Hybrid Method Used To Model Via Transitions, Hanfeng Wang, Albert E. Ruehli, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A hybrid approach to solve via impedance and model via transitions is presented in the paper. the method is a combination of via-plane capacitance extraction and the impedance matrices calculation of parallel plane pair. a new formulation of the integral equation method for axially symmetric geometry is used for the capacitance extraction. the method is validated with other model results. ©2010 IEEE.

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Analyzing Via Impedance Variations With A Stochastic Collation Method, Jianxiang Shen, Hanfeng Wang, Ji Chen, Jun Fan Dec 2010

Analyzing Via Impedance Variations With A Stochastic Collation Method, Jianxiang Shen, Hanfeng Wang, Ji Chen, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, we describe a systematic approach to optimize and analyze the equivalent characteristic impedance of practical via structures. the procedure consists of (a) optimizing via structures for impedance matching using a Genetic algorithm, and (b) numerically characterize, by stochastic collocation method, the sensitivity of the equivalent characteristic impedance to the manufacturing uncertainties in the various geometrical parameters of a via structure. Such procedure naturally leads to a rigorous methodology for EM design/control in the presence of multiple sources of uncertainty. ©2010 IEEE.

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Recent Development Of Via Models: Hybrid Circuit And Field Analysis, Yaojiang Zhang, Jun Fan Dec 2010

Recent Development Of Via Models: Hybrid Circuit And Field Analysis, Yaojiang Zhang, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Via-plate interaction can be modeled as lumped circuits for vias and a two-dimensional field problem for the plate domain. the accuracy of the improved intrinsic via model and the conventional physics-Based via model is investigated by comparing them with either analytical formula or numerical simulations for a via in a circular plate pair with various edge boundary conditions. It is found that the intrinsic via model matches very well with both the analytical formula and numerical solutions in all the examples studied. However, the physics-Based via model is only an acceptable approximation at low frequencies and its accuracy is not …

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Equivalent Circuit Models For Evaluation Of Bandgap Limits For Planar Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures, Francesco De Paulis, Leo Raimondo, Antonio Orlandi, Liehui Ren, Jun Fan Dec 2010

Equivalent Circuit Models For Evaluation Of Bandgap Limits For Planar Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures, Francesco De Paulis, Leo Raimondo, Antonio Orlandi, Liehui Ren, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this work different physic based equivalent lumped element circuits models representing planar EBG structures are developed. their results, in terms of evaluation of the lower and upper limits of the bandgap, are compared with a three-dimensional simulation considered as reference. Guidelines for the use of these models for their use in planar EBG design are developed. ©2010 IEEE.

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Extracting Physical Ic Models Using Near-Field Scanning, Zhenwei Yu, Jayong Koo, Jason A. Mix, Kevin Slattery, Jun Fan Dec 2010

Extracting Physical Ic Models Using Near-Field Scanning, Zhenwei Yu, Jayong Koo, Jason A. Mix, Kevin Slattery, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Accurate modeling of chip and chip-package is critical for EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) and RFI (RF Interference) analysis and prediction. in this paper, a model based on an array of dipoles from near-field measurement is proposed. a simple active circuit is simulated in a 3-D full-wave simulation tool, and the dipole model is calculated from the near-field data in the simulation using inverse method with regularization technique. This model has clear physical meaning, and it is validated using field at another place. ©2010 IEEE.

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An Equivalent Three-Dipole Model For Ic Radiated Emissions Based On Tem Cell Measurements, Siming Pan, Jingook Kim, Sungnam Kim, Jaesu Park, Heoncheol Oh, Jun Fan Dec 2010

An Equivalent Three-Dipole Model For Ic Radiated Emissions Based On Tem Cell Measurements, Siming Pan, Jingook Kim, Sungnam Kim, Jaesu Park, Heoncheol Oh, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An equivalent dipole model is proposed in this paper to represent the source of radiated electromagnetic emissions from an integrated circuit (IC). the height of an IC is usually much smaller than its length and width, so only three dipole moments are sufficient to characterize an IC in terms of its electromagnetic emissions. the dipole moments can be extracted from three TEM cell measurements. the radiated fields from the IC can then be calculated based on the extracted dipole sources. This IC emission model with three dipole moments is validated using the far-field measurements in a semi anechoic chamber for …

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Improved Target Impedance And Ic Transient Current Measurement For Power Distribution Network Design, Jingook Kim, Songping Wu, Hanfeng Wang, Yuzou Takita, Hayato Takeuchi, Kenji Araki, Gang Feng, Jun Fan Dec 2010

Improved Target Impedance And Ic Transient Current Measurement For Power Distribution Network Design, Jingook Kim, Songping Wu, Hanfeng Wang, Yuzou Takita, Hayato Takeuchi, Kenji Araki, Gang Feng, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An improved definition of target impedance is proposed in this paper, which is derived from the time-domain waveforms of the IC transient current and the allowable voltage fluctuation. the proposed target impedance removes the unnecessary constraint in the original definition and allows for more cost-effective power distribution network (PDN) designs for consumer electronic products. a measurement procedure to obtain IC transient current waveforms is also developed for the PDN designs utilizing power traces. the proposed target impedance and the measurement procedure have been validated using practical functioning designs. ©2010 IEEE.

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Families' Perspectives On The Effect Of Constipation And Fecal Incontinence On Quality Of Life, Astrida S. Kaugars, Alan Silverman, Margo Kinservik, Susan Heinze, Lisa Reinemann, Megan Sanders, Brian W. Schneider, Manu Sood Dec 2010

Families' Perspectives On The Effect Of Constipation And Fecal Incontinence On Quality Of Life, Astrida S. Kaugars, Alan Silverman, Margo Kinservik, Susan Heinze, Lisa Reinemann, Megan Sanders, Brian W. Schneider, Manu Sood

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Objectives: Understanding families' quality of life can be important for interdisciplinary treatment planning. The present study examined child and parent perspectives about how constipation and fecal incontinence affect families' quality of life.

Patients and Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 8 children/adolescents and 8 caregivers. All of the children met Rome II criteria for functional constipation. Interviews were analyzed by an interdisciplinary team using a content analysis approach, which included developing a coding manual that described emergent themes from the interview transcripts.

Results: Qualitative and quantitative responses revealed the varied experiences of participating families. Child and parent views may be …

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Effective School District Recruitment Strategies Of African American Teachers, Christopher P. Watkins Dec 2010

Effective School District Recruitment Strategies Of African American Teachers, Christopher P. Watkins

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

There has been a continual decline in the number of available minority group teachers to supply America's public school for the past six decades. Several factors were noted for this decline which included better opportunities for minority advancement in other professions, low teacher salaries, the low prestige and status of teaching, institutional racism, and challenges with teacher certification and state licensure exams. The purpose of this study was to identify strategies used by school district officials to increase African American teacher hiring in Georgia. This study examined the district strategies that were implemented to recruit and hire minority teachers and …

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