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2010

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Correlation Between The Leadership Practices Of Lead Ministers And The Workplace Spirituality Of Their Churches As Reported By Church Members, Richard A. Devost Jan 2010

Correlation Between The Leadership Practices Of Lead Ministers And The Workplace Spirituality Of Their Churches As Reported By Church Members, Richard A. Devost

Dissertations

Purpose. People seek for meaning in their work and lives. Researchers have recently conceptualized the experience of meaning at work under the construct workplace spirituality, which describes people's experience of both their work and their workplaces from a spiritual perspective. Recent research in organizations has found a relationship between the spirituality of the leaders and the workplace spirituality of the work units.

Christians often expect their churches to be spiritual workplaces where work will bring a sense of deep spiritual well-being and meaning. Pastors are spiritual leaders in their congregations. However, it is unclear if the practices associated with positive …


A Historical-Contextual Analysis Of The Final-Generation Theology Of M. L. Andreasen, Paul M. Evans Jan 2010

A Historical-Contextual Analysis Of The Final-Generation Theology Of M. L. Andreasen, Paul M. Evans

Dissertations

Topic

This study analyzes the teaching of the early twentieth-century Seventh-day Adventist writer M. L. Andreasen regarding a final-generation perfection that vindicates God in the great controversy between good and evil, comparing Andreasen’s views with related concepts in the writings of previous Adventist writers.

Purpose

The study has the limited objective of attempting to trace possible antecedents for Andreasen’s final-generation theology in the writings of other Adventists, in order to determine the degree of uniqueness or variance in Andreasen’s views. By means of this historical-contextual analysis, relationships are clarified between Andreasen’s views and those of other prominent Adventist writers, such …


Haima In Hebrews, Hermann V. Kuma Jan 2010

Haima In Hebrews, Hermann V. Kuma

Dissertations

Problem. The focus of the dissertation is the significance of the term αἷμα (“blood”) in the Epistle to the Hebrews and how the author of Hebrews uses the term to formulate the argument and message of the Epistle. The dissertation traces the scholarly blood debate involving blood as life or death which began in the last decade of the nineteenth century and eventually fizzled out in the mid-1950s. Recognition of the ambivalence of blood, symbolizing both life and death, is necessary to understand the message of Hebrews.

Method. The dissertation provides a discussion of the concept of blood in the …


From Placebo To Self-Help: Investigating Retention, Outcome And Mechanisms In Self-Directed Gratitude Interventions, Adam William Alfred Geraghty Jan 2010

From Placebo To Self-Help: Investigating Retention, Outcome And Mechanisms In Self-Directed Gratitude Interventions, Adam William Alfred Geraghty

School of Psychology Theses

The research presented in this thesis explored unguided self-help therapy, primarily using a gratitude technique. Psychological mechanisms that underlie the placebo response may also play a primary role in beneficial response to unguided selfhelp therapy. Retention (whether participants completed the intervention), outcome (whether the technique effectively reduced symptoms), and mechanisms (the psychological processes which antecede outcome and retention), were investigated with participants engaging in procedures to improve a diverse range of symptoms, namely, mood, sleep disturbance, body dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety. Studies one and two investigated the role of two placebo mechanisms, response expectancy and motivational concordance, as predictors of …


Formation Of A Widows' Association: Empowering Women In The Local Church In The Kabwe East And West Districts Of The Central Zambia Conferance, Lubinda Ngenda Jan 2010

Formation Of A Widows' Association: Empowering Women In The Local Church In The Kabwe East And West Districts Of The Central Zambia Conferance, Lubinda Ngenda

Doctor of Ministry Projects

Problem

The failure to meet the basic needs of life for the many widowed women in Kabwe East and West Mission District of the Adventist Church has affected the faith of widows in God’s ability to help them meet their physical needs and has eroded their confidence in the ability of the local church to help, as well as the genuineness of purpose the local church has in helping its needy members. The many widowed women in this region of Zambia, represented as 50% by some researchers, make responding to the problem urgent.

Method

Literature on leadership and community efforts …


Mentoring And Coaching Executive Secretaries In The Zimbabwe Union: A Strategy For Change, Solomon Maphosa Jan 2010

Mentoring And Coaching Executive Secretaries In The Zimbabwe Union: A Strategy For Change, Solomon Maphosa

Doctor of Ministry Projects

Problem

The Southern Africa Indian Ocean Division (SID) has never developed or implemented a program for coaching and mentoring newly elected leaders at any administrative level—division, union, or conference. Newly elected officers report personal and professional frustration as a result. It is reasonable to infer this has contributed to new leaders facing difficulty in delivering expected performance on the job, effecting their careers and service to the community of believers.

Methodology

The study followed the qualitative research paradigm. Qualitative research became a method of choice because it is descriptive in nature and it provides the researcher with the opportunity to …


A Strategy For Effective Youth Ministry In The Bantama Seventh-Day Adventist Church Ghana, Kofi Opoku Acheampong Jan 2010

A Strategy For Effective Youth Ministry In The Bantama Seventh-Day Adventist Church Ghana, Kofi Opoku Acheampong

Doctor of Ministry Projects

Problem

Young people comprise two-thirds of the 1,500 members of the Bantama I Seventh-day Adventist Church in Ghana. Despite a continuing increase in the number of young people, only a few of them attend youth activities. It appears that there may be a lack of formal programming or clear directions for youth ministry in the church. The result is a lack of spiritual connections between the youth and the church. In addition, there are behavioral problems among the young people when they are left to their own activities; consequently, parents are not allowing their children to attend youth-initiated activities, resulting …


Developing Relational Communities: An Evangelistic Approach To Non-Adventist Students At Solusi University, Herbert Ndlovu Jan 2010

Developing Relational Communities: An Evangelistic Approach To Non-Adventist Students At Solusi University, Herbert Ndlovu

Doctor of Ministry Projects

Problem

The purpose of this study was to determine how healthy relational communities contribute to membership growth and the retention of non-Adventist students at Solusi University. Some of the effects of current public evangelistic approaches and the loss of community spirit were studied. The challenge of nurturing a community of meaning and relationship at Solusi was also explored.

Method

A self-reported questionnaire was completed by both Adventist and non- Adventist students. In order to verify the results of the self-reported questionnaire, interviews were conducted with the church leadership, 10 church members, and 20 second and third year students.

Results

Analysis …


Implementation And Evaluation Of The Jesus Loves Jeans Initiative To Evangelize And Retain Youth For The Houston International Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Kendall Turcios Jan 2010

Implementation And Evaluation Of The Jesus Loves Jeans Initiative To Evangelize And Retain Youth For The Houston International Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Kendall Turcios

Doctor of Ministry Projects

The Topic

The Houston International Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Church has had significant challenges baptizing and retaining its youth. In the last five years, only a few youth have been baptized and nearly 50% no longer attend church. A primary contributing factor seems to be the lack of training to develop genuine biblical discipleship in the youth and young adults. Eims (1978) describes the process of discipleship as ―[taking a] person from the time of his conversion and helping him become a solid, dedicated, committed, fruitful, mature disciple who could in time repeat that process in the life of another‖ (p. …


Transforming The Devonshire Seventh-Day Adventist Church Into A Missional Community Through The Biblical Alignment Of The Church’S Spirituality, Passion And Ministries, Errol N. Mclean Jan 2010

Transforming The Devonshire Seventh-Day Adventist Church Into A Missional Community Through The Biblical Alignment Of The Church’S Spirituality, Passion And Ministries, Errol N. Mclean

Doctor of Ministry Projects

Problem. Churches experiencing plateau or even decline often arrive at that stage in their life cycle because they are no longer fulfilling the great commission. They have lost their spiritual vitality, vision, and a purpose for mission. The challenge is renewing in this context a vision for growth and a commitment to ministry to the lost. This project details how this challenge was responded to at the Devonshire Seventh-day Adventist Church.

Method. Identifying that the church was in the plateau stage of its life cycle was fundamental to approaching the problem. A theological foundation was established as a first step …


Pastor Isaiah [Interview], Bruce L. Bauer Jan 2010

Pastor Isaiah [Interview], Bruce L. Bauer

Journal of Adventist Mission Studies

No abstract provided.


A Strategy To Mobilize Seventh-Day Adventists In Lusaka In Response To The Hiv/Aids Crisis, Harrington Simui Akombwa Jan 2010

A Strategy To Mobilize Seventh-Day Adventists In Lusaka In Response To The Hiv/Aids Crisis, Harrington Simui Akombwa

Doctor of Ministry Projects

Problem

While Zambia is rated the 7th country worst affected by HIV/AIDS worldwide, the Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Church, an Faith Based Organization (FBO) well respected nationwide for its concern about people’s physical health because of its hospitals and clinics around the nation, is seemingly standing by doing close to nothing. What could be the problem?

Method

To uncover the possible causes of Adventists’ perceived noncommittal stance on the AIDS issue, a survey designed around a descriptive and exploratory social research model utilizing quantitative research techniques for data collection and analysis was conducted. The survey was conducted in 2 of the …


Developing Spiritual Formation And Mission Awareness In The Hill Portuguese Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Johannesburg, South Africa, Dilson M. Bezerra Jan 2010

Developing Spiritual Formation And Mission Awareness In The Hill Portuguese Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Johannesburg, South Africa, Dilson M. Bezerra

Doctor of Ministry Projects

Problem

Between 1992 and 2007, the attendance of the Hill Portuguese Seventh-day Adventist Church has declined from 200 to 60 members and the church completely lost its sense of mission. This downturn requires investigation and study in order to reverse the situation. The project is an implementation of a program to revive the church in fellowship with God, and in action within the community. Further, Portuguese immigrant members display a tendency towards liberalism when removed from their native culture.

Method

An informal survey was created and administered to the church members in order to discover why membership had been declining …


Events With An Isolated Lepton And Missing Transverse Momentum And Measurement Of W Production At Hera, F. D. Aaron, H. Abramowicz, I. Abt, L. Adamczyk, M. Adamus, M. Aldaya Martin, C. Alexa, V. Andreev, S. Antonelli, P. Antonioli, A. Antonov, B. Antunovic, M. Arneodo, V. Aushev, O. Bachynska, S. Backovic, A. Baghdasaryan, A. Bamberger, A. N. Barakbaev, G. Barbagli, G. Bari, F. Barreiro, E. Barrelet, W. Bartel, D. Bartsch, M. Basile, K. Begzsuren, O. Behnke, J. Behr, U. Behrens, L. Bellagamba, Margarita C. K. Mattingly Jan 2010

Events With An Isolated Lepton And Missing Transverse Momentum And Measurement Of W Production At Hera, F. D. Aaron, H. Abramowicz, I. Abt, L. Adamczyk, M. Adamus, M. Aldaya Martin, C. Alexa, V. Andreev, S. Antonelli, P. Antonioli, A. Antonov, B. Antunovic, M. Arneodo, V. Aushev, O. Bachynska, S. Backovic, A. Baghdasaryan, A. Bamberger, A. N. Barakbaev, G. Barbagli, G. Bari, F. Barreiro, E. Barrelet, W. Bartel, D. Bartsch, M. Basile, K. Begzsuren, O. Behnke, J. Behr, U. Behrens, L. Bellagamba, Margarita C. K. Mattingly

Faculty Publications

A search for events containing an isolated electron or muon and missing transverse momentum produced in e±p collisions is performed with the H1 and ZEUS detectors at HERA. The data were taken in the period 1994-2007 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.98 fb-1. The observed event yields are in good overall agreement with the Standard Model prediction, which is dominated by single W production. In the e+p data, at large hadronic transverse momentum PTX < 25GeV, a total of 23 events are observed compared to a prediction of 14.0 ±1.9. The total single W boson production cross section is measured as 1.06 ± 0.16 (stat.) ± 0.07 (sys.) pb, in agreement with an Standard Model (SM) expectation of 1.26 ± 0.19 pb.


Searches For Gravitational Waves From Known Pulsars With Science Run 5 Ligo Data, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, F. Acernese, R. Adhikari, P. Ajith, B. Allen, G. Allen, M. Alshourbagy, R. S. Amin, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, F. Antonucci, S. Aoudia, M. A. Arain, M. Araya, H. Armandula, P. Armor, K. G. Arun, Y. Aso, S. Aston, P. Astone, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, S. Babak, P. Baker, G. Ballardin, S. Ballmer, C. Barker, D. Barker, F. Barone, B. Barr, Tiffany Z. Summerscales Jan 2010

Searches For Gravitational Waves From Known Pulsars With Science Run 5 Ligo Data, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, F. Acernese, R. Adhikari, P. Ajith, B. Allen, G. Allen, M. Alshourbagy, R. S. Amin, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, F. Antonucci, S. Aoudia, M. A. Arain, M. Araya, H. Armandula, P. Armor, K. G. Arun, Y. Aso, S. Aston, P. Astone, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, S. Babak, P. Baker, G. Ballardin, S. Ballmer, C. Barker, D. Barker, F. Barone, B. Barr, Tiffany Z. Summerscales

Faculty Publications

We present a search for gravitational waves from 116 known millisecond and young pulsars using data from the fifth science run of the LIGO detectors. For this search, ephemerides overlapping the run period were obtained for all pulsars using radio and X-ray observations. We demonstrate an updated search method that allows for small uncertainties in the pulsar phase parameters to be included in the search. We report no signal detection from any of the targets and therefore interpret our results as upper limits on the gravitational wave signal strength. The most interesting limits are those for young pulsars. We present …


Understanding Positive Father-Child Interaction: Children's, Fathers', And Mothers' Contributions, Erin K. Holmes, Aletha C. Huston Jan 2010

Understanding Positive Father-Child Interaction: Children's, Fathers', And Mothers' Contributions, Erin K. Holmes, Aletha C. Huston

Faculty Publications

Guided by a systemic ecological framework for father involvement, we investigate children's, mothers', and fathers' contributions to observed father-child interaction. Analyses of 586 married resident fathers, their wives, and a target first-grade child (participants in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care) demonstrate that an additive model of father involvement accounts for the quality of father-child interaction better than a model which focuses on only one component of the system. Father parenting beliefs, child language skills, child social skills, maternal employment, and dyadic mother-child interaction quality each additively and significantly contribute to positive father-child interaction. Father average income and education …


An Empirical Study Of Aaa Consumer Arbitrations, Christopher R. Drahozal, Samantha Zyontz Jan 2010

An Empirical Study Of Aaa Consumer Arbitrations, Christopher R. Drahozal, Samantha Zyontz

Faculty Scholarship

This article extends our knowledge of consumer arbitration by presenting results from the first detailed empirical study of consumer arbitration as administered by the AAA. Primarily using a sample of 301 AAA consumer arbitrations that resulted in an award between April and December 2007, it considers such issues as the costs incurred by consumers in arbitration, the speed of the arbitral process, and the outcomes of the cases-the very topics of most interest in the policy debate.


Populist Retribution And International Competition In Financial Services Regulation, Adam C. Pritchard Jan 2010

Populist Retribution And International Competition In Financial Services Regulation, Adam C. Pritchard

Articles

The pattern of regulatory reform in financial services regulation follows a predictable pattern in democratic states. A hyperactive market generates a bubble, the bubble deflates, and much financial pain ensues for those individuals who bought at the top of the market. The financial mess brings the scrutiny of politicians, who vow "Never again!" A political battle ensues, with representatives of the financial services industry fighting a rearguard action to preserve its prerogatives amidst cries for the bankers' scalps. Regulations, carefully crafted to win the last war, are promulgated. Memories fade of the foolish enthusiasm that fed the last bubble. Slowly, …


Internal Magnetic Structure Of Magnetite Nanoparticles At Low Temperature, Kathryn L. Krycka, Julie A. Borchers, R.A. Booth, C.R. Hogg, Yumi Ijiri, W.C. Chen, S.M. Watson, M. Laver, T.R. Gentile, S. Harris Jan 2010

Internal Magnetic Structure Of Magnetite Nanoparticles At Low Temperature, Kathryn L. Krycka, Julie A. Borchers, R.A. Booth, C.R. Hogg, Yumi Ijiri, W.C. Chen, S.M. Watson, M. Laver, T.R. Gentile, S. Harris

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Small-angle neutron scattering with polarization analysis reveals that Fe3O4 nanoparticles with 90 Å diameters have ferrimagnetic moments significantly reduced from that of bulk Fe3O4 at 10 K, nominal saturation. Combined with previous results for an equivalent applied field at 200 K, a core-disordered shell picture of a spatially reduced ferrimagnetic core emerges, even well below the bulk blocking temperature. Zero-field cooling suggests that this magnetic morphology may be intrinsic to the nanoparticle, rather than field induced, at 10 K.


Keynote Address, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Jan 2010

Keynote Address, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor

Seattle University Law Review

The following address contains the remarks of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, delivered at the Judicial Independence Conference at Seattle University on September 14, 2009.


Transcript: Session 1: One Symptom Of A Serious Problem: Caperton V. Massey, Bert Brandenburg, Andrew Siegel, Richard Hasen, Kathleen Sullivan, David M. Skover Jan 2010

Transcript: Session 1: One Symptom Of A Serious Problem: Caperton V. Massey, Bert Brandenburg, Andrew Siegel, Richard Hasen, Kathleen Sullivan, David M. Skover

Seattle University Law Review

Consider this extraordinary narrative: A resident of a small town brings a tort action against a big corporation and wins a multi-million-dollar jury trial award. While the judgment is pending on appeal to the state supreme court, one of the liberal justices known to often side with tort plaintiffs is up for judicial re-election. To ensure the election of a new justice more sympathetic to corporate defendants, the corporation’s CEO pumps in an extraordinary amount of campaign money, both as candidate contributions and as independent political action committee advertising expenditures. Predictably, the newly elected justice casts the tie-breaking vote in …


The Liberal University And Its Perpetuation Of Evangelical Anti-Intellectualism, Gretchen Ruecker Hoog Jan 2010

The Liberal University And Its Perpetuation Of Evangelical Anti-Intellectualism, Gretchen Ruecker Hoog

Seattle University Law Review

There is a battle in our country. One side’s ammunition consists of words like elitist, immoral, and secular; the other’s: simple-minded, extreme, and illogical. This battle forced Barack Obama’s campaign to downplay his professorship at a prestigious law school. It drives conservative Christians away from public universities, pits academics against Evangelicals, and sets liberal college professors against Southern pastors. This Comment discusses the battle between the anti-intellectual religious right and the anti-evangelical academic left. While this Comment attempts to explain this dichotomy in some detail, it focuses on how the dichotomy affects the goals of the liberal left and impedes …


Remedying The Armed Career Criminal Act’S Ailing Residual Provision, Hayley A. Montgomery Jan 2010

Remedying The Armed Career Criminal Act’S Ailing Residual Provision, Hayley A. Montgomery

Seattle University Law Review

This Comment explores the U.S. Supreme Court’s attempt to create a judicial standard for defining the term “violent felony” that embodies the purpose of the ACCA and its ultimate failure to do so. Part II presents a brief background on the ACCA. Part III discusses United States v. James, Begay v. United States, and United States v. Chambers—three recent Supreme Court decisions that suggest the Court’s analyses are flawed. Part IV examines opportunities for the Court and Congress to remedy the situation, including a critique of each proposal.


Tracking Berle’S Footsteps: The Trail Of The Modern Corporation’S Last Chapter, William W. Bratton, Michael L. Wachter Jan 2010

Tracking Berle’S Footsteps: The Trail Of The Modern Corporation’S Last Chapter, William W. Bratton, Michael L. Wachter

Seattle University Law Review

Readers game enough to work through all three hundred pages of The Modern Corporation and Private Property looking for insights on corporate law today encounter two, apparently contradictory, lines of thought. One line, set out in Books II and III, resonates comfortably with today’s shareholder-centered corporate legal theory. Here the book teaches that even as ownership and control have separated, managers should function as trustees for the shareholders and so should exercise their wide-ranging powers for the shareholders’ benefit. The other line of thought emerges in Books I and IV, where The Modern Corporation encases this shareholder trust model in …


Rethinking The Separation Of Ownership From Management In American History, Kenneth Lipartito, Yumiko Morii Jan 2010

Rethinking The Separation Of Ownership From Management In American History, Kenneth Lipartito, Yumiko Morii

Seattle University Law Review

In &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;em&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;The Modern Corporation and Private Property&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/em&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;, Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means would use AT&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;T as a prime example of what they saw as a dangerous new trend, the replacement of ownership-based capitalism with giant corporations controlled by a small group of propertyless managers. Indeed, AT&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;T became Berle and Means’ favorite example. . . . As we shall see, however, the claim that AT&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;T was a leading example of the separation of ownership from management is incomplete. More importantly, the common interpretation of Berle and Means’ work is mistaken, placing the emphasis incorrectly on the number of shareholders and reading …


Berle’S Vision Beyond Shareholder Interests: Why Investment Bankers Should Have (Some) Personal Liability, Claire Hill, Richard Painter Jan 2010

Berle’S Vision Beyond Shareholder Interests: Why Investment Bankers Should Have (Some) Personal Liability, Claire Hill, Richard Painter

Seattle University Law Review

This essay, published in a symposium on the work of Adolf Berle, approaches the Berle-Dodd debate from the perspective that corporate managers have responsibilities beyond pursuing the interests of shareholders. Stock based executive compensation, designed to align managers’ interests with those of shareholders, has, in the investment banking industry in particular, failed to avert, and may have caused, managers (in this case, bankers) to take excessive risks that in the present financial crisis inflicted great damage on creditors and on society as a whole. We describe here the broad outlines of a proposal that we will discuss in future publications …


Enumerating Old Themes? Berle’S Concept Of Ownership And The Historical Development Of English Company Law In Context, Lorraine E. Talbot Jan 2010

Enumerating Old Themes? Berle’S Concept Of Ownership And The Historical Development Of English Company Law In Context, Lorraine E. Talbot

Seattle University Law Review

This paper offers some tentative suggestions as to why Berle’s work has been read and interpreted so selectively in the United Kingdom. I suggest that this must be partly attributable to the historical developments in English company law that entrenched the notion of shareholder ownership claims. Specifically, unincorporated associations’ normative values—that members are owners and there is no distinction between small organizations with no share dispersal and large organizations with wide share dispersal—have a continuing influence on this entrenched notion of shareholder ownership claims. First, I provide an overview of the origins of English company law. Next, I address how …


Table Of Contents, Seattle University Law Review Jan 2010

Table Of Contents, Seattle University Law Review

Seattle University Law Review

No abstract provided.


The 'Where' And 'How' Of Exploration And Exploitation: Balancing Leadership Styles To Drive Innovation And Performance, Ann Kowal Smith Jan 2010

The 'Where' And 'How' Of Exploration And Exploitation: Balancing Leadership Styles To Drive Innovation And Performance, Ann Kowal Smith

Student Scholarship

Using a global sample of public companies, we explored the relationships among transformational and transactional leadership, exploration and exploitation and performance. First, balanced leadership styles drive more innovative learning outcomes than either single style. Second, elements of an expanded framework of innovative learning, including “where” ideas are sourced and “how” they are shared, fully mediate the relationship between leadership and performance. Specifically, “how” drives earnings growth and “where” drives revenue growth. We propose a nuanced ambidexterity, whereby leaders balance not only exploration and exploitation, but also idea sourcing and idea sharing to unleash their organization’s collective wisdom and drive performance.


When The Risk Of System Use If Life Or Death: A Study Of The Adoption Of Surgical Technology, Jonathan B. Brewster Jan 2010

When The Risk Of System Use If Life Or Death: A Study Of The Adoption Of Surgical Technology, Jonathan B. Brewster

Student Scholarship

Much of the research in IT innovation diffusion has been in the study of the diffusion of common technological innovations that intersect human activity in business processes (e.g. web-based e-commerce). There has been less research into the diffusion of specialized technologies in high risk environments where the potentially highly negative but low probability consequences of adopting the technology can affect the adoption decision. Such technologies are employed by highly trained individuals whose work is enhanced and transformed by the IT use. Computer assisted surgery (CAS) exemplifies this technology diffusion arena: surgeons must exhibit a high level of trust in such …