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2009

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Saudi Medical Journal - 30 Years, Saleh M. Al-Deeb, Fahdah Alokaily Jan 2009

Saudi Medical Journal - 30 Years, Saleh M. Al-Deeb, Fahdah Alokaily

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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Pregnancy-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. Part I - Deep Vein Thrombus Diagnosis And Treatment, Farjah H. Al-Gahtani Jan 2009

Pregnancy-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. Part I - Deep Vein Thrombus Diagnosis And Treatment, Farjah H. Al-Gahtani

Saudi Medical Journal

Venous thromboembolic VTE complications are leading causes of maternal mortality in the developed world. Over the past 20 years, there has been an increase in the incidence of deep venous thrombosis DVT in pregnant women, and this increase may be explained by the risk factors including older age, cesarean section, history of VTE, and presence of thrombophilia. To reduce the incidence of VTE in pregnancy and improve the outcomes, a wider understanding of the risk factors, and a better identification of women at risk of the thrombosis, with objective diagnosis and provide the optimal effective and safe treatment. Deep venous …

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The Effects Of N-Acetylcysteine On Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Rats, Suleyman Ayvaz, Burhan Aksu, Mustafa Inan, Hafize Uzun, Seval Aydin, Selcuk Bilgi, Hasan C. Umit, Mehmet Pul Jan 2009

The Effects Of N-Acetylcysteine On Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Rats, Suleyman Ayvaz, Burhan Aksu, Mustafa Inan, Hafize Uzun, Seval Aydin, Selcuk Bilgi, Hasan C. Umit, Mehmet Pul

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine NAC on the injury of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar-Albino rats were divided into 6 groups: as control, ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion, ischemia + N-acetylcysteine, ischemia-reperfusion + N-acetylcysteine IRN, and reperfusion + N-acetylcysteine RN. Histopathologic examination was performed to all groups. In the tissue and plasma, and erythrocyte samples, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and nitric oxide NO levels were evaluated. The present study was carried out in Trakya and Istanbul University, Edirne, Turkey between December 2002 and July 2003. RESULTS: The most severe histopathological damage was seen in the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion group, and this damage …

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The Protective Effect Of Ng-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester And Insulin On Nitric Oxide Inhibition And Pathology In Experimental Diabetic Rat Liver, Hilmi Ozden, Neslihan Tekin, Fahrettin Akyuz, Firdevs Gurer, Mehmet C. Ustuner, Fulya Kucuk, Gul Guven, Faik Yaylak Jan 2009

The Protective Effect Of Ng-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester And Insulin On Nitric Oxide Inhibition And Pathology In Experimental Diabetic Rat Liver, Hilmi Ozden, Neslihan Tekin, Fahrettin Akyuz, Firdevs Gurer, Mehmet C. Ustuner, Fulya Kucuk, Gul Guven, Faik Yaylak

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To determine on protective role of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester L-NAME, and insulin on the liver in streptozotocin STZ induced diabetic rats. METHODS: This study was performed in the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey in 2007. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 5 groups. These were untreated, diabetic control, STZ+insulin, STZ+L-NAME and STZ+insulin+L-NAME induced groups. The STZ was intraperitonally injected into 3 groups, and includes insulin, L-NAME, and their joint administrations as protective agents. The blood glucose and nitric oxide NO levels were determined. The tissue samples were obtained at the end …

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Characterization And Resistance Mechanisms Of Cisplatin-Resistant Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line, Jun-Xia Yang, Ying Luo, Hong-Mei Qiu, Wei-Xue Tang Jan 2009

Characterization And Resistance Mechanisms Of Cisplatin-Resistant Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line, Jun-Xia Yang, Ying Luo, Hong-Mei Qiu, Wei-Xue Tang

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To study the biological characteristics and resistant mechanisms of the cisplatin-resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma HCC cell line. METHODS: The study took place in the Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, between April 2005 and November 2007. A resistant HCC cell line QGY/CDDP was established by stepwise increasing cisplatin CDDP concentration and intermittent administration. Drug-chemo sensitivity was detected by 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay. Cell doubling time was determined by cell counting, and cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometric FCM assay. Intracellular platinum accumulation was detected by atomic absorption spectrometry and the expression of P-glycoprotein P-gp …

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Penetrance Of Brca1/Brca2 Specific Gene Mutations In Iranian Women With Breast Cancer, Amir H. Hashemian, Ebrahim Hajizadeh, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Morteza Atri, Parvin Mehdipour Jan 2009

Penetrance Of Brca1/Brca2 Specific Gene Mutations In Iranian Women With Breast Cancer, Amir H. Hashemian, Ebrahim Hajizadeh, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Morteza Atri, Parvin Mehdipour

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the penetrance of breast cancer genes 1 and 2 BRCA1/BRCA2 specific gene mutations in Iranian women with breast cancer. METHODS: We conducted this study in the Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran between January and May 2008. The information was collected from the referral database of the Cancer Clinics, Day General Hospital, Tehran, Iran. We estimated the penetrance of breast cancer in carriers of BRCA1/2 specific gene mutations based on the modified kin-cohort method. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-five probands were examined for specific mutations of BRCA1/2 genes. The estimated penetrance for the age groups …

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Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis, Erkan Ozturk, Murat Akin, Mehmet F. Can, Ismail Ozerhan, Bulent Kurt, Gokhan Yagci, Turgut Tufan Jan 2009

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis, Erkan Ozturk, Murat Akin, Mehmet F. Can, Ismail Ozerhan, Bulent Kurt, Gokhan Yagci, Turgut Tufan

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the clinical and radiological features and treatment approaches in 14 patients diagnosed with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (GM). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical features, radiological findings, and treatment approaches in 14 patients with idiopathic GM in the General Surgery Department, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey between April 2000 and June 2006. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 34.5 years (range 27-41 years). The complaints at admission were a mass in the breast in 7 (50%) patients, an abscess and a mass in 6 (42.8%), and a skin fistula in one (7.2%). Granulomatous mastitis was …

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Extremity Vascular Trauma. A 7-Year Experience In Lahore, Pakistan, Muhammad I. Hussain, Muhammad Zahid, Abdul-Waheed Khan, Hasan Askri, Abulfazal A. Khan Jan 2009

Extremity Vascular Trauma. A 7-Year Experience In Lahore, Pakistan, Muhammad I. Hussain, Muhammad Zahid, Abdul-Waheed Khan, Hasan Askri, Abulfazal A. Khan

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of various techniques of vascular repair in terms of repair related complications and limb salavagibility. METHODS: From January 1999 to December 2005, this retrospective study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The patients, who underwent various surgical interventions for extremity vascular trauma, were included in this study. Those, who underwent primary amputation due to non-salvageable injuries or who presented with late complications of vascular injuries were excluded. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients underwent different surgical procedures for extremity vascular trauma. Majority of the patients were young, mean, 29.4 years male …

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Foramen Of Vesalius, Aysin Kale, Funda Aksu, Adnan Ozturk, Ilke A. Gurses, Ozcan Gayretli, Fatma G. Zeybek, Bulent Bayraktar, Zafer Ari, Neslihan Onder Jan 2009

Foramen Of Vesalius, Aysin Kale, Funda Aksu, Adnan Ozturk, Ilke A. Gurses, Ozcan Gayretli, Fatma G. Zeybek, Bulent Bayraktar, Zafer Ari, Neslihan Onder

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of unilateral or bilateral foramen of Vesalius FV, number of FV present on one side, and presence of a septum on FV. METHODS: We bilaterally examined, 347 sphenoid bones of collections of the Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul and Dokuz Eylul Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey in 2007. RESULTS: Of the 347 bilaterally examined skulls, 87 25.1% had bilateral FV, 191 55% specimens did not have any FV on both sides, and 69 specimens 19.9% had unilateral FV 33 skulls had FV on the right side, and the remaining 36 …

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Comparison Of The Effect Of Sevoflurane And Halothane Anesthesia On The Fall In Heart Rate As A Predictor Of Successful Single Shot Caudal Epidural In Children, Arzu Mercan, Hatice Ture, Murat M. Sayin, Selami Sozubir, Ozge Koner, Bora Aykac Jan 2009

Comparison Of The Effect Of Sevoflurane And Halothane Anesthesia On The Fall In Heart Rate As A Predictor Of Successful Single Shot Caudal Epidural In Children, Arzu Mercan, Hatice Ture, Murat M. Sayin, Selami Sozubir, Ozge Koner, Bora Aykac

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of sevoflurane anesthesia on heart rate HR fall with the injection of the initial drug in caudal space to confirm the correct needle placement. METHODS: After the ethical approval was obtained from the hospital9s ethics committee, a prospective, randomized, clinical study was designed in Yeditepe University Hospital, in 2007. Children aged 1-12 years, scheduled for infraumblical surgery under general anesthesia, and caudal block were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced, and maintained by sevoflurane in group S n=85, and by halothane in group H n=82. Baseline HR was recorded before the caudal block was …

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Dexmedetomidine As A Substitute For Remifentanil In Ambulatory Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery, Nevriye Salman, Sennur Uzun, Fehmi Coskun, Mehmet A. Salman, Akgun E. Salman, Ulku Aypar Jan 2009

Dexmedetomidine As A Substitute For Remifentanil In Ambulatory Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery, Nevriye Salman, Sennur Uzun, Fehmi Coskun, Mehmet A. Salman, Akgun E. Salman, Ulku Aypar

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To compare dexmedetomidine with remifentanil in desflurane based ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopic surgery, in respect to its effects on orientation, discharge time, nausea-vomiting, and postoperative analgesic need. METHODS: Sixty 20-40 year old ASA I-II patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery were randomized into 2 groups. This study was performed in the operating theaters of the Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe, Turkey in 2004 as a prospective, randomized, and double blinded study. The remifentanil group group R, and dexmedetomidine group group D received a bolus of 1 ug/kg over 10 minutes, followed by 0.2 ug/kg/minute peroperative infusion of remifentanil, and 0.4 …

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Comparison Of Oral And Vaginal Misoprostol For Cervical Ripening Before Evacuation Of First Trimester Missed Miscarriage, Maysoon Jabir, Rania I. Smeet Jan 2009

Comparison Of Oral And Vaginal Misoprostol For Cervical Ripening Before Evacuation Of First Trimester Missed Miscarriage, Maysoon Jabir, Rania I. Smeet

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of misoprostol in cervical ripening before evacuation of conception in the first trimester missed miscarriages, and to compare between oral and vaginal routes of administration. METHODS: A randomized controlled study was carried out in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq in 2006. One hundred and twenty women with first trimester missed miscarriages were divided into 2 study groups, randomized for oral and vaginal 400 mcg misoprostol priming of cervix, and 2 control groups randomized for oral and vaginal placebo, before undergoing surgical evacuation of conception after 3 hours. Measured outcomes were: post medication cervical dilatation, time …

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Distribution Of Abo Blood Groups And Rhesus Factor In Southwest Saudi Arabia, Mohammed A. Sarhan, Kamel A. Saleh, Saad M. Bin-Dajem Jan 2009

Distribution Of Abo Blood Groups And Rhesus Factor In Southwest Saudi Arabia, Mohammed A. Sarhan, Kamel A. Saleh, Saad M. Bin-Dajem

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To document the distribution of the ABO and rhesus Rh blood groups in a random sample of Saudi students from the King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to compare our results from that of other studies in the Kingdom and elsewhere. METHODS: The subjects included in this study were 944 males from thesouthwest region of Saudi Arabia including Aseer, Jizan, and Najran regions. The ABO blood groups and Rh factor from 944 Saudi males were determined. The frequency of ABO blood groups and Rh status were calculated separately. This study was carried out at King Khalid …

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Prevalence Of Migraine And Non-Migraine Headache Among High School Students At The National Guard Housing In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Bader A. Al-Tulaihi, Mohammed A. Al-Jumah Jan 2009

Prevalence Of Migraine And Non-Migraine Headache Among High School Students At The National Guard Housing In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Bader A. Al-Tulaihi, Mohammed A. Al-Jumah

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of headache and migraine, to identify symptoms that accompany headache attack, and to determine the possible effect of headache on school attendance, among high school students. METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study of secondary school students of the National Guard Housing in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, was executed during the academic year of 2002 and 2003. A sample of 1750 students was included from 4 schools by systemic random sampling for each school. The questionnaire included demographic data. The second part includes specific questions on headache, and whether there had been headache in the year …

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Penile Necrosis Due To Calciphylaxis In A Patient Of End Stage Renal Disease, Tanvir Rizvi, Nizar A. Al-Nakshabandi Jan 2009

Penile Necrosis Due To Calciphylaxis In A Patient Of End Stage Renal Disease, Tanvir Rizvi, Nizar A. Al-Nakshabandi

Saudi Medical Journal

A case of a 72-year-old diabetic, hypertensive male with end stage renal disease as a result of the underlying condition of calciphylaxis, presenting with gangrene of the glans penis is reported. In calciphylaxis, calcification of small and medium-sized arteries occurs, which may result in ischemia and gangrene. A computed tomography scan of the lower abdomen, pelvis, and the upper thigh was performed, which showed diffuse and extensive calcification of the walls of the small and medium-sized arteries, with almost complete obliteration of the lumen of the small arteries. A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the penis using volume rendering technique, demonstrated the …

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Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenoma, Malak Abedalthagafi, Patrick G. Jackson, Metin Ozdemirli Jan 2009

Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenoma, Malak Abedalthagafi, Patrick G. Jackson, Metin Ozdemirli

Saudi Medical Journal

Primary mucinous neoplasms of the retroperitoneum, including mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, mucinous borderline tumors, and mucinous cystadenomas are uncommon tumors found exclusively in women. Since the retroperitoneum does not contain mucinous epithelium, the origin, and histogenesis of these tumors remain unclear. It is speculated that these tumors can arise from teratomas, supernumerary ovaries, or mucinous metaplasia of the retroperitoneal mesothelium. We describe a case of a primary mucinous cystadenoma of the retroperitoneum in a 44 year-old female that presented as a palpable abdominal mass. There was no evidence of recurrence 16 months after complete laparoscopic excision of the tumor. The morphology and …

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Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma, Faisal Al-Mashat Jan 2009

Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma, Faisal Al-Mashat

Saudi Medical Journal

Schwannomas are rare, benign, slowly growing tumors arising from Schwann cells that line nerve sheaths. Schwannomas arising from the cervical sympathetic chain are extremely rare. Here, we report a case of a 70-year-old man who presented with only an asymptomatic neck mass. Physical examination revealed a left sided Horner syndrome and a neck mass with transmitted pulsation and anterior displacement of the common carotid artery. Computed tomography CT showed a well-defined non- enhancing mass with vascular displacement. The nerve of origin of this encapsulated tumor was the sympathetic chain. The tumor was excised completely intact. The pathologic diagnosis was Schwannoma …

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Restrictive Dermopathy. Molecular Diagnosis Of Restrictive Dermopathy In A Stillborn Fetus From A Consanguineous Iranian Family, Ariana Kariminejad, Peyman Goodarzi, Manfred S. Wehnert Jan 2009

Restrictive Dermopathy. Molecular Diagnosis Of Restrictive Dermopathy In A Stillborn Fetus From A Consanguineous Iranian Family, Ariana Kariminejad, Peyman Goodarzi, Manfred S. Wehnert

Saudi Medical Journal

Restrictive dermopathy RD, is an autosomal recessive lethal human genetic disorder. It is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, tight and rigid skin with erosions, multiple joint contractures, lung hypoplasia, prominent superficial vasculature, and epidermal hyperkeratosis. In the present report, we describe the first case of restrictive dermopathy in a stillborn fetus of Iranian origin, confirmed by molecular genetic diagnosis. In the index case G-30159, a homozygous one base insertion in ZMPSTE24 exon 9 c.1085-1086insT was identified.We believe that by increasing awareness of this disease in clinicians, gynecologists, and pathologists, we may be able to help families who have had suspected …

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Anemic Crisis Due To Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Complication In Sickle Cell Patients, Mubarak H. Zafer, Abdulmoneim S. Gamel, Mohamed A. Ansari, Mohamed E. Hamid Jan 2009

Anemic Crisis Due To Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Complication In Sickle Cell Patients, Mubarak H. Zafer, Abdulmoneim S. Gamel, Mohamed A. Ansari, Mohamed E. Hamid

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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Comparison Of A Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire With 24-Hour Dietary Recalls To Assess Dietary Intake Of Adult Kuwaitis, Mahshid Dehghan, Nawal Al-Hamad, Catherine R. Mcmillan, Prasanna Prakash, Anwar T. Merchant Jan 2009

Comparison Of A Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire With 24-Hour Dietary Recalls To Assess Dietary Intake Of Adult Kuwaitis, Mahshid Dehghan, Nawal Al-Hamad, Catherine R. Mcmillan, Prasanna Prakash, Anwar T. Merchant

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

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Justice On The Ground: Can International Criminal Courts Strengthen Domestic Rule Of Law In Post-Conflict Societies?, Jane E. Stromseth Jan 2009

Justice On The Ground: Can International Criminal Courts Strengthen Domestic Rule Of Law In Post-Conflict Societies?, Jane E. Stromseth

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

The author examines how developments in international criminal law – including creation of the International Criminal Court and various hybrid tribunals – can have an impact on rule-of-law building efforts in post-conflict societies. Although trials of atrocity perpetrators primarily and appropriately focus on fairly trying the accused individuals, these processes also have a wider impact on public perceptions of justice and potentially can influence a society’s ability to embrace rule of law norms. The quality of outreach and capacity-building accompanying these trials may well have a decisive effect on whether these proceedings, on balance, strengthen or undermine public confidence in …

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Thinking, The Unconscious And Film, John Carvalho Jan 2009

Thinking, The Unconscious And Film, John Carvalho

Contemporary Aesthetics (Journal Archive)

In this essay, we explore a non-standard model of the unconscious, what Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari call the “productive unconscious,” to correct the too-often reductive tendencies of psychoanalysis and film. This introduces the image of a form of thinking we may find in our encounters with film that aims more at pleasure-taking than problem-solving and that, in so doing, really gets us to think. Drawing on this productive unconscious, we come to a richer appreciation of classic Hollywood cinema, a new understanding of classic, nouveau vague and neo-realist films, and we enjoy the chance to ignore the rules and …

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Maturation Of The Human Fetal Startle Response: Evidence For Sex-Specific Maturation Of The Human Fetus, Claudia Buss, Elyssia Poggi Davis, Quetzal A. Class, Matt Gierczak, Carol Pattillo, Laura M. Glynn, Curt A. Sandman Jan 2009

Maturation Of The Human Fetal Startle Response: Evidence For Sex-Specific Maturation Of The Human Fetus, Claudia Buss, Elyssia Poggi Davis, Quetzal A. Class, Matt Gierczak, Carol Pattillo, Laura M. Glynn, Curt A. Sandman

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Despite the evidence for early fetal experience exerting programming influences on later neurological development and health risk, very few prospective studies of human fetal behavior have been reported. In a prospective longitudinal study, fetal nervous system maturation was serially assessed by monitoring fetal heart rate (FHR) responses to vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) in 191 maternal/fetal dyads. Responses were not detected at 26 weeks gestational age (GA). Sex-specific, age-characteristic changes in the FHR response to VAS were observed by 31 weeks' GA. Males showed larger responses and continued to exhibit maturational changes until 37 weeks'GA, females however, presented with a mature FHR …

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Separation Of Powers In Brazil, Keith S. Rosenn Jan 2009

Separation Of Powers In Brazil, Keith S. Rosenn

Articles

No abstract provided.

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Jim Crow Ethics And The Defense Of The Jena Six, Anthony V. Alfieri Jan 2009

Jim Crow Ethics And The Defense Of The Jena Six, Anthony V. Alfieri

Articles

This Article is the second in a three-part series on the 2006 prosecution and defense of the Jena Six in LaSalle Parish, Louisiana. The series, in turn, is part of a larger, ongoing project investigating the role of race, lawyers, and ethics in the American criminal-justice system. The purpose of the project is to understand the race-based, identity-making norms and practices of prosecutors and defenders in order to craft alternative civil rights and criminal-justice strategies in cases of racially-motivated violence. To that end, this Article revisits the prosecution and defense of the Jena Six in the hope of uncovering the …

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Rebellious Knowledge Production, Academic Activism, & Outsider Democracy: From Principles To Practices In Latcrit Theory, 1995 To 2008, Francisco Valdes Jan 2009

Rebellious Knowledge Production, Academic Activism, & Outsider Democracy: From Principles To Practices In Latcrit Theory, 1995 To 2008, Francisco Valdes

Articles

No abstract provided.

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Toward A Broadband Public Interest Standard, Anthony E. Varona Jan 2009

Toward A Broadband Public Interest Standard, Anthony E. Varona

Articles

No abstract provided.

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Introduction, Monique Roelofs Jan 2009

Introduction, Monique Roelofs

Contemporary Aesthetics (Journal Archive)

No abstract provided.

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Irreconcilable Differences? The Troubled Marriage Of Science And Law, Susan Haack Jan 2009

Irreconcilable Differences? The Troubled Marriage Of Science And Law, Susan Haack

Articles

No abstract provided.

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Building The Bottom Up From The Top Down, A. Michael Froomkin Jan 2009

Building The Bottom Up From The Top Down, A. Michael Froomkin

Articles

"Bottom up" governance. "Self-organization." These are among the most talismanic virtue-words of modern political discourse. Yet the reality is that in politics, "self-organization" is rare, being hard to initiate and even harder to sustain. As Oscar Wilde once complained about socialism, it "requires too many evenings." Governance as we tend to know it depends primarily on hierarchical institutions, or on close coordination within small groups. True partnerships, conversations among engaged equals, do not seem to scale. Indeed, whether one believes the fundamental problem to be something about the economics of group formation, the iron law of oligarchy, or something in …

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