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An Estimate Of Lagrangian Eddy Statistics And Diffusion In The Mixed Layer Of The Southern Ocean, J. B. Sallée, Kevin Speer, R. Morrow, R. Lumpkin

Journal of Marine Research

A statistical analysis of surface drifter observations is used to compute eddy length and time scales and eddy diffusion in the Southern Ocean. Eddy diffusion values of the order of 10⁴ m² s^–1 are found in the energetic western boundary currents north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and secondary peaks occur where the ACC negotiates topography. The diffusivity shows an increase from the Antarctic continent to the core of the ACC, then a slight decrease or a stable plateau within the ACC. North of the ACC, diffusivity generally decreases into the interior of ocean basins, except …

Shallow Marine Carbonate Dissolution And Early Diagenesis—Implications From An Incubation Study, Xinping Hu, David J. Burdige

Journal of Marine Research

Surface carbonate sediments from sites on the Bahamas Bank with different seagrass densities were incubated across a range of O₂ delivery rates, to study the controls on metabolic carbonate dissolution in these sediments. The results confirmed the 1:1 ratio between the rates of O₂ consumption and carbonate dissolution, demonstrating that microbial respiration was the rate-limiting step in metabolic carbonate dissolution. Furthermore, the dissolution we observed was actually net dissolution resulting from coupled dissolution and reprecipitation. This carbonate reprecipitation occurs on the time scale of days, and significantly alters the pore water dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) stable isotopic composition. …

The Effect Of Semi-Permanent Eddies On The Distribution Of Mesozooplankton In The Central Bay Of Bengal, Veronica Fernandes

Journal of Marine Research

Five locations in the central Bay of Bengal (BoB) along a longitudinal transect at 88E were sampled during the Fall Intermonsoon, 2002 for mesozooplankton biomass, abundance, groups and copepod species composition. Stations at 9N and 18N had signatures of cold-core eddies. Despite the notion that biological productivity in the BoB is poor, the mesozooplankton biomass (57-185 mM C m^–2) and abundance (33-171 [× 10³] individuals m^–2) in the upper 1000 m were high and are close to the annual averages reported from the central Arabian Sea. The cold-core eddy at 9N led to elevated …

Drying Effects On Decomposition Of Salt Marsh Sediment And On Lysine Sorption, Zhanfei Liu, Cindy Lee, Robert C. Aller

Journal of Marine Research

Sorption of organic compounds by coastal marine sediments is strongly affected by dry–wet cycling. In this study, we determined how drying (and rewetting) sediment affected the decomposition rate of organic matter under both oxic and anoxic conditions, and how sorption changed with decomposition. Organic matter decomposition showed distinct patterns in dried, rewetted sediments compared to those that had never been dried, based on a comparison of ammonium production rates, OC/N ratios and total hydrolyzable amino acid (THAA) loss rates. Net ammonium production rates were 29 (oxic) and 44 μM/d (anoxic) in dried, rewetted sediment and 4 (oxic) and 13 μM/d …

Internal-Wave Properties In Weakly Stratified Layers, Theo Gerkema, Eleftheria Exarchou

Journal of Marine Research

Following earlier studies, it is argued that internal waves propagating in weakly stratified layers are affected by the Coriolis terms proportional to the cosine of latitude (which are neglected in the so-called Traditional Approximation). A systematic overview is given of the wave properties if these terms are included. The usage of characteristics and vertical modes is compared and contrasted. It is shown that the ratio of potential and kinetic energy varies horizontally if more than one mode is considered. For many modes, the energy becomes organized in beams, within which the ratio approaches the values obtained from the characteristics. The …

Cross-Shelf Structure Of Coastal Upwelling: A Two —Dimensional Extension Of Ekman’S Theory And A Mechanism For Inner Shelf Upwelling Shut Down, Philippe Estrade, Patrick Marchesiello, Alain Colin De Verdière, Claude Roy

Journal of Marine Research

Sea-surface temperature images of the coastal upwelling regions off Northwest Africa show that the core of upwelling is sometimes located far from the coast. This has been documented in three regions that share a common feature, namely a wide and shallow continental shelf. This upwelling feature plays a key role in the ecology of the Canary Current System. It creates an innerfront which provides retention for biological material, e.g. fish eggs and larvae, in the highly productive nearshore environment. An analytical model has been developed based on a two dimensional extension of Ekman's solution. The linear and steady response of …

On The Effect Of A Sill On Dense Water Formation In A Marginal Sea, Doroteaciro Iovino, Fiammetta Straneo, Michael A. Spall

Journal of Marine Research

The properties of water mass transformation in a semi-enclosed basin, separated from the open ocean by a sill and subject to surface cooling, are analyzed both theoretically and numerically using an ocean general circulation model. This study extends previous studies of convection in a marginal sea to the case with a sill. The sill has a strong impact on both the properties of the dense water formed in the interior and on those of the waters flowing out the marginal sea. It results in a colder interior and colder outflow compared to the case with no sill. Dynamically, this is …

Combined Effect Of Wind-Forcing And Isobath Divergence On Upwelling At Cape Bathurst, Beaufort Sea, William J. Williams, Eddy C. Carmack

Journal of Marine Research

Cape Bathurst is at the northeastern end of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf in the southeastern Beaufort Sea where the continental shelf abruptly ends at Amundsen Gulf. In this area, the steep slope east of the cape joins the relatively flat shelf immediately north of the cape leading to strong isobath divergence at the cape. Hydrographic and satellite data show upwelling of nutrient-rich, Pacific-origin water to the surface at Cape Bathurst when surface stress is upwelling-favorable for the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. We suggest that this enhanced upwelling is forced by the adjustment of the along-shelf flow (that is part of upwelling …

Assessing The Wind Field Over The Continental Shelf As A Resource For Electric Power, Richard W. Garvine, Willett Kempton

Journal of Marine Research

To assess the wind power resources of a large continental shelf area, we analyze the 18-year hourly wind records from meteorological stations in the US Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), comparing areas of coast, estuary, and open shelf. We calculate winds at turbine hub height for the sea breeze compared with synoptic winds and, for each type of site, we compare the seasonal and daily phase match to electrical load. To improve large-scale ocean power resource calculations, we derive an iterative algorithm to determine the surface roughness coefficient (z₀). Our method calculates z₀ for specific times and …

Shelfbreak Frontal Structure And Processes North Of Cape Hatteras In Winter, Glen Gawarkiewicz, James Churchill, Frank Bahr, Chris Linder, Craig Marquette

Journal of Marine Research

The circulation north of Cape Hatteras is complicated by the proximity of the shelfbreak front, the Gulf Stream, and convergent shelf flow from the Middle and South Atlantic Bights. A three-week cruise in this region in January/February, 2005 was undertaken in order to study the structure of the shelfbreak front as it terminates near Cape Hatteras and to quantify the freshwater transport from the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf into the Gulf Stream. Two strongly contrasting conditions were identified. Early in the cruise, the Gulf Stream directly abutted the shelfbreak at Cape Hatteras and drove a northward flow over the continental …

Energetics In Delaware Bay: Comparison Of Two Box Models With Observations, Ana E. Rice, Michael M. Whitney, Richard W. Garvine, Pablo Huq

Journal of Marine Research

A corrected version of an unstratified box model of potential energy anomaly , initially developed by Garvine and Whitney (2006), and a new two-layer box model that allows for stratified and well-mixed conditions are applied to Delaware Bay. The models are applied for the Garvine and Whitney (2006) 1988-1994 study period and in Spring 2003; however, only model results of potential energy anomaly from the latter period are compared to in situ observations obtained outside the bay mouth. Unstratified model results for the two study periods reveal that the river discharge (Ω₁) is the largest potential energy anomaly …

What Limits Fire? An Examination Of Driver's Of Burnt Area In Southern Africa, Sally Archibald, David P. Roy, Brian W. Van Wilgen, Robert J. Scholes

GSCE Faculty Publications

The factors controlling the extent of fire in Africa south of the equator were investigated using moderate resolution (500 m) satellite-derived burned area maps and spatial data on the environmental factors thought to affect burnt area. A random forest regression tree procedure was used to determine the relative importance of each factor in explaining the burned area fraction and to address hypotheses concerned with human and climatic influences on the drivers of burnt area. The model explained 68% of the variance in burnt area. Tree cover, rainfall in the previous 2 years, and rainfall seasonality were the most important predictors. …

Book Review: Drugs During Pregnancy And Lactation: Treatment Options And Risk Assessment, Robert L. Brent

The Selected Works of Robert Brent

No abstract provided.

Arboretum Annual Report, 2008, Connecticut College

Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

Cigarette Smoke Suppresses Type I Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Immunity In Lung Fibroblast And Epithelial Cells, Carla M.T. Bauer, Stephanie J. Dewitte-Orr, Kyle R. Hornby, Caleb C.J. Zavitz, Brian D. Lichty, Martin R. Stämpfli, Karen L. Mossman

Biology Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cigarette smoke on innate antiviral defense mechanisms; specifically, we examined the effects of cigarette smoke on the induction of type I interferon (IFN). We observed a dose-dependent decrease in the ability of human lung fibroblast and epithelial cells to elicit an antiviral response against a viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA) mimic, polyI:C, in the presence of cigarette smoke-conditioned medium (SCM). Mechanistically, SCM decreases the expression of IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and IFN regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7) transcripts and suppresses the nuclear translocation of key transcription factors, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and IRF-3, …

Koiné 2008, Connecticut College

Connecticut College Yearbooks

This is a digitized version of Koiné, the student yearbook of Connecticut College. It has been divided into sections for ease of access.

To download a copy of the entire book, use the "full-text" link - these files are large and may take some time.

Beyond Rationalism And Instrumentalism: The Case For Rethinking U.S. Engagement With International Law And Organization, Peter G. Danchin

Faculty Scholarship

This Essay advances an argument for rethinking the current terms of engagement of U.S. foreign policy with international law and institutions so as to avoid the current two extremes of power politics and imperial moralizing. First, it is necessary to distinguish between force and the status of political domination on the one hand, and consensus and the status of normative meaning on the other. While it may be possible for a superpower to exercise factual authority and control over foreign states and peoples through sheer assertions of force and will, the attainability of such a situation should not be confused …

Insurance For Acts Of Terrorism, Robert J. Rhee

Faculty Scholarship

This chapter discusses insurance case law arising from acts of terrorism, including those arising from the September 11 attacks. It analyzes the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA), as amended by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2005 and the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007, as well as the administrative program created by the legislation. Examples are provided and NAIC Policyholder Disclosure Notice forms are included. Policy considerations surrounding TRIA are also discussed including insurance industry strategies, the difficulties of assessing terrorism risks, the effect of TRIA subsidized insurance on the market, and the benefits and …

Nonmarital Children And Post-Death Parentage: A Different Path For Inheritance Law?, Paula A. Monopoli

Faculty Scholarship

Historically, nonmarital children were treated as “filius nullius,” the child of no one. American jurisprudence has evolved to embrace these children and to err on the side of treating them in the same manner as marital children. Much of inheritance law is concerned with establishing a parent-child relationship in order to determine one’s eligibility to inherit. The 1970s saw several United States Supreme Court cases address the issue of state inheritance statutes that imposed a higher burden on nonmarital children in establishing a parent-child relationship for purposes of inheritance. Some of these state statutes incorporated “surrogate” rules for divining whether …

Internet Nondiscrimination Principles: Commercial Ethics For Carriers And Search Engines, Frank Pasquale

Faculty Scholarship

Unaccountable power at any layer of online life can stifle innovation elsewhere. Dominant search engines rightly worry that carriers will use their control of the physical layer of internet infrastructure to pick winners among content and application providers. Though they advocate net neutrality, they have been much less quick to recognize the threat to openness and fair play their own practices may pose.

Just as dominant search engines fear an unfairly tiered online world, they should be required to provide access to their archives and indices in a nondiscriminatory manner. If dominant search engines want carriers to disclose their traffic …

Law & Health Care Newsletter, V. 15, No. 2, Spring 2008

Law & Health Care Newsletter

No abstract provided.

Graduate Record 2008: Year Of The Dawg, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

SWOSU Yearbooks

The 2008 Graduate Record was produced by the journalism department.

Boise State University 2008 - 2009: Graduate Catalog, Boise State University

University Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Boise State University 2008 - 2009: Undergraduate Catalog, Boise State University

University Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Division Of Research And Economic Development Annual Report For Fy2008, Uri Division Of Research And Economic Development

Reports (Research and Economic Development)

Annual report for the Division of Research and Economic Development of the University of Rhode Island for the year 2007-2008.

Includes statistics of project proposals, expenditures, URI Foundation Awards, previous annual report summaries and awards received by individual academic and administrative departments.

Division Of Research And Economic Development Monthly Report For November 2008, Uri Division Of Research And Economic Development

Reports (Research and Economic Development)

The monthly reports include statistics for project proposals and awards received by individual academic and administrative departments at the University of Rhode Island.

Division Of Research And Economic Development Monthly Report For December 2008, Uri Division Of Research And Economic Development

Reports (Research and Economic Development)

The monthly reports include statistics for project proposals and awards received by individual academic and administrative departments at the University of Rhode Island.

Comparative Analysis Of Distribution And Abundance Of West Nile And Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Vectors In Suffolk County, New York, Using Human Population Density And Land Use/Cover Data, I. Rochlin, K. Harding, Howard S. Ginsberg, S. R. Campbell

Plant Sciences and Entomology Faculty Publications

Five years of CDC light trap data from Suffolk County, NY, were analyzed to compare the applicability of human population density (HPD) and land use/cover (LUC) classification systems to describe mosquito abundance and to determine whether certain mosquito species of medical importance tend to be more common in urban (defined by HPD) or residential (defined by LUC) areas. Eleven study sites were categorized as urban or rural using U.S. Census Bureau data and by LUC types using geographic information systems (GISs). Abundance and percent composition of nine mosquito taxa, all known or potential vectors of arboviruses, were analyzed to determine …

Inflammatory And Coagulation Biomarkers And Mortality In Patients With Hiv Infection, Lewis H. Kuller, Russell Tracy, Waldo Belloso, Stephane De Wit, Fraser Drummond, H. Clifford Lane, Bruno Ledergerber, Jens Lundgren, Jacqueline Neuhaus, Daniel Nixon, Nicholas I. Paton, James D. Neaton

Internal Medicine Publications

Background

In the Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy trial, all-cause mortality was higher for participants randomized to intermittent, CD4-guided antiretroviral treatment (ART) (drug conservation [DC]) than continuous ART (viral suppression [VS]).

We hypothesized that increased HIV-RNA levels following ART interruption induced activation of tissue factor pathways, thrombosis, and fibrinolysis.

Methods and Findings

Stored samples were used to measure six biomarkers: high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), amyloid A, amyloid P, D-dimer, and prothrombin fragment 1+2. Two studies were conducted: (1) a nested case–control study for studying biomarker associations with mortality, and (2) a study to compare DC and …

A Polarizable Force-Field Model For Quantum-Mechanical-Molecular-Mechanical Hamiltonian Using Expansion Of Point Charges Into Orbitals, P. K. Biswas, Valentin Gogonea

Chemistry Faculty Publications

We present an ab initio polarizable representation of classical molecular mechanics (MM) atoms by employing an angular momentum-based expansion scheme of the point charges into partial wave orbitals. The charge density represented by these orbitals can be fully polarized, and for hybrid quantum-mechanical-molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) calculations, mutual polarization within the QM/MM Hamiltonian can be obtained. We present the mathematical formulation and the analytical expressions for the energy and forces pertaining to the method. We further develop a variational scheme to appropriately determine the expansion coefficients and then validate the method by considering polarizations of ions by the QM system employing the …