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2007

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The Antiplasmodial Activity Of Spermine Alkaloids Isolated From Albizia Gummifera, G. M. Rukunga, F. W. Muregi, F. M. Tolo, S. A. Omar, P. Mwitari, C. N. Muthaura, F. Omlin, W. Lwande, A. Hassanali, J. Githure, F. W. Iraqi, G. M. Mungai, W. Kraus, W. M. Kofi-Tsekpo Dec 2007

The Antiplasmodial Activity Of Spermine Alkaloids Isolated From Albizia Gummifera, G. M. Rukunga, F. W. Muregi, F. M. Tolo, S. A. Omar, P. Mwitari, C. N. Muthaura, F. Omlin, W. Lwande, A. Hassanali, J. Githure, F. W. Iraqi, G. M. Mungai, W. Kraus, W. M. Kofi-Tsekpo

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

In the present study the methanolic extract of Albizia gummifera was fractionated into various fractions. These fractions were tested against choroquine sensitive (NF54) and resistant (ENT30) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. All other fractions apart from the alkaloidal fraction showed low activity with IC 50 above 3 μg/ml. The alkaloidal fraction exhibited strong activity against NF54 and ENT30 with IC 50 of 0.16 ± 0.05 and 0.99 ± 0.06 μg/ml, respectively. Five known spermine alkaloids were isolated from the alkaloidal fraction. These alkaloids exhibited activities against NF54 and ENT30 with IC 50 ranging from 0.09 ± 0.02 to 0.91 ± 0.10 …

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Spatial Distribution Of Cocoon Nests And Egg Clusters Of The Silkmoth Anaphe Panda (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) And Its Host Plant Bridelia Micrantha (Euphorbiaceae) In The Kakamega Forest Of Western Kenya, N. Mbahin, S. K. Raina, E. N. Kioko, J. M. Mueke Dec 2007

Spatial Distribution Of Cocoon Nests And Egg Clusters Of The Silkmoth Anaphe Panda (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) And Its Host Plant Bridelia Micrantha (Euphorbiaceae) In The Kakamega Forest Of Western Kenya, N. Mbahin, S. K. Raina, E. N. Kioko, J. M. Mueke

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

A study on the spatial distribution of the silkmoth Anaphe panda (Boisduval) cocoon nests, egg clusters and the host plant Bridelia micrantha (Hochst) Baill. was conducted in two different habitats of the Kakamega Forest of western Kenya: Ikuywa (indigenous forest) and Isecheno (mixed indigenous forest). The mean densities of cocoon nests, egg clusters and B. micrantha were significantly different in the two blocks and were not semi-randomly distributed in the two habitats. The host plants were underdispersed in the indigenous forest, whereas they were overdispersed in the mixed indigenous forest. The cocoon nests were overdispersed and the silkmoth egg clusters …

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Neurogranin Controls The Spatiotemporal Pattern Of Postsynaptic Ca2+/Cam Signaling, Yoshihisa Kubota, John A Putkey, M Neal Waxham Dec 2007

Neurogranin Controls The Spatiotemporal Pattern Of Postsynaptic Ca2+/Cam Signaling, Yoshihisa Kubota, John A Putkey, M Neal Waxham

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Neurogranin (Ng) is a postsynaptic IQ-motif containing protein that accelerates Ca(2+) dissociation from calmodulin (CaM), a key regulator of long-term potentiation and long-term depression in CA1 pyramidal neurons. The exact physiological role of Ng, however, remains controversial. Two genetic knockout studies of Ng showed opposite outcomes in terms of the induction of synaptic plasticity. To understand its function, we test the hypothesis that Ng could regulate the spatial range of action of Ca(2+)/CaM based on its ability to accelerate the dissociation of Ca(2+) from CaM. Using a mathematical model constructed on the known biochemistry of Ng, we calculate the cycle …

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As Those Who Have Hope: A Christian Constructive Approach To Grieving Death Losses Among Members Of The East Main Church Of Christ, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Sean E. Niestrath Dec 2007

As Those Who Have Hope: A Christian Constructive Approach To Grieving Death Losses Among Members Of The East Main Church Of Christ, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Sean E. Niestrath

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis demonstrates the value of a constructive narrative approach to grief. The theological construct is based on the Gospel of Mark and using Paul Ricoeur's framework of orientation, disorientation, and reorientation. Some theoretical insights from narrative therapy provide an understanding for the importance of telling stories as a way to integrate loss into one's life. A six-week curriculum provides bereaved participants with information to teach about the process of grief and a scriptural perspective of that process. The goal is to provide several opportunities for the bereaved to tell the story of their loss. Seven of the participants who …

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Biohydrogen Production By The Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga Neapolitana, Xiaohui Yu Dec 2007

Biohydrogen Production By The Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga Neapolitana, Xiaohui Yu

All Dissertations

ABSTRACT Thermotoga neapolitana can use different sources of carbon and nitrogen for growth and produces biological hydrogen. Sources of carbon (glucose, sucrose, xylose, xylan, cellulose, cellobiose, starch, corn starch, beet bulp pellet, and rice flour) and nitrogen (yeast extract, fish meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, linseed meal, and soybean meal) were compared. In the carbon studies, glucose, sucrose, rice flour, and xylan produced similar levels of hydrogen. In the nitrogen studies, Trypticase combined with alternative nitrogen sources can efficiently increases the yield of hydrogen produced by Thermotoga neapolitana. Yeast extract with trypticase as the dual nitrogen sources produced significantly increased …

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Spin Density Wave Phases In Semiconductor Superlattice, Liqiu Zheng Dec 2007

Spin Density Wave Phases In Semiconductor Superlattice, Liqiu Zheng

All Dissertations

We discuss the existence of spin instabilities and of possible ground states with broken spin symmetry in the presence of a tilted magnetic field for several semiconductor heterostructures. In each instance, the fundamental premise of our study is the existence of a spin degeneracy, controlled by tuning various experimentally controllable parameters, that permits the apparition of spin-flip processes driven entirely by the many-body Coulomb interaction. If in the case of a single quantum well, the spin instabilities trigger an abrupt paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition, we demonstrate that in superlattices, at low temperatures, a stable spin density wave ($SDW$) ground …

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Reproductive Consequences Of Exposure To Sediment Extracts From The South Branch Of The Potomac River On Japanese Medaka (Oryzias Latipes), Seth R. Davis Dec 2007

Reproductive Consequences Of Exposure To Sediment Extracts From The South Branch Of The Potomac River On Japanese Medaka (Oryzias Latipes), Seth R. Davis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An intersex condition, defined as the presence of oocytes in the testes of male gonochoristic fish, has been observed in smallmouth bass in the South Branch of the Potomac River, West Virginia, which indicates exposure to exogenous estrogens. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC's) are generally hydrophobic and would tend to be found within the sediment of aquatic environments. Few studies have attempted to show the effects of exposure to EDC's on fish using sediment chemical extracts. We have developed a mass sediment extraction technique using 2 solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate:acetone 50:50) to determine the effects of extracted chemicals from three sites …

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Determination Of The Nutritional Value, Protein Quality And Safety Of Krill Protein Concentrate Isolated Using An Isolelectric Solubilization/Precipitation Technique, Joseph Christopher Gigliotti Dec 2007

Determination Of The Nutritional Value, Protein Quality And Safety Of Krill Protein Concentrate Isolated Using An Isolelectric Solubilization/Precipitation Technique, Joseph Christopher Gigliotti

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite its abundance and nutritional value, krill has not been widely utilized for human consumption due to the lack of proper technology for protein recovery. The study objectives were to isolate krill protein concentrate (KPC) and to determine the nutritional value, health benefits, and safety of KPC for human consumption. Proximate analysis indicated KPC on a dry basis is composed of ∼78% protein and ∼8% fat of which ∼27% are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (o-3 PUFAs). The amino acid composition of KPC indicated that all nine essential amino acids were present in amounts that met the requirements for adult humans …

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Attitudes Of 4-H Club Leaders Toward Volunteer Training In West Virginia, Jennifer Post Dec 2007

Attitudes Of 4-H Club Leaders Toward Volunteer Training In West Virginia, Jennifer Post

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Volunteers are essential to the 4-H program. This study was conducted to determine why individuals volunteer for 4-H, how volunteers feel towards the training they are offered, what the training needs of 4-H volunteers were, and the methods 4-H volunteers prefer to receive training. A questionnaire was sent to 260 volunteer club leaders in 27 counties in the state of West Virginia. 4-H volunteers have multiple reasons for being a volunteer club leader including helping people and working with youth. 4-H volunteer club leaders feel that training is important in becoming a leader and that training is for everyone regardless …

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Market Risk Analysis Of Coal Liquefaction, Huan Mei Dec 2007

Market Risk Analysis Of Coal Liquefaction, Huan Mei

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study addresses the risks associated with coal liquefaction using a market risk simulation approach. The study can be divided into four phases: (i) identify the sources of risk, (ii) examine the relationships among different sources that cause the risk, (iii) estimate the risk level based on the sources of risk using statistical and financial method and (iv) provide conclusions and recommendations for risk analysis.;Market risk is considered the most important risk for commercial scale coal liquefaction projects and is one of the biggest obstacles to commercialization. This study analyses market risk and discusses methods to lower this type of …

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Collective Behavior In Chemical Systems, Aaron J. Steele Dec 2007

Collective Behavior In Chemical Systems, Aaron J. Steele

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Experiments and simulations of the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction are used to study collective behavior of simple interacting elements. Two different types of interacting elements are examined. In a network of excitable elements, interactions change the timing of activity of the individual elements. Interacting chemical wave segments form rotational modes or dynamically align due to their mutual interaction. In both cases, interactions result in emergent group behavior.

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Choice Among Stimuli In Equivalence Classes, Christina Alligood Dec 2007

Choice Among Stimuli In Equivalence Classes, Christina Alligood

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Stability in responding to stimuli within equivalence classes has implications for the maintenance of classes and the ease at which they can be reformed. One way of investigating stability is to examine accuracy and speed of responding as a function of nodal number, or the number of nodes between stimuli in a class. Previous research suggests that subjects respond more quickly and more accurately on relations involving fewer nodes (Fields, Adams, & Verhave, 1989 [May]; Fields, Adams, Verhave, & Newman, 1990; Fields, Adams, & Verhave, 1993; Fields, Landon-Jiminez, Buffington, & Adams, 1995; Spencer & Chase, 1996). A second way to …

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Stream Water Quality And Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ecology In A Coal-Mining, Acid-Sensitive Region, George T. Merovich Jr. Dec 2007

Stream Water Quality And Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ecology In A Coal-Mining, Acid-Sensitive Region, George T. Merovich Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Acid mine drainage (AMD) and acid rain are important sources of impairment to streams in the Tygart Valley and Cheat River basins in north central West Virginia, USA. Due to a network of abandoned mined lands and bond forfeiture sites in this coal-mining region, AMD represents severe, but rather localized impacts to water quality. AMD is a consequence of the chemical oxidation of reduced geological minerals (sulfides) usually associated with coal during mining operations. The reactions produce aqueous solutions high in sulfates and dissolved metals when the minerals are exposed to the oxic environment through land disturbance. In addition, the …

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Sociodemographic And Health -Related Risks For Loneliness And Outcome Differences By Loneliness Status In A Sample Of Older U.S. Adults, Laurie A. Theeke Dec 2007

Sociodemographic And Health -Related Risks For Loneliness And Outcome Differences By Loneliness Status In A Sample Of Older U.S. Adults, Laurie A. Theeke

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background. Loneliness is a prevalent problem for older adults and has been shown to be associated with negative physical, psychological, and social variables. There has been limited research focusing on the relationship of loneliness to health. There is a gap in the literature when it comes to understanding how the problem of loneliness relates to the health of older adults in the United States.;Purpose. The purpose of this study was to address this gap in the literature through the testing of two models, the first model represented the postulated risks for loneliness and the second model represented the postulated outcomes …

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Parsimony-Based Genetic Algorithm For Haplotype Resolution And Block Partitioning, Nadezhda A. Sazonova Dec 2007

Parsimony-Based Genetic Algorithm For Haplotype Resolution And Block Partitioning, Nadezhda A. Sazonova

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation proposes a new algorithm for performing simultaneous haplotype resolution and block partitioning. The algorithm is based on genetic algorithm approach and the parsimonious principle. The multiloculs LD measure (Normalized Entropy Difference) is used as a block identification criterion. The proposed algorithm incorporates missing data is a part of the model and allows blocks of arbitrary length. In addition, the algorithm provides scores for the block boundaries which represent measures of strength of the boundaries at specific positions. The performance of the proposed algorithm was validated by running it on several publicly available data sets including the HapMap data …

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Dna Damage Response Activated By Anti-Cancer Agent, Irofulven, Timothy D. Wiltshire Dec 2007

Dna Damage Response Activated By Anti-Cancer Agent, Irofulven, Timothy D. Wiltshire

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The DNA damage response is a complex network of signals that coordinate to protect cells from accumulating mutations that lead to the development of cancer. Upon the introduction of DNA damage from either environmental or endogenous sources, the DNA damage response coordinates the control of cell cycle with DNA repair mechanisms to ensure genomic integrity within the cell. Mutations in proteins in this pathway lead to genomic instability and early onset of cancer. BRCA1 is a protein that plays a critical role in response to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation and is responsible for approximately 50% of inherited breast …

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Bus Transit Equity Among Demographic Groups Considering Monetary And Travel Time Costs, Leonel Medellin Dec 2007

Bus Transit Equity Among Demographic Groups Considering Monetary And Travel Time Costs, Leonel Medellin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The generalized cost of a transit user depends mostly on time and money spent per trip. On the other hand, time and distance determine most of the transit agency's cost to provide service. These are important factors to consider in determining the equity performance of service provided to users of different demographic groups. The purpose of this study is to determine significant statistical differences in resources spent by bus users in two metropolitan areas. The study measures inequality among different socioeconomic groups of users in terms of travel time and money consumed per mile in using the service. Inequality is …

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Role Of "Perceived Audience" In The Telling Of Autobiographical Memory Narratives, Gregory Peter Cvasa Dec 2007

Role Of "Perceived Audience" In The Telling Of Autobiographical Memory Narratives, Gregory Peter Cvasa

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

Autobiographical memory is the recollection of facts and events that have been interpreted and integrated into a consistent story about one's self (Bruner, 1987; Neisser, 1988). Repeated studies have shown that the characteristics of the audience are an important factor that influences narrative structure and content. The purpose of this particular study was to address whether or not the physical presence of a person differently influences the structure and content of written types of narrative reporting. Narrative structure included the details and length of the respective narratives, while the content we studied included emotional terminology, references to others, and narrative …

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Time-Adaptive Numerical Simulation For High Speed Networks, Suman Kumar, Seung Jong Park, S. Sitharama Iyengar, Jung Han Kimn Dec 2007

Time-Adaptive Numerical Simulation For High Speed Networks, Suman Kumar, Seung Jong Park, S. Sitharama Iyengar, Jung Han Kimn

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

As the bandwidth of networks is increasing exponentially, the computational cost to simulate such type of networks is also growing in a similar fashion. This paper presents a scalable simulation method, called time-adaptive numerical simulation, which can be used to represent dynamics of high-speed networks using fluid-based models. The new method dynamically adjusts the size of a time step for a numerical solver which solves a system of differential equations representing dynamics of protocols and nodes' behaviors. The simulation results show that the time-adaptive-method reduces the computational time while achieving the same accuracy compared to that of a fixed step-size …

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«American Awakenings» Dos Nous Musicals, Sharon G. Feldman Dec 2007

«American Awakenings» Dos Nous Musicals, Sharon G. Feldman

Latin American, Latino and Iberian Studies Faculty Publications

A Nova York, la temporada teatral 2006-2007 ha estat marcada per la presència de dos nous musicals que han tingut un gran èxit de públic i que han rebut diversos premis i distincions: Grey Gardens (música de Scott Frankel, llibret de Doug Wright i lletres de Michael Korie), basat en el documental epònim d’Albert i David Maysles, de 1975; i Spring awakening (música de Duncan Sheik, llibret i lletres de Steven Sater), basat en una obra de teatre de Franz Wedekind de 1891. La premsa ha elogiat a bastament aquestes dues produccions, que han estat considerades les «estrelles» de la …

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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6pd) Screening In Pakistani Neonates: To Be Or Not To Be, Bushra Moiz Dec 2007

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6pd) Screening In Pakistani Neonates: To Be Or Not To Be, Bushra Moiz

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

No abstract provided.

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Longitudinal Tracking Of Cytokines After Acute Exposure To Tuberculosis: Association Of Distinct Cytokine Patterns With Protection And Disease Development, Rabia Hussain, Najeeha Talat, Firdaus Shahid, Ghaffar Dawood Dec 2007

Longitudinal Tracking Of Cytokines After Acute Exposure To Tuberculosis: Association Of Distinct Cytokine Patterns With Protection And Disease Development, Rabia Hussain, Najeeha Talat, Firdaus Shahid, Ghaffar Dawood

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Household contacts (HCs) of patients with tuberculosis (TB) are at higher risk of infection as well as the development of active disease. Longitudinal tracking of antigen-specific cytokines after acute exposure may significantly advance our understanding of the dynamic changes in cytokine patterns associated with disease establishment. To achieve this objective, we carried out a prospective cohort study with healthy HCs after exposure to TB. The patterns of cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma] and interleukin 10 [IL-10]) in response to mycobacterial antigens (culture filtrate [CF] proteins) and nonspecific mitogens (phytohemagglutinin [PHA] and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) were assessed at 0, 6, 12, and 24 …

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Adaptive Fuzzy System For Gps Data Prediction, Ali Farouq, Ahmed M. Hassan, Salam A. Ismail Dec 2007

Adaptive Fuzzy System For Gps Data Prediction, Ali Farouq, Ahmed M. Hassan, Salam A. Ismail

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

Over time, inertial navigators drift from their preset alignments. Or, the initial alignment may have been corrupted by vehicle motion, with imperfect transfer of alignment and velocities to the navigator. Also, there may not have been enough time to perfect alignment. In such case, navigators can be benefit from aiding such as GPS. So that, the combination of GPS and INS has become increasingly common in the past few years, because the characteristics of GPS and INS are complementary. The integration between the GPS and INS leads to accurate navigation solution by overcoming each of their respective shortcomings. And to …

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A Modified Fixed Phase Iterative Recovery Algorithm For Restoration Of Color Blurred Images, Haitham A., Maid A. Alwan, M. Abdul Jabbar Dec 2007

A Modified Fixed Phase Iterative Recovery Algorithm For Restoration Of Color Blurred Images, Haitham A., Maid A. Alwan, M. Abdul Jabbar

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

The applications of an Iterative method for the restoration of color blurred image is presented. The method is an enhanced modification of the fixed-Phase Iterative algorithm (FPIA). A blurred image is enhanced by Laplace operator during the FPIA method on eachiteration. This modification is originally supported theoretically by a derivation of some iterative deblurring methods that are based on the enhanced version of the blurred image instead of the blurred image itself only. The modified fixed phase iterative algorithm (MFPIA) method is examined to restore some Gaussian- and motion-blurred color images. The restored images via this proposed method are compared …

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Control On The Safe Distance In Front Of The Vehicle Using Brake Fuzzy Controller, Hayder Sabah Dec 2007

Control On The Safe Distance In Front Of The Vehicle Using Brake Fuzzy Controller, Hayder Sabah

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

In this paper, fuzzy brake controller is proposed. It is build by using the theory of fuzzy sets. The rules base of this controller are based on the previous knowledge and experiences in vehicle field. The working of controller reduces the vehicle velocity to achieve the safe distance in front between the vehicle and anther vehicle that traveling in front of it. So the controller prevents the slip in the tires during braking. The velocity error and distance error are used as inputs and brake force as control action output for the controller. The simulations of fuzzy controller with nonlinear …

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Development Of Pc Based Multi-Channel Programmable Logic Analyzer, Sarmed Hassan, Ali A. Ati Dec 2007

Development Of Pc Based Multi-Channel Programmable Logic Analyzer, Sarmed Hassan, Ali A. Ati

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

This paper presents the design and practical implementation of a multi-channel PC based logic analyzer. The analyzer has16 input channels with memory depth of 4K snapshots/channel and capture rate of up to 5 MHz. The analyzer parameters such as internal or external trigger source, falling or rising edge capture clock, state or timing measuring mode, number of pre-trigger and post-trigger snapshots, are made to be programmable and could be changed manually. The analyzer prototype consists of hardware part represented by the development of the interface ISA card and the software part that inVolves the kernel mode driver and the GUI …

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Robustness Invisible Watermarking Rijndael Code Against Attacking Methods, Emad H., Salih Mahdi Alqarawi, Khalid F. Shubair Dec 2007

Robustness Invisible Watermarking Rijndael Code Against Attacking Methods, Emad H., Salih Mahdi Alqarawi, Khalid F. Shubair

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

Digital image watermarking has become a popular technique for authentication and copyright protection. For verifying the security and robustness of watermarking algorithms, specific attacks have to be applied to test them. This paper presents different attacks approaches which are based on the estimation of the parameters used. The exploitation of the properties of Back propagation neural network gives good results for detection.

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Speaker Identification Using Multiband Linear Predictive Code, Ahmed K. Dec 2007

Speaker Identification Using Multiband Linear Predictive Code, Ahmed K.

Iraqi Journal of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering

This paper presents an effective method for improving the performance of speaker identification system based on the multiresolution properly of the wavelet transform, the input speech signal is decomposed into L subbands. To capture the characteristic of the vocal tract, the liner prediction code of each band (including the linear predictive code (LPC)for full band) are calculated. The feature recombination schemes combines the LPC of each band and LPC for full band in single feature vector then the Euclidean distance measure is used to perform the similarity measure between the test and reference speech. Experimental results shows that the proposed …

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Detecting Malicious Logic Through Structural Checking, Scott C. Smith, Jia Di Dec 2007

Detecting Malicious Logic Through Structural Checking, Scott C. Smith, Jia Di

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Hardware is just as susceptible as software to "hacker attacks", through inclusion of malicious logic; and the consequences of such an attack could be disastrous! the impact of software viruses has been felt, at one time or another, by the entire computerized world, through loss of productivity, loss of system resources or data, or mere inconvenience. However, the nature of malicious logic and defending against it is fundamentally different from its software counterpart. Malicious logic has the added dimension of not being removable once encapsulated in the system. This paper will identify hardware vulnerabilities and will outline an automated method, …

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Application Of A Reflective Optical Probe To Measure Solids Fractions In A Circulating Fluidized Bed, Steven M. Seachman Dec 2007

Application Of A Reflective Optical Probe To Measure Solids Fractions In A Circulating Fluidized Bed, Steven M. Seachman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A novel method of extracting localized solids volume fractions from reflective multi-fiber optical probes was developed. The fiber optic probes were originally designed by Vector Scientific, Inc. to measure local solids velocities. The probe measures reflected light from a particle medium which is converted into a voltage. Development of this new method yields two valuable solid flow parameters from a single probe system. The method involves a formulated model with empirical calibrations and three physical bases. The three physical bases are the Conservation Law, Beer-Lambert's Law, and the reflected light intensity from the particle medium. A novel bed depth calibration …

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