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2007

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Effectiveness Of A Treatment Approach For Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder And Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Study, Jo Anne Esfahani May 2007

Effectiveness Of A Treatment Approach For Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder And Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Study, Jo Anne Esfahani

Theses and Dissertations

This case study evaluates the effectiveness of psychopharmacology and psychotherapy with a focus on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the treatment of an adult female diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder in a community based mental health agency. The client's psychosocial assessment is presented and the empirical treatment literature related to the client's diagnosis is reviewed. A variety of outcome measures were used. Results indicated the treatment was effective: the client experienced significant reduction in the severity of her symptoms. However, further treatment is needed to improve parenting skills, maintain healthy interpersonal relationships and to reduce residual …

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Using Blended Instruction To Teach Academic Vocabulary Collocations: A Case Study, M. Teresa Das Neves Seesink May 2007

Using Blended Instruction To Teach Academic Vocabulary Collocations: A Case Study, M. Teresa Das Neves Seesink

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Learning second language vocabulary has always been a challenge for second language (L2) learners. Transferring new vocabulary to an active stage has been an even greater challenge.;In the 1990s, Lewis (2002a) proposed the Lexical Approach as a means to help L2 learners with vocabulary acquisition. This approach encouraged the teaching of vocabulary in chunks, or in other words, putting emphasis on collocations. Focus on vocabulary collocations was suggested by several researchers (Brown, 1974; Hinkel, 2004; Lewis, 2001). They supported the teaching of collocations via in-class exercises. Cobb (1999) and Kaur and Hegelheimer (2005) showed that the use of a concordancer---an …

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Tattooing And High-Risk Behavior Among Adolescents, Tiffany Lynn Stickel May 2007

Tattooing And High-Risk Behavior Among Adolescents, Tiffany Lynn Stickel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

High-risk behavior in the domains of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, and sexual behavior were investigated in relation to tattoo presence/absence among adolescents aged 18-22 years. Adolescents' motivations to become tattooed were also explored. Participants included 400 tattooed and non-tattooed (147 male, 253 female) students at West Virginia University. Self-report questionnaires, which included items from the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) as well as items derived by the investigator, were used to assess risk-taking behavior, tattoo presence/absence, and motives for obtaining/not obtaining tattoos. A significant relationship between high-risk behavior and tattooing was found using crosstabulation and chi-square analyses, …

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Using Cross-Sectioned Multilayer Polymer Film And Surface Modification To Form Chemically Patterned Substrates , Chun Zhang May 2007

Using Cross-Sectioned Multilayer Polymer Film And Surface Modification To Form Chemically Patterned Substrates , Chun Zhang

All Dissertations

Highly layered structures are important to micro- and nanofabrication technologies for understanding and controlling surface structures through manipulation of chemical and physical interactions. The objective of this work was to develop a new approach to create micro- and nanopatterned surfaces using multilayer polymer films of commercially available and inexpensive polymers instead of inorganic substrates. As an example, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ethylene-co-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) were used as alternating inert and reactive polymers, respectively. Thin cross-sections of the multilayer molded sheets were prepared by ultra-microtoming.
As a precursor to the multilayer work, surface modification of EAA was conducted …

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Biochemical Study Of Endonuclease V And Its Application In Mutation Scanning, Honghai Gao May 2007

Biochemical Study Of Endonuclease V And Its Application In Mutation Scanning, Honghai Gao

All Dissertations

The integrity of the genetic information encoded by DNA is essential to all living organisms, yet the reactive bases of DNA are constantly attacked by endogenous and exogenous agents resulting in as many as one million individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Excessive DNA damage or deficiency in DNA repair enzymes may cause cancer, premature aging, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Endonuclease V (Endo V) is a DNA repair enzyme which can recognize all four types of DNA deamination products, specifically, uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine and oxanine. It was also shown that endo V can recognize mismatches. We screened about 60 mutants …

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Functionalized Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications, Liangwei Qu May 2007

Functionalized Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications, Liangwei Qu

All Dissertations

Due to their unique electronic, optical, catalytic and mechanical properties, nanomaterials (nanoparticles and nanotubes) have been attracting much attention over the past decades. In this dissertation, polymeric nanoparticles bearing derivatized D-mannose and galactose molecules were prepared via dispersion polymerization and their interactions with various bacterial cells were studied. The results show that there are strong adhesin-specific interactions of the nanoparticles with E. coli cells, resulting significant nanoparticles-madiated cell agglutination.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-coated magnetic polymer nanoparticles were synthesized through miniemulsion polymerization by using macromonomer as both a comonomer and a surfactant. The resulting magnetic polymer nanoparticles were successfully used for bio-detection and …

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Extraction Method Development And In Vivo And In Vitro Toxicity Studies Of The Etiologic Agent Of Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy, Faith Wiley May 2007

Extraction Method Development And In Vivo And In Vitro Toxicity Studies Of The Etiologic Agent Of Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy, Faith Wiley

All Dissertations

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurological disease affecting birds in the southeastern United States. The cause of the disease has not yet been determined but is believed to be a naturally produced toxin and is associated with aquatic vegetation. Current research on AVM is limited to in vivo studies utilizing whole tissue or vegetative samples. The objectives of this research were to develop extraction methods for isolating the putative AVM toxin from vegetative samples and to develop an in vitro bioassay for detection and study of the toxin. Samples of vegetation were collected from reservoirs known to be affected …

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Dynamic Measurements Of Lubrication Film Thickness Of Uhmwpe Contacts For Total Joint Replacements, Andrew Clark May 2007

Dynamic Measurements Of Lubrication Film Thickness Of Uhmwpe Contacts For Total Joint Replacements, Andrew Clark

All Dissertations

A new contact sensing technology previously developed in the Biotribology Laboratory at Clemson University was further studied, evaluated, and characterized to extend its use to the measurement of lubricating film thickness. First, the laboratory's force-controlled knee joint simulator was used while dynamic contact pressure measurements under both dry and lubricated conditions were made using the sensor technology employed in two different artificial knee implant geometries. Each implant was machined by the manufacturer from custom blocks of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) containing a grid of discrete sensing regions. The difference between the dry and lubricated contact areas measured at …

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Comparison Of Two Electrofishing Gears (Backpack And Parallel Wires) And Abundances Of Fishes Of The Upper Greenbrier River Drainage, Angela D. Burns May 2007

Comparison Of Two Electrofishing Gears (Backpack And Parallel Wires) And Abundances Of Fishes Of The Upper Greenbrier River Drainage, Angela D. Burns

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The type of electrofishing gear influences capture efficiencies and abundance estimates of stream fishes. Few studies have examined the Holton and Sullivan (1954) parallel wires method of electrofishing. For this study, I modeled removal data with seven sampling occasions of three common species, western blacknose dace (Rhinichthys obtusus), fantail darter (Etheostoma flabellare), and mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdi) from 10 paired sites in the upper Greenbrier River drainage, West Virginia, and estimated capture efficiencies of two electrofishing gear types (the Holton and Sullivan parallel wires method with alternating current and backpack units with pulsed-direct current). Ten candidate models represented alternative …

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Individual Preferences For Profile Attractiveness Comparing Two Diagnostic Techniques, Jennifer Hamilton May 2007

Individual Preferences For Profile Attractiveness Comparing Two Diagnostic Techniques, Jennifer Hamilton

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Two analyses using soft tissue landmarks (Arnett's Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis, STCA and Andrews' Six Elements Diagnostic System, 6E) were compared for their ability to generate esthetic profiles in lateral repose and smiling. Photographs of 23 subjects were digitally altered to represent the STCA and 6E surgical predictions and presented to panels of professionals and lay people for rating on a visual analog scale (0-50). Professionals and lay people agreed that the 6E simulated profiles were significantly preferred to the Arnett simulated profiles in both smiling and repose. Overall the 6E profiles were rated higher (more esthetic) on the VAS …

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Genetic And Evolutionary Consequences Of Harvest In American Ginseng, Panax Quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae), Emily H. Mooney May 2007

Genetic And Evolutionary Consequences Of Harvest In American Ginseng, Panax Quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae), Emily H. Mooney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a wild-harvested perennial plant of the eastern deciduous forest. Harvest supplies world markets with roots used in Asian medicine, but this practice is fatal to plants. The objective of this research was to investigate the genetic and evolutionary consequences of harvest. As seen in animal species, harvest may alter size selection by preferentially removing large individuals. Chapter 2 describes my study of harvest's effects on size selection. From the simulated harvests, I observed that large-sized plants lose their fitness advantages in harvested populations. Harvest pressure could ultimately lead to population divergence if selected traits …

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Molecular Mechanisms Of Chromium(Vi)-Induced Apoptosis And Malignant Transformation, Neelam Azad May 2007

Molecular Mechanisms Of Chromium(Vi)-Induced Apoptosis And Malignant Transformation, Neelam Azad

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are redox cycling environmental carcinogens that induce apoptosis as the primary mode of cell death. Apoptosis is abnormally regulated in various disorders including cancer. Therefore, to understand the etiologies of these diseases, it is important to delineate the biochemical and molecular pathways involved in the regulation of apoptosis. The main objective of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis and malignant transformation. We found that both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis are involved in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis, with the latter being more dominant. Consequently, overexpression of the mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein …

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Roles Of Luteal And Allantoic Function In Late Embryonic/Early Fetal Pregnancy Failures In Cattle, Justin D. Rhinehart May 2007

Roles Of Luteal And Allantoic Function In Late Embryonic/Early Fetal Pregnancy Failures In Cattle, Justin D. Rhinehart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Pregnancy failures during placentation in lactating dairy cows have been associated with low concentrations of peripheral serum progesterone (P 4) and poor development of the chorioallantoic membranes. Experiment I was done to determine if pregnant cows with high or low concentrations of serum P4 differed in luteal production of P4 and/or clearance of injected P4. Luteal tissue was removed from pregnant cows with ≥ 4.0 ng/mL (High) or ≤ 2.5 ng/mL (Low) serum P4 during d 28 to 34 post-insemination. Luteal tissue was assayed for P4 by radioimmunoassay and for expression of mRNA for preproendothelins 1 and 3, endothelin converting …

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Exploring Faculty Changes In Science Courses At Maryland Community Colleges In Response To The Associate Of Arts In Teaching Degree Option For Elementary Education Majors, Bettie Cecelia A'Hearn May 2007

Exploring Faculty Changes In Science Courses At Maryland Community Colleges In Response To The Associate Of Arts In Teaching Degree Option For Elementary Education Majors, Bettie Cecelia A'Hearn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Education majors at Maryland community colleges have often faced difficulties in transferring to four-year colleges, frequently having to repeat courses, resulting in greater financial burdens and delayed graduation. In the fall of 1999, the Chief Academic Officers Intersegmental Group appointed the Teacher Education Articulation Committee whose task was to establish a seamless transfer between two- and four-year public and private colleges in Maryland. This committee determined outcomes for elementary teacher candidates that defined the requirements of a new degree, the Associates of Arts in Teaching. Although the original intention of this degree was to establish a seamless transfer between two- …

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Development Of Water Production Type Curves For Horizontal Wells In Coalbed Methane Reservoirs, Praveen Kumar Burka Narayana May 2007

Development Of Water Production Type Curves For Horizontal Wells In Coalbed Methane Reservoirs, Praveen Kumar Burka Narayana

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Coalbed methane is an unconventional gas resource that consists of methane production from the coal seams. The key parameters for the evaluation of coalbed methane (CBM) prospects are the gas resources, reserves and deliverability. Coalbed methane reservoirs are dual-porosity media where the vast majority of the gas is stored in the low permeability coal matrix (primary porosity) by sorption. The flow to production wells, however, occurs through the coal's natural fracture system (secondary porosity), which stores relatively small amounts of gas, because coal matrix practically has no permeability.;For the gas to be released from the coal, its partial pressure must …

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Effect Of Dilution Method On Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter Concentrations And Size Distributions, Karthikeyan C. Venkatasubramaniam May 2007

Effect Of Dilution Method On Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter Concentrations And Size Distributions, Karthikeyan C. Venkatasubramaniam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dilution methodologies on diesel exhaust particle size distributions and concentrations. A two-stage ejector based dilution system was used to dilute the raw exhaust at total dilution ratios of 240 and 504. A naturally aspirated, mechanically controlled, 3-cylinder inline, 0.953 liter Daihatsu Model DM950DTH engine was employed and tests were conducted with and without a wire mesh Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Federal Diesel #2 with a sulfur content of 350 ppm was used as the testing fuel. The first dilution method (hot dilution) comprised of hot air dilution in …

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Experimental Evidence For A Metallohydrolase Mechanism In Which The Nucleophile Is Not Delivered By A Metal Ion: Epr Spectrokinetic And Structural Studies Of Aminopeptidase From Vibrio Proteolyticus, Amit Kumar, Gopal R. Periyannan, Aaron W. Kittell, Jung Ja Kim, Brian Bennett May 2007

Experimental Evidence For A Metallohydrolase Mechanism In Which The Nucleophile Is Not Delivered By A Metal Ion: Epr Spectrokinetic And Structural Studies Of Aminopeptidase From Vibrio Proteolyticus, Amit Kumar, Gopal R. Periyannan, Aaron W. Kittell, Jung Ja Kim, Brian Bennett

Physics Faculty Research and Publications

Metallohydrolases catalyse some of the most important reactions in biology and are targets for numerous chemotherapeutic agents designed to combat bacterial infectivity, antibiotic resistance, HIV infectivity, tumour growth, angiogenesis and immune disorders. Rational design of inhibitors of these enzymes with chemotherapeutic potential relies on detailed knowledge of the catalytic mechanism. The roles of the catalytic transition ions in these enzymes have long been assumed to include the activation and delivery of a nucleophilic hydroxy moiety. In the present study, catalytic intermediates in the hydrolysis of L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine by Vibrio proteolyticus aminopeptidase were characterized in spectrokinetic and structural studies. Rapid-freeze-quench EPR studies …

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Regulation Of Alpha-1-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Contractions Of The Uterine Artery By Pkc, Hongying Zhang May 2007

Regulation Of Alpha-1-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Contractions Of The Uterine Artery By Pkc, Hongying Zhang

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Pregnancy is associated with a significant decrease in uterine vascular tone and a striking increase in uterine blood flow, which ensures normal fetal development. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the adaptation of uterine artery contractility during pregnancy. Both protein kinase C (PKC) and activation of ai-adrenoceptors play important roles in the regulation of uterine artery contractility. In addition, PKC mediates the pregnancyassociated decrease in myogenic tone of the uterine artery, and interacts with ajadrenoceptors leading to modulation of ai-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions of vascular smooth muscle. Yet, whether or to what extent PKC regulates ai-adrenoceptormediated contractions of the uterine artery and their …

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Aku Newsletter : May 2007, Volume 8, Issue 1, Aga Khan University May 2007

Aku Newsletter : May 2007, Volume 8, Issue 1, Aga Khan University

The Aga Khan University Newsletters

No abstract provided.

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Platinum – Selenium Derivatives: X-Ray Structure Of Trans-Pt(Pet3)2(Seph)2, Martin D. Rudd, Sergey V. Lindeman May 2007

Synthesis And Characterization Of Platinum – Selenium Derivatives: X-Ray Structure Of Trans-Pt(Pet3)2(Seph)2, Martin D. Rudd, Sergey V. Lindeman

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

The crystal structure of trans-[((bis)triethylphosphine)(bis(phenylselenato))platinum (II)] has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallization occurs in the triclinic space group P-1 (No. 2) with a = 8.9964(2) Å, b = 11.5103(2) Å, c = 14.9335(3) Å; α = 85.8750(10)°, β = 72.5350(10)°, γ = 68.4450(10)°. Details of the structure and spectroscopic results are presented and discussed and comparisons are made with related square planar platinum (II) structures.

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Physiochemical Properties And Bioactivities Of Tea Seed (Camellia Oleifera) Oil, Yen-Hui Chen May 2007

Physiochemical Properties And Bioactivities Of Tea Seed (Camellia Oleifera) Oil, Yen-Hui Chen

All Theses

Tea seed (Camellia oleifera) oil has been used for cooking in China and other Asian countries for more than a thousand years. This study determined the fatty acid composition and tocopherol content through chromatography-flame ionization (GC-FID) and high performance liquid chromatography-UV (HPLC-UV) , respectively. The results showed that the tea seed oil (TSE) was mainly composed of 18.30% palmitic acid (C16:0), 54.95% oleic acid (C18:1), 22.41% linoleic acid (C18:2), and 0.17% linolenic acid (C18:3). Its α-tocopherol content was found the 21.13 mg/100 g oil. Moreover, the antioxidant capacities of methanolic extract of TSE and the remaining meal (Meal)were …

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Transition To Nursing Home Of Korean-American Elders, Myungja Kim Hahm Phd May 2007

Transition To Nursing Home Of Korean-American Elders, Myungja Kim Hahm Phd

Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting Korean-American (KA) elders during the transition to nursing homes in the first month following admission. The three aims of this proposed study were (1) to explore culture specific factors that affect KA elders' perspectives during the transitional period to a nursing home, (2) to identify thoughts and feelings of KA elders about their admission into a nursing home, (3) to describe the adjustment process associated with admission to a nursing home. A grounded theory design was utilized to explore KA elders' perceptions/experiences associated with adjustment to a nursing home. Open-ended, …

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Emerging Elements Of Leadership In A Complex System: A Cognitivist Approach, Kirsten Suzanne Hanson Edd May 2007

Emerging Elements Of Leadership In A Complex System: A Cognitivist Approach, Kirsten Suzanne Hanson Edd

Dissertations

As our world grows increasingly complicated at an intensified pace, leaders must be facile managers of complexity if organizations and society are to productively and peacefully evolve. Today’s global corporations are microcosms of complexity and have the potential to affect life for almost all other species. However, many organizations have not yet become aware of themselves as “living” and still operate as industrial age institutions with rationalist thinking traditionally dominating management practice. Many factors impact an organization’s overall effectiveness. Yet, executive leaders are seen as having the ability to influence change and play a vital role in helping people navigate …

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The Effects Of Optimal Time Of Day On Persuasion Processes In Older Adults, Carolyn C. Yoon, Pui Yee, Michelle Lee, Shai Danziger May 2007

The Effects Of Optimal Time Of Day On Persuasion Processes In Older Adults, Carolyn C. Yoon, Pui Yee, Michelle Lee, Shai Danziger

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Past research demonstrates that the majority of older adults (60 years and older) perform resource-demanding tasks better in the morning than in the afternoon or evening. The authors ask whether this time-of-day effect also impacts persuasion processes performed under relatively high involvement. The data show that the attitudes of older adults are more strongly affected by an easy-to-process criterion, picturerelatedness, at their non-optimal time of day (afternoon) and by a more-difficult-to-process criterion, argument strength, at their optimal time of day (morning). In contrast, the attitudes of younger adults are affected primarily by argument strength at both their optimal (afternoon) and …

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They Deserve A Family; Higher Foster Family Home Rates Could Lead To Better Outcomes, Including More Adoptions, For California’S Foster Children, Children's Advocacy Institute, University Of San Diego School Of Law May 2007

They Deserve A Family; Higher Foster Family Home Rates Could Lead To Better Outcomes, Including More Adoptions, For California’S Foster Children, Children's Advocacy Institute, University Of San Diego School Of Law

CAI Special Reports

No abstract provided.

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Are Chemical Defenses Allocated Within Sponges To Defend Regions Most At Risk To Predator Attack?, Christopher John Freeman May 2007

Are Chemical Defenses Allocated Within Sponges To Defend Regions Most At Risk To Predator Attack?, Christopher John Freeman

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The allocation of chemical defenses to regions most at risk to predator attack may provide adequate protection at minimal metabolic cost. This study examined chemical defense allocation within three sponge species from a temperate reef by investigating the predictions that: concentrations of chemical defenses are 1) higher in the outer 2 mm of the sponge tissue, 2) positively correlated with tissue nutritional quality, 3) negatively correlated with sponge structural components, and 4) varied enough to have differential effects on predator deterrence. The concentrations of chemical defenses varied within Ircinia felix and Aplysina fulva, but were equal throughout I. campana. There …

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Dermatology 75 Years Ago., Lawrence Parish, Joseph A Witkowski May 2007

Dermatology 75 Years Ago., Lawrence Parish, Joseph A Witkowski

Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Faculty Papers

It seems that the practicing dermatologist in 2007 is being attacked on all fronts. The Food and Drug Administration has mandated a cumbersome program for monitoring isotrentinoin usage, its analogue barely comes under scrutiny. iPledge is just a plain nightmare. The acumen of the board certified dermatologist is being challenged by Maintenance of Certification proposals because other specialties are doing it; yet, the neighborhood pharmacist is unhampered in dispensing all sorts of advice about treatment. The insurance clerk thrives on denying medication, prescribed by the physician, using flawed reasoning or else suggesting that a ten days’ supply of medicine should …

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Factors Affecting The Spread Of A Bioterrorist Agent Through A Building, William Cantrell May 2007

Factors Affecting The Spread Of A Bioterrorist Agent Through A Building, William Cantrell

Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

Bioterrorism has become a concern for Americans since the 2001 anthrax letters. Many studies have been done regarding the possibilities of biological attacks since, and most deal with possibilities of large scale attacks. However, there is reason to believe that small scale attacks are more likely. Even though studies have been done revolving around the postal system and the spread of bioagents through mail, few if any studies have looked at an attack on a single building. One particular method of attacking a building would be simply releasing an aerosoled contaminant in the building. This purpose of this project is …

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Atomic Force Microscope Imaging Of Dna And Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Jacob Hohnbaum May 2007

Atomic Force Microscope Imaging Of Dna And Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Jacob Hohnbaum

Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

The Micro and Nano System Laboratory at the University of Arkansas currently is equipped with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). This device can be used to measure objects with resolution on the nanometer scale, but there are a number of technical difficulties in performing scans of carbon nanotubes and DNA. The goal of this research is to successfully perform scans on both carbon nanotubes and DNA and to also establish laboratory processing protocols to re-perform such scans in the future. Previous works performed by other researchers in the laboratory provided basic protocols with which to begin the present research. These …

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Immunoadjuvanticity Of Chlorophyll, Jocelyn Helen Parks Ramos May 2007

Immunoadjuvanticity Of Chlorophyll, Jocelyn Helen Parks Ramos

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Background: Vaccines are formulations containing antigenic determinants (from non-self organic matters) and immuno-enhancers called adjuvants. Together, they evoke protective immune responses in hosts. Adjuvants are substances that further vaccines' capability to induce a robust immune response. Common side effects with conventional adjuvants used in most vaccines are toxicity, inflammation and granulomas. In this study we investigated the pigment chlorophyll (Chl) for immunoadjuvanticity. The selection of chlorophyll is based on the fact that it is a component in foods such as spinach, and that it contains an isoprenoid structure that is a feature of many conventional adjuvants, Pristane and Squalene. Chl …

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