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2007

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Changes In Abundance And Distribution Of Humpback Whales, Megaptera Novaeangliae, In Hervey Bay Marine Park, Australia, Based On Aerial Surveys Conducted In 1992 And 2004, Lucã­A De La Paz Suzacq Jan 2007

Changes In Abundance And Distribution Of Humpback Whales, Megaptera Novaeangliae, In Hervey Bay Marine Park, Australia, Based On Aerial Surveys Conducted In 1992 And 2004, Lucã­A De La Paz Suzacq

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Aerial surveys were conducted throughout Hervey Bay Marine Park between August and October 1992 and 2004 to determine changes in abundance and distribution of the Eastern Australia humpback whale population in this area. Due to concerns about possible effects of boat traffic on whale distributions associated with a growing whale watching industry, the number and location of vessels were also recorded during these surveys. Throughout the 1992 season, 17 flights were conducted and a total of 41.93 surveys hours were completed, recording 186 pods, and a total of 320 animals. In addition, 392 boats were spotted in the area. During …

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Androgen Receptors In The Bonnethead Shark, Sphyrna Tiburo: Cdna Cloning And Tissue-Specific Expression In The Male Reproductive Tract, John P. Tyminski Jan 2007

Androgen Receptors In The Bonnethead Shark, Sphyrna Tiburo: Cdna Cloning And Tissue-Specific Expression In The Male Reproductive Tract, John P. Tyminski

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play important roles in virilization, spermatogenesis, and sexual behavior in vertebrates. An understanding of the distribution and levels of expression of the ARs on the cellular and tissue level demonstrates the pattern of responsiveness to the androgenic hormones in a given organism. In this study, a fragment of the AR gene was cloned and sequenced from the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, an elasmobranch species with a well-defined annual reproductive cycle. Acquiring this gene sequence facilitated the construction of species-specific AR polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and species-specific AR mRNA probes that were used to …

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Brevetoxins In Marine Birds: Evidence Of Trophic Transfer And The Role Of Prey Fish As Toxin Vector, Michelle Van Deventer Jan 2007

Brevetoxins In Marine Birds: Evidence Of Trophic Transfer And The Role Of Prey Fish As Toxin Vector, Michelle Van Deventer

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate Karenia brevis occur periodically along the central west coast of Florida. Mass mortalities of marine birds have long been associated with these blooms, yet there is little data documenting the accumulation of brevetoxins in the tissues of birds and their prey items. An intense HAB event impacted the region from Tampa Bay to Charlotte Harbor during most of 2005. More than one hundred marine birds, representing twenty three species, were collected during this bloom. All birds sampled were found dead or had died within 24 hours of admittance to local wildlife rehabilitation …

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Immunomodulatory Role Of Flagellin In Antigen-Presenting Cells, Ildefonso Vicente-Suarez Jan 2007

Immunomodulatory Role Of Flagellin In Antigen-Presenting Cells, Ildefonso Vicente-Suarez

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by cells of the immune system play a central role in the generation of immune responses against pathogens. Following TLR ligation, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are produced in order to elicit an immune response that controls the microbial infection while limiting tissue damage. Among these mediators, the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 are known to play major roles. Here, we show that in vitro or in vivo stimulation with flagellin, the TLR5 ligand, does not result in IL-10 production. Furthermore flagellin inhibits IL-10 production by other specific TLR ligands at the protein …

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Effect Of A Preoperative Warming Intervention On The Acute Phase Response Of Surgical Stress, Vanda Doreen Wagner Jan 2007

Effect Of A Preoperative Warming Intervention On The Acute Phase Response Of Surgical Stress, Vanda Doreen Wagner

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

When a patient is exposed surgical stress, the endocrine system secretes hormones in response to that stress. These hormones further activate the immune system to release cytokines and other acute phase reactions. These processes are supposed to protect the body by upregulating the innate immune system and producing an inflammatory response that acts to protect and heal. However, uncontrolled surgical stress may cause a weaker immune response that may lead to delayed wound healing. The phenomenon of unplanned perioperative hypothermia is known to expose patients to additional surgical stress. The purpose of this preliminary experimental study was to determine the …

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Experimental And Analytical Modeling Of The In Vivo And In Vitro Biomechanical Behavior Of The Human Lumbar Spine, Tov I. Vestgaarden Jan 2007

Experimental And Analytical Modeling Of The In Vivo And In Vitro Biomechanical Behavior Of The Human Lumbar Spine, Tov I. Vestgaarden

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation has two major parts; Analytical and Experimental. The analytical section contains a study using Finite Element Analysis of dynamic instrumentation to demonstrate stress reduction in adjacent level discs. The experimental section contains biomechanical testing of facet fusion allograft technique and finally a comparison between In Vivo and In Vitro intradiscal pressures to determine forces acting on Lumbar spine segment L4-L5. A comprehensive study of available data, technology and literature was done. Conventional fusion instrumentation is believed to accelerate the degeneration of adjacent discs due to the increased stresses caused by motion discontinuity. A three dimensional finite element model …

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Narratives Of Lesbian Transformation: Coming-Out Stories Of Women Who Transition From Heterosexual Marriage To Lesbian Identity, Clare F. Walsh Jan 2007

Narratives Of Lesbian Transformation: Coming-Out Stories Of Women Who Transition From Heterosexual Marriage To Lesbian Identity, Clare F. Walsh

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Women who have transitioned to a lesbian identity from a previously heterosexual one lack a voice in the academic literature. Identity formation in this subset of women, those who chose a heterosexual marriage, had children, and later in life self identify as lesbian, has not been fully investigated. For this project, eight women were asked to answer this question: How have you negotiated the path from heterosexuality to lesbianism? Four main themes were found dealing with heteronormativity and accountability, relationship with children, transition, and acceptance by the lesbian community. Additionally, I introduce a new term---gender-normativity---to describe these women who only …

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Subtyping Psychopathy: Exploring The Roles Of Degree Of Punishment, Cognitive Dissonance And Optimism, John M. Weir Jan 2007

Subtyping Psychopathy: Exploring The Roles Of Degree Of Punishment, Cognitive Dissonance And Optimism, John M. Weir

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

For over half of a century, social and behavioral scientists have been investigating the construct of psychopathy. Even so, psychopathy is still a highly misunderstood personality construct. Even though it has been estimated that psychopaths make up only about 1% of the general population, they are believed to consist of 15-25% of the prison population (Hare, 1996). However, not all psychopaths are in prison. Psychopaths can also be found in such fields as the legal profession, the business world and in politics (Babiak, 1995). In terms of criminal behaviors, psychopaths are arrested at earlier ages, have a higher rate of …

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Evaluating The Effects Of A Reinforcement System For Students Participating In The Fast Forword Language Program, Catherine C. Wilcox Jan 2007

Evaluating The Effects Of A Reinforcement System For Students Participating In The Fast Forword Language Program, Catherine C. Wilcox

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

A computer-assisted language intervention program called Fast ForWord(R) (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1998) has received a great deal of attention over the past few years. The Scientific Learning Corporation claims that the use of Fast ForWord will improve students' language, reading and learning skills, leading to improved communication skills and increased self-esteem in and out of the classroom. Researchers have explored the effects of Fast ForWord training on reading and spoken language. However, little research has examined the effects on student's reading level and FFW scores when a reinforcement system is used in conjunction with FFW. This study was conducted in …

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Honor – A Double Edged Sword: An Examination Of The South’S “Culture Of Honor” Wounding Of Two Races, Vernetta K. Williams Jan 2007

Honor – A Double Edged Sword: An Examination Of The South’S “Culture Of Honor” Wounding Of Two Races, Vernetta K. Williams

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This work expands the understanding of the "culture of honor" that social psychologists maintain exists in the American South. Social psychologists attribute the higher incidence of violent crimes, especially murder committed by white men in the South as compared to Northern white men, to this "culture of honor." While social psychologists have restricted their work to white men, this work explores how this distinct culture has impacted the Southern black community while uncovering deeper ways in which the culture has affected the Southern white community. Using historically-based literature and film by African Americans, the work provides a more comprehensive look …

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Signaling In Natural Killer Cells: Ship, 2b4 And The Kinome, Joseph A. Wahle Jan 2007

Signaling In Natural Killer Cells: Ship, 2b4 And The Kinome, Joseph A. Wahle

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The NK cell is a large granular lymphocyte that plays a key role in protecting the body against numerous pathogens including parasites, intracellular bacteria, viral infections, as well as showing anti-tumor activity and playing a role in the rejection of allogeneic BM. Unlike other lymphocytic cell types, that utilize rearranging receptors, NK cells are regulated by a complex array of germ line encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. NK cells are often described as a front line or rapid defense given their response to stimuli can be immediate, although they also maintain functions that extend their role well into the adaptive …

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Thomas Hardy's Siren, Sarah A. Wray Jan 2007

Thomas Hardy's Siren, Sarah A. Wray

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The Sirens episode in The Odyssey is comparably short, but it is one of the most memorable scenes in the epic. Sirens are trying to stop the male narrative, the male quest of Odysseus with their own female "narrative power" (Doherty 82). They are the quintessential marginalized, calling for a voice, a presence, an audience in the text of patriarchy. The knowledge they promise, though, comes with the price of death. They are covertly sexual in Classical antiquity, but since the rise of Christianity, a new Siren emerged from the depths of the sea; instead of the sexually ambiguous embodiment …

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Tourist, Shopertainment, Eatertainment, Edutainment, Nature Tourism, Mass Tourism, Stephanie Tomita Wong Jan 2007

Tourist, Shopertainment, Eatertainment, Edutainment, Nature Tourism, Mass Tourism, Stephanie Tomita Wong

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Predictive models for diffusion-controlled particle dissolution are important for designing advanced and efficient solid products for controlled release applications. A computer-aided modeling framework was developed to derive the effective dissolution rates of multiple particles as the solid surface material eroded gradually into the surrounding liquid phase. The mathematical models were solved with numerical methods using the computational software MATLAB. Results from the models were imported into COMSOL Script to create three-dimensional plots of the particle size data as a function of time. The release model found for the monodispersed particles was manipulated to incorporate polydisperse solids, as these are found …

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Fort Walton Ceramics In The Perry Collection, Apalachicola Valley, Northwest Florida, Amber J. Yuellig Jan 2007

Fort Walton Ceramics In The Perry Collection, Apalachicola Valley, Northwest Florida, Amber J. Yuellig

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Fort Walton, the local variant of Mississippian culture in northwest Florida, has long been studied in the Apalachicola River Valley beginning in the early 1900s, most notably by Clarence B. Moore (though he did not call it Fort Walton), and has continued to intrigue archaeologists and collectors alike. Gordon Willey and Richard Woodbury were the first to create a ceramic chronology for the Florida Gulf Coast. Willey continued this work, resulting in the publication of Archeology of the Florida Gulf Coast, an impressive compilation of information on prehistoric cultures, sites, and their ceramic technologies and typologies. This book has continued …

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Major Tea Catechin Inhibits Dendritic Cell Maturation In Response To Microbial Stimulation, James L. Rogers Jan 2007

Major Tea Catechin Inhibits Dendritic Cell Maturation In Response To Microbial Stimulation, James L. Rogers

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a migratory group of bone-marrow-derived leukocytes specialized for uptake, transport, processing and presentation of antigens to T cells. Exposure of DCs to bacterial pathogens can induce DC maturation characterized by cytokine production, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and an increased ability to activate T cells. DCs have the ability to restrict growth of L. pneumophila (Lp), an intracellular Gram-negative bacillus that causes a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease, in murine ER-derived organelles (121) but replicate in human DCs (145). Even in human cells, however, lysis of the DCs does not occur for at least …

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Manifestations Of Ebenezer Howard On Disneyland, Michelle M. Rowland Jan 2007

Manifestations Of Ebenezer Howard On Disneyland, Michelle M. Rowland

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

While political praise and condemnation of Disney is commonplace in the literature, my research will focus instead on the origination of Disney's design plan for Disneyland and the theoretical and physical connections between key historical figures and the finished product. I will not consider what Disneyland means to the world today---that is a subject many others have covered, some even brilliantly; instead, I will consider what social concepts contributed to the initial design in an attempt to see the underlying values at work in this post-modern utopia. In this thesis, I intend to show that Walt Disney's initial design for …

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The Assimilation Of The Marvelous Other: Reading Christoph Weiditz’S Trachtenbuch (1529) As An Ethnographic Document, Andrea Mckenzie Satterfield Jan 2007

The Assimilation Of The Marvelous Other: Reading Christoph Weiditz’S Trachtenbuch (1529) As An Ethnographic Document, Andrea Mckenzie Satterfield

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study examines the watercolor drawings of indigenous Americans in the Trachtenbuch, a small sixteenth-century manuscript by Christoph Weiditz. The manuscript was titled as a trachtenbuch by the Germanisches National Museum Library when cataloged in 1868, and Theodor Hampe published the first facsimile under this title in 1927. As this title suggests, the manuscript has long been narrowly defined and examined by scholars as a costume book. I argue instead for broadening the reading of the Trachtenbuch from a costume book, a subset of ethnographic documents that identify individuals based solely on systems of dress, to a visual ethnographic collection, …

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Generation And Characterization Of An Attenuated Mutant In A Response-Regulator Gene Of Francisella Tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (Lvs), Wendy L. Sammons Jan 2007

Generation And Characterization Of An Attenuated Mutant In A Response-Regulator Gene Of Francisella Tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (Lvs), Wendy L. Sammons

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic bacterium that must exist in diverse environments ranging from arthropod vectors to mammalian hosts. To better understand how genes are regulated in these different environments, a transcriptional response- regulator gene (genome locus FTL0552) was deleted in F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS). The FTL0552 deletion mutant exhibited slightly reduced rates of extracellular growth but was unable to replicate or survive in mouse macrophages and was avirulent in the mouse model using either BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. Mice infected with the FTL0552 mutant produced reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines, exhibited reduced histopathology and cleared the bacteria …

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Alaska Native Rights, Statehood, And Unfinished Business, Robert T. Anderson Jan 2007

Alaska Native Rights, Statehood, And Unfinished Business, Robert T. Anderson

Articles

Alaska Native aboriginal rights to land and associated resources were never dealt with in a comprehensive fashion until 1971, when Congress passed the Alaska Native Lands Claims Settlement Act (ANILCA). Although general principles of federal Indian law provided strong support for the proposition that Alaska's Native people held aboriginal title to much of the new state, the Alaska Statehood Act itself carefully disclaimed any effect on aboriginal title. This approach was in keeping with the Congress's past dealings with Alaska Native property rights. This article outlines the history of Alaska Native aboriginal rights through the Statehood Act along with their …

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The Use And Misuse Of High-Tech Evidence By Prosecutors: Ethical And Evidentiary Issues, Robert Aronson, Jacqueline Mcmurtrie Jan 2007

The Use And Misuse Of High-Tech Evidence By Prosecutors: Ethical And Evidentiary Issues, Robert Aronson, Jacqueline Mcmurtrie

Articles

This essay first addresses the ethical and evidentiary standards for the emerging use of high-tech computer-generated animations and computer-assisted closing arguments. Next, this essay considers the same questions within the context of forensic DNA evidence. Third, this essay considers the ethics of prosecutors' use of such evidence and the consequences for the misuse of this evidence. Finally, this essay suggests remedies to ethical problems facing prosecutors in their use of this kind of evidence.

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A Necessary Compromise: Protecting Electoral Integrity Through The Regulation Of False Campaign Speech, William A. Williams Jan 2007

A Necessary Compromise: Protecting Electoral Integrity Through The Regulation Of False Campaign Speech, William A. Williams

South Dakota Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Cornea, Carnap, And Current Closure Befuddlement, Stephen J. Wykstra Jan 2007

Cornea, Carnap, And Current Closure Befuddlement, Stephen J. Wykstra

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

Graham and Maitzen think my CORNEA principle is in trouble because it entails "intolerable violations of closure under known entailment." I argue that the trouble arises from current befuddlement about closure itself, and that a distinction drawn by Rudolph Carnap, suitably extended, shows how closure, when properly understood, works in tandem with CORNEA. CORNEA does not obey Closure because it shouldn't: it applies to "dynamic" epistemic operators, whereas closure principles hold only for "static" ones. What the authors see as an intolerable vice of CORNEA is actually a virtue, helping us see what closure principles should-and shouldn't-themselves be about.

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Nature In The Bible, Dinah L. Shelton Jan 2007

Nature In The Bible, Dinah L. Shelton

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The devotion of Alex Kiss to the environment and its legal protection must be understood as inextricably intertwined with his Christian faith. Taught and inspired by his father's work for the Protestant Church in Hungary, he developed a love of creation and sense of responsibility towards it. Not long ago, he made a presentation on environmental protection and the Book of Revelation, for an anniversary celebration of St. John's apocalyptic vision. It is with this background in mind that the following essay was written (in 1998) in honor of and as a gift to Alex. It attempts to bring together …

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Estimates Of Genetic Parameters For Racing Times Of Thoroughbred Horses, Bülent Eki̇z, Ömür Koçak Jan 2007

Estimates Of Genetic Parameters For Racing Times Of Thoroughbred Horses, Bülent Eki̇z, Ömür Koçak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for racing times, which are needed for a selection program of Thoroughbred horses in Turkey. The racing records used in the study were obtained from the Turkish Jockey Club. The trait used in the study was racing time for racing distances of 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, and 2400 m. The data from each racing distance were analyzed separately. Genetic parameters were estimated by REML procedure using the DFREML program. Estimates of heritability ranged from 0.177 to 0.353, depending on the racing distance. …

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Pigmentation Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) With Carotenoids From Marigold Flower (Tagetes Erecta) And Red Pepper (Capsicum Annum), Hakan Murat Büyükçapar, Mahmut Yanar, Yasemen Yanar Jan 2007

Pigmentation Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) With Carotenoids From Marigold Flower (Tagetes Erecta) And Red Pepper (Capsicum Annum), Hakan Murat Büyükçapar, Mahmut Yanar, Yasemen Yanar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The effects of diets including various natural carotenoid sources and synthetic astaxanthin on the pigmentation and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Rainbow trout weighing about 111 g were fed diets containing 1.6%, 2.4% and 3.2% marigold flower; 4.4%, 6.6% and 8.8% red pepper; 100 mg kg^{-1} synthetic astaxanthin; and a control diet for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, synthetic astaxanthin provided the highest carotenoid accumulation in the fish flesh (6.42 mg kg^{-1}) in the groups. This was followed by red pepper (5.78 mg kg^{-1}) and marigold flower (5.59 mg kg^{-1}), each of which included …

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The Effect Of Artificial Insemination Timing On The Sex Ratio Of Offspring And Fertility In Dairy Cows, Orkun Demi̇ral, Mustafa Ün, Murat Abay, Tayfur Bekyürek Jan 2007

The Effect Of Artificial Insemination Timing On The Sex Ratio Of Offspring And Fertility In Dairy Cows, Orkun Demi̇ral, Mustafa Ün, Murat Abay, Tayfur Bekyürek

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the interval between artificial insemination and the onset of estrus on the sex ratio of offspring and fertility in Holstein cows. Standing to be mounted behavior was considered the beginning of estrus, and artificial inseminations were performed 6 h (Group 1), 9 h (Group 2), 12 h (Group 3), and 15 h (Group 4) after the onset of estrus in cows. Overall 119 (n: 85), 107 (n: 72), 120 (n: 80) and 119 (n: 83) artificial inseminations were performed in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Pregnancy rates …

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Acid Adaptation Effect On Survival Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Fermented Milk Products, Hali̇l Tosun, A. Kemal Seçki̇n, Şahi̇ka Aktuğ Gönül Jan 2007

Acid Adaptation Effect On Survival Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Fermented Milk Products, Hali̇l Tosun, A. Kemal Seçki̇n, Şahi̇ka Aktuğ Gönül

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The growth and survival of acid-adapted and nonadapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 were determined in strained, set-type, and synbiotic yoghurt and kefir. Acid-adapted or nonadapted E. coli O157:H7 were inoculated into the synbiotic and set-type yoghurt before and after the fermentation process. Survival of the inoculated E. coli O157:H7 in these products was examined during storage at 4 °C. Acid adaptation enhanced the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in kefir and strained yoghurt. Acid adaptation also enhanced the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in set-type yoghurt, which was inoculated after the fermentation process; however, acid-adapted cell inoculation before fermentation did not …

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Chondroma In A Dog, Rifki Haziroğlu, Hasan Bi̇lgi̇li̇, Kübra A. Teri̇m Kapakin Jan 2007

Chondroma In A Dog, Rifki Haziroğlu, Hasan Bi̇lgi̇li̇, Kübra A. Teri̇m Kapakin

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

An 11-year-old female terrier brought to our clinic was diagnosed with chondroma located on the caudolateral side of the right distal humerus. During the clinical examination of the dog, swelling and lameness were observed on right forelimb. Following the operation, the subject had no lameness after removing the mass. Postoperative follow-up was done by phone with the owner of the patient in 6th and 12th months, and no lameness and swelling in the region was reported. The tumoral mass was removed easily from underlying tissue without any attachment during the operation. The tissue sample from the specimen was routinely processed …

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Enterotoxemia In A Cow Due To Clostridium Perfringens Type A, Hakan Kalender, Ayşe Kiliç, Eray Atil Jan 2007

Enterotoxemia In A Cow Due To Clostridium Perfringens Type A, Hakan Kalender, Ayşe Kiliç, Eray Atil

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Enterotoxemia was diagnosed in a 3-year-old cow that died suddenly. Lesions of hemorrhagic enteritis were seen in the small intestine during necropsy. Lethal alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens was detected in the intestinal contents by toxin neutralization test. C. perfringens type A was isolated from the intestinal contents and typed by multiplex PCR. Enterotoxemia should be considered as a cause of sudden death in cattle in Turkey.

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Acute Toxicity Of Carbaryl, Methiocarb, And Carbosulfan To The Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) And Guppy (Poecilia Reticulata), Muhammet Boran, İlhan Altinok, Erol Çapkin, Hi̇kmet Karaçam, Veysel Bi̇çer Jan 2007

Acute Toxicity Of Carbaryl, Methiocarb, And Carbosulfan To The Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) And Guppy (Poecilia Reticulata), Muhammet Boran, İlhan Altinok, Erol Çapkin, Hi̇kmet Karaçam, Veysel Bi̇çer

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The acute toxicity of carbaryl, methiocarb and carbosulfan to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 1.92 ± 0.5 g) and guppies (Poecilia reticulata; 0.45 ± 0.04 g) was evaluated in 96-h toxicity tests under static conditions. Concentrations in the toxicity test ranged from 0.85 to 8.5 mg/l for carbaryl, from 0.7 to 28.0 mg/l for methiocarb, and from 0.031 to 12.5 mg/l for carbosulfan. Carbaryl and methiocarb were more toxic to rainbow trout than to guppies. However, compared with rainbow trout, guppies were more sensitive to carbosulfan. The incidence of mortality in fish increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing pesticide concentrations. The time required to kill 50% (LT_{50}) of the rainbow trout at the lowest concentrations of carbaryl, methiocarb, and carbosulfan was 51 h 12 min, 74 h 35 min, and 107 h 57 min, respectively. As insecticide concentrations were increased, LT_{50} values decreased (P < 0.05).

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