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2006

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Pediatric Iron Toxicity: The Impact Of Unit Dose Packaging., Ann P. Slattery Jan 2006

Pediatric Iron Toxicity: The Impact Of Unit Dose Packaging., Ann P. Slattery

All ETDs from UAB

No abstract provided.


The Role Of Mitochondrial Dysfunction And Type 2 Transglutaminase In The Pathogenesis Of Huntington's Disease., Qingmin Ruan Jan 2006

The Role Of Mitochondrial Dysfunction And Type 2 Transglutaminase In The Pathogenesis Of Huntington's Disease., Qingmin Ruan

All ETDs from UAB

No abstract provided.


An In-Vitro Investigation Of Frictional Resistance Of Self-Ligating And Ceramic Brackets When Subjected To Different Ligation Methods And Tipping Angles, Todd S. Bovenizer Jan 2006

An In-Vitro Investigation Of Frictional Resistance Of Self-Ligating And Ceramic Brackets When Subjected To Different Ligation Methods And Tipping Angles, Todd S. Bovenizer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Objectives. To investigate the frictional resistance of two new ceramic brackets, two self-ligating bracket, and one standard stainless steel bracket with several methods of ligation. The size and composition of the archwires will also be varied. The wires used are all stainless steel and the sizes are .018, 19X25, and 21X25. The frictional forces obtained in this study will be more useful when compared in a relative manner to one another, as opposed to the actual forces that will be measured. Methods. Each bracket and wire was placed in an Instron machine and tested for 120 seconds. During this time …


Integration Of Statistical And Neural Network Method For Data Analysis, Krishna Kumar Chavali Jan 2006

Integration Of Statistical And Neural Network Method For Data Analysis, Krishna Kumar Chavali

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The issues that are to be considered while selecting data analysis methods are data type and expected solution type. Incorrect selection of either can lead to incomplete solution leading user taking an uninformed decision. The software developed for this thesis (SANE - Statistical And NEural network data analysis) is aimed at enabling a user to use advanced data analysis techniques to handle a given research issue. An effective navigation system is designed for user to select the analysis method by responding to a set of questions. SANE provides web based data analysis using statistical and neural networks methods. The statistical …


Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway And Angiogenesis, Zongxian Cao Jan 2006

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway And Angiogenesis, Zongxian Cao

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones, is tightly controlled under physiological conditions, and deregulated angiogenesis contributes to many pathological situations. This study investigates the role of PI3K/Akt pathway in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is an endothelial specific growth factor that plays a critical role in vessel maturation and stabilization during angiogenesis. We found that Ang1 potently induced p70S6K1 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). p70S6K1 is a downstream target of PI3K, but its role in angiogenesis has not be defined. In the work shown in Chapter 2, p70S6K1 activity in HUVECs …


Examining Problem-Solving Interpretations: The Role Of Age, Sex, And Femininity, Jennifer A. Flinn Jan 2006

Examining Problem-Solving Interpretations: The Role Of Age, Sex, And Femininity, Jennifer A. Flinn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The current study examined age and sex differences in communal interpretations (statements focusing on the needs of others), and whether participants' femininity mediated these differences. One hundred and ninety six participants, 121 younger adults (M=19.26, SD=131: 53 M, 68 F) and 75 older adults (M=73.74, SD=7.65: 36 M, 39 F), were given a vignette regarding a hypothetical job relocation problem that involved either a male or female protagonist. To assess interpretations, participants were asked to indicate all the issues to be considered. The degree to which interpretations reflected communal concerns was coded. Results showed that women had higher communal interpretation …


Shape Based Automated Mapping Of Histological Mouse Brain Sections, Manasa Danda Jan 2006

Shape Based Automated Mapping Of Histological Mouse Brain Sections, Manasa Danda

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the development of an automatic image mapping system for mouse brain images, we focus on obtaining the best match in the two dimensional atlas images for the query image of a mouse brain section. The matching issue has to deal with the tissue distortions and tears, which are routinely encountered and possible scale, rotation and shear changes. With the goal to achieve high performance for image matching, a dual-stage approach is proposed which is based on radial distributions and region-based template matching.;Our main challenge is identifying shape features and corresponding distance metrics that produce effective characterization of 2D sections …


Allene Cyclization Chemistry: Application To The Syntheses Of Helical Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons And The Abcd Ring Core Of The Camptothecin Family Of Alkaloids, Weixiang Dai Jan 2006

Allene Cyclization Chemistry: Application To The Syntheses Of Helical Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons And The Abcd Ring Core Of The Camptothecin Family Of Alkaloids, Weixiang Dai

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Thermolysis of the benzannulated enyne-allenes provides an efficient pathway to a variety of novel helical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are represented by a remarkably beautiful diindenophenanthrene with four congested phenyl substituents. For example, its X-ray structure shows that the four phenyl substituents are essentially parallel to one another but are virtually perpendicular to the helical axis of the diindenophenanthrene ring system. Viewing from the direction perpendicular to the helical axis, the structure resembles that of a segment of a spiral staircase having four parallel steps.;The Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement was successfully applied to 11 H-benzo[b]fluorene-11-methanols and related fluorene derivatives leading to highly …


Geosynthetic-Soil Interface Properties For Cohesionless And Cohesive Media, Ronald J. Ingram Jan 2006

Geosynthetic-Soil Interface Properties For Cohesionless And Cohesive Media, Ronald J. Ingram

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Applications of geosynthetics have undergone extensive growth over the past 50 years. This study was focused on developing a better understanding the soil---geosynthetic interface properties. Two pullout test devices were built as a part of this study to investigate interface properties during pullout experiments. The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of soil type, geosynthetic type, moisture content, pullout box size, and sample size on the experimentally determined properties of the geosynthetic-soil interfaces. Three types of geosynthetic materials and three types of soils, namely natural sand, silty sand, and clayey sand were used. Geosynthetic materials A and …


Effect Of High Salt Intake On Arteriolar Responses To Metabolic Stimuli, Paul J. Marvar Jan 2006

Effect Of High Salt Intake On Arteriolar Responses To Metabolic Stimuli, Paul J. Marvar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Study I evaluated the possibility that a HS diet can reduce the arteriolar response to muscle contraction through reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. Spinotrapezius muscle arterioles were examined in rats fed a normal salt (NS; 0.45%) or high salt (HS; 4%) diets. Arteriolar diameter responses to an increase in metabolic demand were significantly less in HS rats and these HS rats exhibited increased presence of arteriolar ROS. The attenuated responses to muscle contraction in HS rats were not restored in the presence of ROS scavengers, and inhibition of NO synthesis had no effect …


The Effects Of Interactive Video (Ddr) On Heart Rate, Perceived Exertion, Step Count, Self -Efficacy, And Enjoyment In Elementary School Children, Barbara J. Olmsted Jan 2006

The Effects Of Interactive Video (Ddr) On Heart Rate, Perceived Exertion, Step Count, Self -Efficacy, And Enjoyment In Elementary School Children, Barbara J. Olmsted

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Rising levels of obesity continue to challenge physical educators to engage their students in activities sufficiently vigorous to accrue health-related benefits. Physically active video games are now recognized as a way to enhance physical activity levels in children. A school-based intervention in fifth- and sixth-grade participants (N=33) compared six lessons each of Dance Dance Revolution (DDR), volleyball, and an exercise video (Tae-Bo) according to the following dependent variables: heart rate, step count, active time, rate of perceived exertion, enjoyment, and self-efficacy. Repeated measures within-subjects comparisons revealed significant main effects for activity type across five dependent variables, and significant interactions for …


Effects Of Social Support And Heterosexism On The Psychological Well-Being Of Diverse Adults, S. Melinda Spencer Jan 2006

Effects Of Social Support And Heterosexism On The Psychological Well-Being Of Diverse Adults, S. Melinda Spencer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

During emerging adulthood, individuals struggle to form an identity and must develop personal resources to help them cope with life stressors. Lesbian and gay (LG) adults must do this from within a context of heterosexist discrimination, which can negatively influence multiple aspects of psychological well-being. The specific aims of this study were to examine: (1) differences by gender and sexual orientation in psychological well-being, (2) the role of individual characteristics (gender and sexual orientation) and personal resources (mastery and social support) in explaining psychological well-being, and (3) the influence of heterosexism and personal resources on psychological well-being of LGB individuals. …


Genetic Analysis Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss): Strain Identification Via Microsatellites And Analysis Of Expressed Sequence Tags In Intestine, Liver, Kidney, And Ovary, Amanda B. Stewart Jan 2006

Genetic Analysis Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss): Strain Identification Via Microsatellites And Analysis Of Expressed Sequence Tags In Intestine, Liver, Kidney, And Ovary, Amanda B. Stewart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Implementation of modern fishing techniques and hatchery technologies necessitates use of genetics in management of fishery stocks. Genetic analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, will assist development of superior strains of a valuable aquacultured species. This study was to (1) develop polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine for variation among rainbow trout strains and develop an identification panel of microsatellites to distinguish individual strains, and (2) to identify novel genes and estimate relative gene expression profiles (expressed sequence tags from rainbow trout liver, intestine, kidney, and ovary non-normalized libraries). Thirty-seven microsatellites were identified by screening 576 clones from TAGA and ATG-repeat …


Shoeprint Analysis: A Gis Application In Forensic Evidence, Michael Anthony Walnoha Jr. Jan 2006

Shoeprint Analysis: A Gis Application In Forensic Evidence, Michael Anthony Walnoha Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The overall intent of this study is to illustrate how GIS and crime mapping methods can be applied to forensic evidence to better understand and comprehend spatial patterns that exist in these data. This study bridges common crime mapping principles such as hot spot mapping, exploratory data analysis, and spatial statistics to spatial forensic evidence investigation. In particular, forensic shoeprint evidence is examined and spatial relationships are analyzed using both exploratory and confirmatory statistical analysis. It is found that crime mapping principles can be indirectly related to shoeprint evidence mapping. Exploratory spatial data analysis is extremely helpful in breaking up …


Signaling Pathways Involved In Regulation Of Glucose -6 -Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6pd) By Arachidonic Acid, Indrani Talukdar Jan 2006

Signaling Pathways Involved In Regulation Of Glucose -6 -Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6pd) By Arachidonic Acid, Indrani Talukdar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway and provides NADPH for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. For the later reason, G6PD is known as a lipogenic enzyme. Insulin induces expression of G6PD mRNA via activating the PI3 kinase pathway in primary rat hepatocytes. Addition of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, in the medium interferes with the PI3 kinase pathway, and thus inhibits the insulin-mediated induction of G6PD. Arachidonic acid in the presence of insulin induces p38 MAP kinase pathway over insulin treatment alone. Activation of p38 MAP kinase by arachidonic acid interferes with the insulin …


Learning Competent Fathering: A Longitudinal Analysis Of Marital Intimacy And Fathering, Kay Bradford, Alan J. Hawkins Jan 2006

Learning Competent Fathering: A Longitudinal Analysis Of Marital Intimacy And Fathering, Kay Bradford, Alan J. Hawkins

Faculty Publications

Although scholars have documented many links between marital relationships and parenting, these associations are not commonly explained in terms of behavior that is learned or achieved over time. This paper examines the idea that good fathering – conceptualized here as competent fathering – is the result of a developmental process, and that a loving, committed relationship between parents creates a context in which traits supportive of caring fathering are likely to be learned and practiced. After setting the stage conceptually, we provide a modest initial test of this hypothesis to discern the associations between three components of marital intimacy (emotional …


“Scientific Explorers: A Review Of Literature On Lewis And Clark’S Ethnography, Botany, And Zoology.”, Jay H. Buckley, Julie Harris Adams Jan 2006

“Scientific Explorers: A Review Of Literature On Lewis And Clark’S Ethnography, Botany, And Zoology.”, Jay H. Buckley, Julie Harris Adams

Faculty Publications

WHEN MERIWETHER LEWIS and William Clark returned to St. Louis in 1806, they had just completed a difficult and dangerous two-and-a-half-year journey through the West. Citizens of St. Louis hailed them as heroes, celebrating the captains as courageous explorers, expert frontiersmen, and skilled military leaders. But when Lewis and Clark embarked on their journey in 1804 to explore the Missouri and Columbia rivers and find a viable waterway to the Pacific, plus examine the possibilities for a potentially lucrative fur trade, they carried another important commission from President Thomas Jefferson: to describe in detail the natural world through which they …


Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis (Mlva) For Clonal Characterization Of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains, Matthew Box Jan 2006

Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis (Mlva) For Clonal Characterization Of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains, Matthew Box

All ETDs from UAB

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have been observed to be associated with community based individuals (CA-MRSA) and hospitalized patients (HA-MRSA). The CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA are no longer distinguishable based on the location of patient when the isolate was first obtained from the patient. These strains are now observed both in the hospital and community settings. While the origin of the isolate does not appear to be critical, it is important to genetically define these isolates to assist in epidemiological investigations and evaluation of infection control measures effectiveness. The conventional method for analyzing this genetic information has been pulsed-field gel …


Micro-Computed Tomographic Analysis Of Bone Healing Subsequent To Graft Placement, Preeti M. Chopra Jan 2006

Micro-Computed Tomographic Analysis Of Bone Healing Subsequent To Graft Placement, Preeti M. Chopra

All ETDs from UAB

A MicroCT analysis of bone healing subsequent to graft (tri calcium phosphate/TCP) placement in the maxillary sinus prior to dental endosteal implant placement was the objective of the current study. Ten trephined rod shaped human bone cores were obtained three months after the placement of particulate graft material and the samples were stored immediately in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Using a Microcomputed tomography, the samples were evaluated at resolutions of 6 and 20μm. The thresholds for bone and graft material were determined using visual image, intensity (grey level) and histogram analyses. The graft and bone threshold was 235 greylevel and …


Cross Chip Probe Matching Tool: A Tool For Linking Probes From Microarrays Within And Across Species, Ruchi Ghanekar Jan 2006

Cross Chip Probe Matching Tool: A Tool For Linking Probes From Microarrays Within And Across Species, Ruchi Ghanekar

All ETDs from UAB

raditionally, but not exclusively, a microarray experiment is conducted on a single type of microarray. However, different labs often use different chip types, and new versions of chips may be developed. Comparing experiments can be problematic in such cases, as it is not always clear which probe sets correspond to the same gene across experiments. The goal of this research was to develop a tool that allows investigators to identify probe sets that correspond to the gene within and across species. The Cross Chip Probe Matching Tool (CCPMT) makes use of the probe sequences for all features on arrays from …


Underlying Purinergic Signaling Important For Monociliumdependent Signaling In Ductal Epithelia: Implications For Polycystic Kidney Disease, Michael Hovater Jan 2006

Underlying Purinergic Signaling Important For Monociliumdependent Signaling In Ductal Epithelia: Implications For Polycystic Kidney Disease, Michael Hovater

All ETDs from UAB

This thesis concerns purinergic signaling in renal epithelial cells of normal and polycystic kidneys. The first section discusses first principles of “purinergic signaling” as they relate to the nephron and the urinary bladder. Remodeled and encapsulated cysts in autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) and remodeled “pseudocysts” in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) of the renal collecting duct create an ideal microenvironment for purinergic signaling. Once “trapped” in these microenvironments in a “closed system,” purinergic signaling becomes chronic and plays a significant epigenetic and detrimental role in the progression of ADPKD in particular, once the remodeling of the renal tissue has …


Interactions Between Trains Of Premature Stimuli And Anatomically Anchored Reentrant Wavefronts: Implications For Antitachycardia Pacing, Israel A. Byrd Jan 2006

Interactions Between Trains Of Premature Stimuli And Anatomically Anchored Reentrant Wavefronts: Implications For Antitachycardia Pacing, Israel A. Byrd

All ETDs from UAB

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators can terminate accelerated heart rhythms with either high energy shocks or antitachycardia pacing. Shocks are highly effective, but they reduce the quality of life in patients that receive them. Antitachycardia pacing is a train of pulses administered at a rate slightly faster than the arrhythmia rate. These pulses are low energy, and terminate ventricular tachycardia in patients without causing pain. The paced wavefronts penetrate the reentrant circuit, and interact with the underlying reentrant wavefront to block all arrhythmic activity. Currently, these interactions between paced wavefronts and reentrant wavefronts are not well understood. A better understanding of these …


Gas Phase Dynamics Of Laser-Generated Nanoparticle Populations And Its Application To Nanomaterials Fabrication, Mevlut Bulut Jan 2006

Gas Phase Dynamics Of Laser-Generated Nanoparticle Populations And Its Application To Nanomaterials Fabrication, Mevlut Bulut

All ETDs from UAB

Naturally occurring materials often derive their outstanding properties from optimal anisotropic arrangements of nanoscale constituents. This requires a hierarchical organization of matter over several length scales, which is difficult to achieve in artificial materials made by conventional physical and chemical methods. This dissertation explores the combination of laser and aerosol processes as a novel approach to make thin film materials with a level of microscopic organization similar to that found in nature. Through a systematic investigation of the behavior of the gas-phase dynamics of nanoparticles generated by laser ablation of solid target materials in background gases and a study of …


The Role Of Sperm Protein 17 (Sp17) In Somatic Cells And Cancer, Jasmine P. Gaines Jan 2006

The Role Of Sperm Protein 17 (Sp17) In Somatic Cells And Cancer, Jasmine P. Gaines

All ETDs from UAB

Sperm protein 17 (Sp17) was initially described as a member of the rabbit sperm autoantigen family and was proposed to participate in the acrosome reaction during fertilization. Sp17 was reported to be expressed only in the testes and flagellar tails of spermatozoa, with no expression in normal somatic tissues. In contrast to early reports of its limited expression in somatic tissues, recent studies have detected Sp17 in somatic cells, most prominently in the cilia of normal epithelial cells of the larynx, trachea, fallopian tube, lung, and olfactory epithelium. It has also become apparent that Sp17 is expressed at moderate to …


Modulation Of Cell Signaling By Tomoregulins In Embryogenesis And Cancer, Paul William Harms Jan 2006

Modulation Of Cell Signaling By Tomoregulins In Embryogenesis And Cancer, Paul William Harms

All ETDs from UAB

Growth factor signals often regulate similar cellular processes both during embryogenesis and in adult homeostasis. Stringent control of these signals ensures proper embryonic development and correct cell physiology in mature individuals. Recently, a family of two members of Tomoregulin (or transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor-like and two follistatin domains [TMEFF]) was found to interact with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and ErbB signaling pathways, both of which are implicated in development and in cancer biology in the adult. The function as well as the mechanisms of TMEFFs in modulating these two signals has not been elucidated in detail. In this …


Double-Matching In Anti-Correlated Random Dot Stereograms Of Panum's Limiting Case Reveals The Interactions Among The Elementary Disparity Signals Across Scale, Hwan Sean Lee Jan 2006

Double-Matching In Anti-Correlated Random Dot Stereograms Of Panum's Limiting Case Reveals The Interactions Among The Elementary Disparity Signals Across Scale, Hwan Sean Lee

All ETDs from UAB

A fundamental problem in binocular vision is to understand the rules that govern matching of features in the two eyes. We adopted Panum’s limiting case (PLC) into random-dot stereograms (RDS) to determine whether our visual system permits non-unique binocular matching for stereopsis. Using PLC RDS, we found that i.) the PLC-defined depth was compatible with the disparity-defined depth, which suggests that our visual system detects the relative disparity in PLC; ii.) the upper depth limits discriminating the PLC-defined surfaces and disparity-defined surfaces were almost identical, which suggests that there is a common mechanism – correlation-based stereopsis – responsible for the …


Behold, Ye Shall Have Joy With Me’: A Study On The Lord, The Servant And The Allegory Of The Olive Tree, Dan Belnap, Daniel L. Belnap Jan 2006

Behold, Ye Shall Have Joy With Me’: A Study On The Lord, The Servant And The Allegory Of The Olive Tree, Dan Belnap, Daniel L. Belnap

Faculty Publications

In chapter 5 of the book of Jacob, we find a unique text commonly referred to as the allegory of the olive tree. President Joseph Fielding Smith once said that “the parable of Zenos . . . is one of the greatest parables ever recorded.”1 Composed of seventy-seven verses, this allegory is thought to follow the progression of a particular olive tree and its offspring in the Lord’s vineyard. Many readers have commented on the special nature of the allegory, with studies ranging from theological meaning, to linguistic comparisons, to actual viticultural practices. Though these studies differ in content, they …


Study Of Metals In Leached Soils Of A Municipal Dumpsite In Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico: Preliminary Results, P. F. Rodríguez-Espinosa, D. Chazaro Mendoza, J. A. Montes De Oca, G. Sánchez Torres E., Alejandro Fierro-Cabo Jan 2006

Study Of Metals In Leached Soils Of A Municipal Dumpsite In Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico: Preliminary Results, P. F. Rodríguez-Espinosa, D. Chazaro Mendoza, J. A. Montes De Oca, G. Sánchez Torres E., Alejandro Fierro-Cabo

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

The Zapote dumpsite measures 420000 m 2 and is 28 years old; an estimated 2.5 millions tons of waste have accumulated on the site (household waste, clinical waste, commercial waste). The thickness of the waste is 3 to 9 meters. Since operations began, no control regulations have existed on the residues received. The Zapote dumpsite is located within a salt-marsh between a system of channels and river lagoons of brackish water, located in a tropical sedimentary environment in the urban zone of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Recently, the Zapote has been closed and work is presently underway in its rehabilitation since …


The Effect Of Environmentally-Related Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors On Mitochondrial Damage And Atherogenesis., Zhen Yang Jan 2006

The Effect Of Environmentally-Related Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors On Mitochondrial Damage And Atherogenesis., Zhen Yang

All ETDs from UAB

No abstract provided.


Perceptual Paths To Accurate Production Of L2 Vowels: The Role Of Individual Differences, Wendy Baker-Smemoe, Pavel Trofimovich Jan 2006

Perceptual Paths To Accurate Production Of L2 Vowels: The Role Of Individual Differences, Wendy Baker-Smemoe, Pavel Trofimovich

Faculty Publications

This study investigated whether individual differences in learners’ age of arrival (AOA) and length of residence (LOR) in a country where a second language (L2) is spoken determine the relationship between L2 perception and production. In the first experiment, 40 Korean learners of English and 10 native English speakers participated in vowel perception and production tasks in English. Results demonstrated that the relationship between perception and production depended on learners’ AOA, not LOR. In the second experiment, the same Korean learners of English participated in a vowel perception task in which they judged the accuracy of their own production of …