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2006

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Discovering Weak Community Structures In Large Biological Networks , Jianhua Ruan, Weixiong Zhang Jan 2006

Discovering Weak Community Structures In Large Biological Networks , Jianhua Ruan, Weixiong Zhang

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Identifying intrinsic structures in large networks is a fundamental problem in many fields, such as biology, engineering and social sciences. Motivated by biology applications, in this paper we are concerned with identifying community structures, which are densely connected sub-graphs, in large biological networks. We address several critical issues for finding community structures. First, biological networks directly constructed from experimental data often contain spurious edges and may also miss genuine connections. As a result, community structures in biological networks are often weak. We introduce simple operations to capture local neighborhood structures for identifying weak communities. Second, we consider the issue of …

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Design And Evaluation Of A Blast Ungapped Extension Accelerator, Master's Thesis, Joseph M. Lancaster Jan 2006

Design And Evaluation Of A Blast Ungapped Extension Accelerator, Master's Thesis, Joseph M. Lancaster

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

The amount of biosequence data being produced each year is growing exponentially. Extracting useful information from this massive amount of data is becoming an increasingly difficult task. This thesis focuses on accelerating the most widely-used software tool for analyzing genomic data, BLAST. This thesis presents Mercury BLAST, a novel method for accelerating searches through massive DNA databases. Mercury BLAST takes a streaming approach to the BLAST computation by offloading the performance-critical sections onto reconfigurable hardware. This hardware is then used in combination with the processor of the host system to deliver BLAST results in a fraction of the time of …

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A Comprehensive Analysis Of The Effect Of Microarray Data, Monika Ray, Johannes Freudenberg, Weixiong Zhang Jan 2006

A Comprehensive Analysis Of The Effect Of Microarray Data, Monika Ray, Johannes Freudenberg, Weixiong Zhang

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Background: Microarray data preprocessing, such as differentially expressed (DE) genes selection, is performed prior to higher level statistical analysis in order to account for technical variability. Preprocessing for the Affymetrix GeneChip includes background correction, normalisation and summarisation. Numerous preprocessing methods have been proposed with little consensus as to which is the most suitable. Furthermore, due to poor concordance among results from cross-platform analyses, protocols are being developed to enable cross-platform reproducibility. However, the effect of data analysis on a single platform is still unknown. The objective of our study is two-fold: first to determine whether there is consistency in the …

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Acceleration Of Gapped Alignment In Blastp Using The Mercury System, Brandon B. Harris Jan 2006

Acceleration Of Gapped Alignment In Blastp Using The Mercury System, Brandon B. Harris

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Protein databases have grown exponentially over the last decade. This exponential growth has made extracting valuable information from these databases increasingly time consuming. This project presents a new method of accelerating a commonly used program for performing similarity searching on protein databases, BLASTP. This project describes the design and implementation of Mercury BLASTP, a customized hardware accelerated variant of BLASTP. This project focuses on the gapped alignment stage of Mercury BLASTP and provides design details and implementation results.

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Design And Analysis Of An Accelerated Seed Generation Stage For Blastp On The Mercury System - Master's Thesis, August 2006, Arpith Jacob Jan 2006

Design And Analysis Of An Accelerated Seed Generation Stage For Blastp On The Mercury System - Master's Thesis, August 2006, Arpith Jacob

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

NCBI BLASTP is a popular sequence analysis tool used to study the evolutionary relationship between two protein sequences. Protein databases continue to grow exponentially as entire genomes of organisms are sequenced, making sequence analysis a computationally demanding task. For example, a search of the E. coli. k12 proteome against the GenBank Non-Redundant database takes 36 hours on a standard workstation. In this thesis, we look to address the problem by accelerating protein searching using Field Programmable Gate Arrays. We focus our attention on the BLASTP heuristic, building on work done earlier to accelerate DNA searching on the Mercury platform. We …

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Unified Power Management In Wireless Sensor Networks, Doctoral Dissertation, August 2006, Guoliang Xing Jan 2006

Unified Power Management In Wireless Sensor Networks, Doctoral Dissertation, August 2006, Guoliang Xing

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Radio power management is of paramount concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that must achieve long lifetimes on scarce amount of energy. Previous work has treated communication and sensing separately, which is insufficient for a common class of sensor networks that must satisfy both sensing and communication requirements. Furthermore, previous approaches focused on reducing energy consumption in individual radio states resulting in suboptimal solutions. Finally, existing power management protocols often assume simplistic models that cannot accurately reflect the sensing and communication properties of real-world WSNs. We develop a unified power management approach to address these issues. We first analyze the …

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Use Of Gene Expression Profiling And Machine Learning To Understand And Predict Primary Graft Dysfunction, Monika Ray, Sekhar Dharmarajan, Johannes Freudenberg, Weixiong Zhang, Alexander G. Patterson Jan 2006

Use Of Gene Expression Profiling And Machine Learning To Understand And Predict Primary Graft Dysfunction, Monika Ray, Sekhar Dharmarajan, Johannes Freudenberg, Weixiong Zhang, Alexander G. Patterson

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

No abstract provided.

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Influence Of Moisture Regime And Tree Species On Nitrogen Cycling And Decomposition Dynamics In Deciduous Forests Of Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, Usa, Eric Fabio Jan 2006

Influence Of Moisture Regime And Tree Species On Nitrogen Cycling And Decomposition Dynamics In Deciduous Forests Of Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, Usa, Eric Fabio

University of Kentucky Master's Theses

The study of biogeochemical cycles and their role in ecosystem function has helped to highlight the impacts of human activities on natural processes. However, our understanding of the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on forested ecosystems remains limited due to the variable controls on N cycling. Soils, microclimate, and vegetation can influence rates and processes of N cycling, singly or in concert at multiple scales. Understanding how these factors influence N cycling across the landscape will help to elucidate the impacts of N deposition. The objectives of this study were to characterize variation in soils, microclimate and vegetation characteristics, and …

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Differentiating Acculturation And Ethnic Identity In Predicting African American Psychosocial Functioning, Andrea Michelle Smith Jan 2006

Differentiating Acculturation And Ethnic Identity In Predicting African American Psychosocial Functioning, Andrea Michelle Smith

University of Kentucky Master's Theses

Ethnic identity is a significant psychological variable for the study of African Americans in the United States and often associated with psychological health. However, the nature of this relationship is sometimes unclear. One reason for the confusion may be that ethnic identity is often confounded with acculturation as they are sometimes used interchangeably in research. Because of this confounding problem, it is not clear whether the relationship between ethnic identity and psychological health is really a reflection of ethnic identity or of ethnic identity confounded with acculturation. Thus, the aim of this study was to use factor analysis to separate …

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Ecological Weed Management For Organic Farming Systems, Derek M. Law Jan 2006

Ecological Weed Management For Organic Farming Systems, Derek M. Law

University of Kentucky Master's Theses

Two field studies examining direct ecological weed control practices were conducted in Lexington, Kentucky. The first evaluated weed control efficacy and influence on yields of several mulches in two organically-managed bell pepper (Capsicum annum) production systems for two years. Peppers were planted in double rows in flat, bare ground or on black polyethylene-covered raised beds with drip irrigation, and four mulches (straw, compost, wood chips, and undersown white dutch clover (Trifolium repens L.) living mulch) were applied to the two production systems. In both years, polyethylene-covered raised beds produced higher yields than the flat, bare ground system. In the second …

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Characterization Of Equine Pulmonary Endothelin Receptors In Health And Disease, Sumanth Polikepahad Jan 2006

Characterization Of Equine Pulmonary Endothelin Receptors In Health And Disease, Sumanth Polikepahad

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in allergic type of respiratory inflammatory diseases in various species of animals including horses. This peptide elicits its actions by acting through endothelin-A (ET-A) and endothelin-B (ET-B) receptor sub-types. In this project, we have hypothesized that endothelin receptors (both ET-A and ET-B) are altered in terms of affinity and expression, in the lungs of summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD)-affected horses. Objective of this dissertation was to determine the alterations in the affinity and expression of endothelin receptors in the lungs of healthy and SPAOPD-affected horses. To pursue our hypothesis, we have employed pharmacological, immunohistochemical …

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Aerobic Degradation Assessment For The Fungicide Bas 505 Using Batch And Intact Soil Core Methodologies, Jason Allan Mcdonald Jan 2006

Aerobic Degradation Assessment For The Fungicide Bas 505 Using Batch And Intact Soil Core Methodologies, Jason Allan Mcdonald

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Although registration protocol stipulates that pesticide degradation be quantified using homogeneous soil, research suggests that degradation in intact soil may give results more consistent with field data. This project examined degradation of the turf and cereal fungicide BAS 505 [N-methyl-(E)-2-methoxyamino-2-(2-((2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl)phenyl) acetamide]. Yearlong and four-month-long incubation studies compared degradation rates in intact cores and homogeneous (batch) samples of Ruston fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults) soil. Recovery of BAS 505 in methanol extracts was measured 12 times over the 360 d incubation by HPLC-LSC analysis, and declined to 36 % and 57 % of the amount applied in cores …

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Theory Of Curvature-Dependent Disjoining Pressure And Its Application To Liquid Films, Jin Zhang Jan 2006

Theory Of Curvature-Dependent Disjoining Pressure And Its Application To Liquid Films, Jin Zhang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A liquid film of thickness h < 100 nm is subject to additional intermolecular forces, which are collectively called disjoining pressure Pi. Since Pi dominates at small film thicknesses, it determines the stability and wettability of thin films. Current theory for uniform films gives Pi = Pi(h). It becomes unbounded as h -> 0. We present a theory of curvature-dependent disjoining pressure. The new Pi depends on the curvature hxx, slope hx, and h. When this theory is implemented for Lennard-Jones liquid films, the new Pi is bounded as h -> 0. We show that this Pi captures three regimes of drop behavior (complete wetting, partial wetting, and pseudo partial wetting) without altering the signs of the long and short-range interactions. We also find that a drop with a uniform film is linearly stable, whereas a drop without a uniform film is unstable. Evaporating thin films is …

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Ultra-Violet Lithography Of Thick Photoresist For The Applications In Biomems And Micro Optics, Ren Yang Jan 2006

Ultra-Violet Lithography Of Thick Photoresist For The Applications In Biomems And Micro Optics, Ren Yang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

UV lithography of thick photoresist is widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and micro-optoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS). SU-8 is a typical negative tone thick photoresist for micro systems, and can be used for both structural material and pattern transfer. This dissertation presents an effort to comprehensively study these important subjects. The first part, and the most fundamental part of this dissertation concentrated on the numerical analysis and experimental study of the wavelength dependent absorbance of SU-8 and the diffraction effects on the sidewall profiles of the microstructures made using UV lithography of SU-8. This study has laid the foundation for all …

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The Effects Of Perceptions On Consumer Acceptance Of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods, Jae-Hwan Han Jan 2006

The Effects Of Perceptions On Consumer Acceptance Of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods, Jae-Hwan Han

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study investigates the effects of risk/benefit beliefs on consumer purchase intentions for genetically modified (GM) foods. A random, national, mail survey is conducted. Three main problems are addressed in the study. The first problem addressed is to analyze the relationship between consumers risk/ benefit beliefs regarding GM foods, and their willingness to buy GM crop and meat products. The second problem deals with linkages between a consumer’s risk/benefit beliefs about GM foods and willingness to pay (WTP) for GM foods with a benefit disclosure. The third problem addressed is to test a causal relationship between knowledge and trust toward …

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Biology And Chemical Ecology Of The Sugarcane Beetle And Integrated Pest Management Of Sweet Potato Soil Insects In Louisiana, Tara Parker Smith Jan 2006

Biology And Chemical Ecology Of The Sugarcane Beetle And Integrated Pest Management Of Sweet Potato Soil Insects In Louisiana, Tara Parker Smith

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Host plant preference and chemical ecology of the sugarcane beetle, Euetheola humilis were evaluated in greenhouse and laboratory studies. Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, was significantly preferred over all other plant species evaluated in a host plant preference test. Corn, Zea mays, and sugarcane, Saccharum spp., were the next most chosen plant species in the study. In olfactometer experiments, sugarcane beetles responded significantly more to beetle injured and mechanically injured roots vs. uninjured roots. Male and female beetles were also significantly more attracted to female conspecifics. Differences were not detected between sweet potato cultivars in olfactometer trials. Cultivar preference studies suggested …

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Lock'em Up And Throw Away The Key: Racial Attitudes And The Structural Determinants Of Support For Crime Policy Among White Americans, Amanda J. Abraham Jan 2006

Lock'em Up And Throw Away The Key: Racial Attitudes And The Structural Determinants Of Support For Crime Policy Among White Americans, Amanda J. Abraham

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study investigates support for the death penalty and federal crime spending among white Americans. Data from the American National Election Studies (ANES) series (1992-2000) are matched with census tract level indicators of demographic and community characteristics from the 1990 and 2000 Census Bureau Summary File Tape 3A and county level crime data supplied by the Federal Bureau of Investigation�s Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Ordered logistic regression is used to investigate five general research questions: (1) Are racial attitudes the most salient individual level predictors of support for crime policy among whites as suggested by prior research? (2) Are whites� …

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Retention And Transport Of Arsenic In Soils, Hua Zhang Jan 2006

Retention And Transport Of Arsenic In Soils, Hua Zhang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Arsenic transport in soils and aquifers is highly dependent on the adsorption-desorption reactions in the solid phase. Results from our kinetic batch experiments indicated that adsorption of arsenate [As(V)] was highly nonlinear and strongly kinetic. Desorption of As(V) were hysteretic in nature and a significant amount of As(V) was irreversibly adsorbed on all soils. Results from column experiments indicated strong As(V) retardation followed by slow release or extensive tailing of the breakthrough curves (BTCs). Sharp decrease in As(V) concentration during flow interruption verified the extensive non-equilibrium condition which was likely due to the dominance of kinetic retention processes. We evaluated …

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Cultivar, Juice Extraction, Ultra Violet Irradiation And Storage Influence The Stilbene Content Of Muscadine Grapes (Vitis Rotundifolia Michx.), Mark Rene' Leblanc Jan 2006

Cultivar, Juice Extraction, Ultra Violet Irradiation And Storage Influence The Stilbene Content Of Muscadine Grapes (Vitis Rotundifolia Michx.), Mark Rene' Leblanc

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Stilbene concentration was analyzed in juice and tissue of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) and bunch grape (Vitis labrusca L.) from fresh fruit, after processing and after postharvest treatments. Five filter types were evaluated for percent resveratrol recovery when filtering standard and spiked juice samples in preparation for HPLC analysis. Only two (polycarbonate and Anopore) of the five filter types had more than 90 percent recovery. Polycarbonate was chosen for sample preparation since it was more durable during handling. Eight muscadine grape cultivars and three bunch grape cultivars were evaluated. Skin tissue had approximately 100 times higher stilbene concentration than …

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Characterization Of Beta-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation And Acceleration With Non-Fibrillar Forming Peptide-Based Mediators, Nadia J. Edwin Jan 2006

Characterization Of Beta-Amyloid Peptide Aggregation And Acceleration With Non-Fibrillar Forming Peptide-Based Mediators, Nadia J. Edwin

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Protein aggregation occurs under many circumstances, from the dynamic assembly of tubulin to form microtubules, the aggregation of actin into filaments, as well as plaque formation by amyloid precipitation. One important requirement in studying the mechanism of amyloid aggregation is the ability to monitor the growth kinetics over a wide range in size scales (10 nm to microns) with time that spans microseconds to seconds. Understanding the mechanisms of the aggregation may then lead to improved design of drugs to help control or suppress the aggregation process. In this dissertation, the physical characterization of the â-amyloid peptide and its interaction …

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Separation Anxieties: Representations Of Separatist Communities In Late Twentieth Century Fiction And Film, Brett Alan Riley Jan 2006

Separation Anxieties: Representations Of Separatist Communities In Late Twentieth Century Fiction And Film, Brett Alan Riley

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In the late 20th century and beyond, American social movements advocating equality have increased national attention to issues of exclusion, inclusion, and multiculturalism within communities. As a result, studying the nature of communities—how the term "community" might be defined, who belongs to a given group or social structure, who does not belong, and why—has become increasingly important. American artists have responded by exploring these sites of social, political, and personal change in their works. Separation Anxieties: Representations of Separatist Communities in Late Twentieth Century Fiction and Film analyzes seven fictional works in which some group is philosophically and/or geographically isolated—sometimes …

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College Student's Motivation For Physical Activity, Lori Lynn Delong Jan 2006

College Student's Motivation For Physical Activity, Lori Lynn Delong

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine college students' motivations to be physically active by merging the perspectives of self-determination theory and the transtheoretical model. The secondary purpose was to examine the effects of a required physical activity course on college students' levels of physical activity. The premise is that both the theory and model can be used to help predict physical activity outcomes. Participants were 277 male and female students at a small private college. Motivation, self-determination, stage of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, and leisure time activity levels were assessed using an online survey. Results revealed that activity …

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Determinants Of Local Calcium Signaling In Retinal Amacrine Cells, Madhumita Sen Jan 2006

Determinants Of Local Calcium Signaling In Retinal Amacrine Cells, Madhumita Sen

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Amacrine cells mediate complex lateral signaling in the inner plexiform layer of the vertebrate retina. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter that shapes the retinal circuitry by activating ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs)and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). One step in understanding the signaling in the inner retina is to understand the role and expression patterns of these glutamate receptors. The expression of iGluRs in amacrine cells is well documented in the literature. This study addresses the localization of Group I mGluRs in the retina. Pre-embedding immunocytochemistry combined with electron microscopy was used to study the expression of Group I mGluRs in …

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Phylogeny Of Hinterhubera, Novenia And Related Genera Based On The Nuclear Ribosomal (Nr) Dna Sequence Data (Asteraceae: Astereae), Vesna Karaman Jan 2006

Phylogeny Of Hinterhubera, Novenia And Related Genera Based On The Nuclear Ribosomal (Nr) Dna Sequence Data (Asteraceae: Astereae), Vesna Karaman

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Analyses of ITS, ETS and matK sequences for genera of the subtribe Hinterhuberinae, including representatives of 17 subtribes from the tribe Astereae, rooted on Anthemideae, Calenduleae and Inuleae, provide no support for the monophyly of the Hinterhuberinae. Chiliotrichum and Celmisia groups, Olearia in part, Novenia, Oritrophium and Pteronia are in the basal group that also includes subtribe Felicinae. Madagaster, Remya, Olearia in part, Achnophora and Hinterhubera group lie in the Southern Hemisphere grade, with Asterinae, Bellidinae, Brachycominae, Grangeinae, Podocominae, Lagenophorinae and Baccharidinae. Monophyly of Asterinae, Grangeinae, Podocominae and Lagenophorinae is not supported. Instead South American representatives of Lagenophorinae, Grangeinae and …

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The Epidemiology Of West Nile Virus In Louisiana, Karen Ruth Gruszynski Jan 2006

The Epidemiology Of West Nile Virus In Louisiana, Karen Ruth Gruszynski

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the genus Flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, first appeared in the New York in 1999. Within five years WNV was detected throughout the contiguous 48 states causing disease in reservoirs and accidental hosts alike. In Louisiana, WNV was first detected in 2001 with one human case, ten equine cases, and six dead birds reported. The introduction of WNV into Louisiana presented an unique opportunity to observe an emerging disease unfold, so a study was launched to gain insight into the epidemiology of WNV in Louisiana. The first component, an environmental predictive model for West …

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Biol 4013 Microbiology Syllabus, Steelman Library, B W. Mcconchie Dr. Jan 2006

Biol 4013 Microbiology Syllabus, Steelman Library, B W. Mcconchie Dr.

Syllabus Repository

No abstract provided.

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What Happens To Girls When They Are The Only Female In A Male Dominated Setting?, Nancy Courtney Mitchell Jan 2006

What Happens To Girls When They Are The Only Female In A Male Dominated Setting?, Nancy Courtney Mitchell

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Throughout the history of special education and particularly the induction of Public Law 94-142, special educational practices have placed a significantly greater number of boys than girls in classes for children with learning disabilities and emotional/behavioral disorders. As a result, there is often only one girl per class of modified self-contained students -- spending at least three periods per day in a setting set aside for their unique characteristics and needs. The marginalization of this group of females is a cause for concern, especially in times when gender equities are at the forefromt of much of the recent public discussions, …

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Foraging Behavior And Success Of Herons And Egrets In Natural And Artificial Wetlands, Henry Dewayne Mincey Jan 2006

Foraging Behavior And Success Of Herons And Egrets In Natural And Artificial Wetlands, Henry Dewayne Mincey

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

The southeastern United States has approximately 13.2 million hectares of wetland habitat, but these sensitive areas are subject to loss and degradation from draining and development. The effects, both positive and negative, that manipulation of these wetlands have on wildlife is still under study. In particular, there is a need to know whether artificial (mitigated) wetlands can serve as an appropriate substitute for the loss of natural wetlands. Therefore, I quantified the foraging behavior of herons and egrets (species that are dependent on wetlands for food) in natural and artificial wetlands in southeastern coastal Georgia and southern coastal South Carolina. …

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The Relationship Between Mania And Feeding/Mealtime Behavior Problems Among Persons With Intellectual Disability, Rinita Laud Jan 2006

The Relationship Between Mania And Feeding/Mealtime Behavior Problems Among Persons With Intellectual Disability, Rinita Laud

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study represents the first to assess whether a relationship between mania and feeding/mealtime behavior problems exists in individuals with ID. Participants were compared across three groups (manic, non-manic psychiatrically impaired, and controls) on subscales and items of the Screening Tool for fEeding Problems (STEP). An attempt was made to assess for differences in problematic feeding behavior. Individuals in the manic group exhibited clinically significant symptoms of mania (n = 18), those in the non-manic psychiatrically impaired group exhibited symptoms of psychopathology other than mania (n = 18), and those in the control group did not exhibit symptoms of mania …

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Quantifying Changes In Fish Habitat Use In Coastal Waters Of Louisiana, Usa: A Hydroacoustic Approach, Kevin Mershon Boswell Jan 2006

Quantifying Changes In Fish Habitat Use In Coastal Waters Of Louisiana, Usa: A Hydroacoustic Approach, Kevin Mershon Boswell

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The development of reliable tools for identifying essential fish habitat (EFH) has proven problematic. Knowledge of the distribution and biomass of fishes over discrete habitat types is a prerequisite for effective use of EFH in the management of important commercial and recreational fish species. Resolution of the influence of habitat type and environmental factors on the distribution of fishes is confounded by limitations of traditional sampling gears. To date, hydroacoustic technology has been widely accepted as a tool for surveying fishery resources; however few studies have implemented acoustics in ultra shallow (<2 m) coastal waters. Efforts should be made to utilize hydroacoustics for quantifying changes in fish distributions within estuarine environments given the benefits provided through acoustic technology (e.g. ease of deployment, reduced sampling effort, and non-invasive sampling attributes). A technique was developed for acoustically sensing fishes in the shallow, turbid waters of Barataria Bay, Louisiana. A robust and lightweight remotely-controlled transducer platform was designed for deploying acoustic gear. Sources of scattering within the bay were identified through a series of exclosure net experiments designed to quantify potential effects of plankton and suspended solids on acoustic scattering. Analysis filters were developed to reduce the effects of bubble-induced noise, often observed during periods when wind speeds were greater than 4.5 m s-1. Side-aspect acoustic target strength-length and target …

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