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2006

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The Cultural, Political, And Legal Climate Behind The Fight To Stop Trafficking In Women: William J. Clinton's Legacy To Women's Rights, Susan Tiefenbrun Jan 2006

The Cultural, Political, And Legal Climate Behind The Fight To Stop Trafficking In Women: William J. Clinton's Legacy To Women's Rights, Susan Tiefenbrun

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The article examines the Clinton Administration's significant contributions to advancing women's rights, particularly through landmark legislation such as the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA). These efforts, including the appointment of women to high office, reflect a cultural shift toward valuing women's roles and protecting them from exploitation. The TVPA, reauthorized under subsequent administrations, has had a lasting domestic and international impact in combating human trafficking and supporting victims. The article highlights the importance of legislative and judicial approaches in addressing violence against women and promoting gender equality.

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The Importance Of Realizing "Other Rights" To Prevent Sex Trafficking, Jonathan Todres Jan 2006

The Importance Of Realizing "Other Rights" To Prevent Sex Trafficking, Jonathan Todres

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The article argues that effectively combating sex trafficking requires a broader approach that goes beyond criminalization and victim assistance. It emphasizes the importance of realizing "other rights" under international human rights law, such as the right to be free from gender-based violence, discrimination, and the rights to birth registration, health, and education. Ensuring these rights addresses the systemic issues that make marginalized populations vulnerable to trafficking and fosters sustainable development, which is critical for long-term prevention.

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Electronic Data Discovery: Integrating Due Process Into Cyber Forensic Practice, John W. Bagby, John C. Ruhnka Jan 2006

Electronic Data Discovery: Integrating Due Process Into Cyber Forensic Practice, John W. Bagby, John C. Ruhnka

Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law

Most organizations and government agencies regularly become engaged in litigation with suppliers, customers, clients, employees, competitors, shareholders, prosecutors or regulatory agencies that nearly assures the need to organize, retain, find and produce business records and correspondence, emails, accounting records or other data relevant to disputed issues. This article discusses some high visibility cases that constrain how metadata and content is routinely made available to opposing parties in civil litigation, to prosecutors in criminal prosecutions and to agency staff in regulatory enforcement litigation. Public policy, as implemented in the rules of evidence and pretrial discovery, restrict electronic data discovery (EDD) as …

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Acquidneck Island: Citizen's Guide To Land Use Planning, Lisa Labelle Jan 2006

Acquidneck Island: Citizen's Guide To Land Use Planning, Lisa Labelle

Sea Grant Law Fellow Publications

No abstract provided.

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A Fast Parallelized Computational Approach Based On Sparse Lu Factorization For Predictions Of Spatial And Time-Dependent Currents And Voltages In Full-Body Biomodels, Ashutosh Mishra, Ravindra P. Joshi, Karl H. Schoenbach, C. D. Clark Iii Jan 2006

A Fast Parallelized Computational Approach Based On Sparse Lu Factorization For Predictions Of Spatial And Time-Dependent Currents And Voltages In Full-Body Biomodels, Ashutosh Mishra, Ravindra P. Joshi, Karl H. Schoenbach, C. D. Clark Iii

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Realistic and accurate numerical simulations of electrostimulation of tissues and full-body biomodels have been developed and implemented. Typically, whole-body systems are very complex and consist of a multitude of tissues, organs, and subcomponents with diverse properties. From an electrical standpoint, these can be characterized in terms of separate conductivities and permittivities. Accuracy demands good spatial resolution; thus, the overall tissue/animal models need to be discretized into a fine-grained mesh. This can lead to a large number of grid points (especially for a three-dimensional entity) and can place prohibitive requirements of memory storage and execution times on computing machines. Here, the …

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Adaptive Scalable Protocols For Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, Vamsi Krishna Paruchuri Jan 2006

Adaptive Scalable Protocols For Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, Vamsi Krishna Paruchuri

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The focus of this dissertation is to propose analytical models to study the impact of collisions and interference in heterogeneous wireless networks and propose simple scalable and lightweight protocols that use these models to adapt to network conditions thus increasing efficiency, decreasing energy consumption and prolonging network lifetime. The contributions of this dissertation are multifold and are summarized as follows: - Analytical models to study the impact of collisions and interference on both broadcast and unicast messages. These analytical models are incorporated into the proposed protocols to adapt to the prevailing network conditions to improve their performance. - Optimized Flooding …

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Power Analysis For A Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Model, Yinmei Li Jan 2006

Power Analysis For A Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Model, Yinmei Li

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In herd health studies, the mixed effects logistic regression model with random herd effects are commonly used for modeling clustered binary data. These models are well developed and widely used in the literature, among which is the logistic-normal regression model. In contrast to the rich literature in modeling methods, the sample size/power analysis methods for such mixed effects models are sparse. The sample size/power analysis method for the logistic-normal regression model is not readily available. This study is to develop a power analysis/sample size estimation method for the logistic-normal regression model. Extended from the sample size method for the likelihood …

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Spectral Analysis Of Total Suspended Solids Mixtures For Solids Composition Determination, Curtis W. Sutherland Jan 2006

Spectral Analysis Of Total Suspended Solids Mixtures For Solids Composition Determination, Curtis W. Sutherland

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) analysis provides an initial and very basic measure for study and characterization of water quality. The present tedious procedures used for the identification of different solids constituents present in TSS and for the classification or insight into the origins of those solids are time-consuming and expensive. The research reported herein investigates the use of instrumental analysis using reflectance spectra of TSS as an attractive alternative to sufficiently characterize and identify TSS in a more rapid and economical method that could be used to study TSS transport and to identity TSS points of origin. For this investigative …

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Louisiana Cotton, Rice, Soybean And Sugarcane Farmer Stakeholders: Who Are They And What Are Their Perceptions Of Farming Practices As Related To The Environment, Robert James Soileau Jan 2006

Louisiana Cotton, Rice, Soybean And Sugarcane Farmer Stakeholders: Who Are They And What Are Their Perceptions Of Farming Practices As Related To The Environment, Robert James Soileau

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study identified the stakeholders of Louisiana plant commodity farmers and rated them in terms of importance. Findings of this study show that farmers/ranchers, LSU AgCenter Experiment Station Research personnel, family, consumers, farm labor and agriculture chemical, fertilizer and seed dealers are the most important stakeholders. The second aspect of this study was to discover the stakeholder perceptions of agricultural practices and their relationship to the environment. An environmental perceptions survey was conducted with two of the most important stakeholder groups identified – Experiment Station Research Faculty associated with plant commodities and Louisiana consumers. LSU AgCenter Experiment Station Research Faculty …

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The Lived Experience Of Nurses Working With Student Nurses In The Acute Care Clinical Environment, Donna Coffey Hathorn Jan 2006

The Lived Experience Of Nurses Working With Student Nurses In The Acute Care Clinical Environment, Donna Coffey Hathorn

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to describe the lived experience of nurses’ who work with baccalaureate student nurses in the acute care clinical environment. Because of the nursing shortage nursing education is challenged with equipping a safe qualified workforce while preventing or reducing student attrition. Students may choose to leave the profession or receive less than optimal learning experiences when exposed to negative socialization behaviors of nurses while in the clinical environment. Findings from this study can be used to foster collaboration between nursing education and nursing service in the development of positive clinical environments for nurses …

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Communicating The Modern Entrepreneurial University In The 21st Century: A Case Study Of Academic Capitalism And Media Messaging In The Pursuit Of Revenues And National Prominence At Louisiana State University, Charles F. Zewe Jan 2006

Communicating The Modern Entrepreneurial University In The 21st Century: A Case Study Of Academic Capitalism And Media Messaging In The Pursuit Of Revenues And National Prominence At Louisiana State University, Charles F. Zewe

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

American public universities have passed through three stages of development: the religious, the philanthropic/land-grant, and the federal research university. Squeezed by government budget cuts and demands for more money to pay for research and faculty raises, U.S. higher education has entered a fourth phase, the entrepreneurial university. Public universities are increasingly capitalizing on the intellectual property of their faculty and students to sustain themselves and expand. Administrators spout free-market rhetoric as faculty attempt to commercialize research by creating spin-off companies. Using Louisiana State University as a case study, this dissertation, applies a combination of organizational knowledge creation and resource dependence …

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The Response Of The National School Lunch Program And Food Stamp Program In Southern Louisiana In The Wake Of Hurricanes Katrina And Rita, Emily Sashel Whelan Jan 2006

The Response Of The National School Lunch Program And Food Stamp Program In Southern Louisiana In The Wake Of Hurricanes Katrina And Rita, Emily Sashel Whelan

LSU Master's Theses

This study was designed to understand the response of the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the Food Stamp Program (FSP) in southern Louisiana during Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. This study used portions of the PRECEDE/PROCEED model to develop the questions for the interviews and interpret the barriers and enabling and reinforcing factors with regard to changes in policy, budget, reporting, and program administration after the hurricanes. Information collected from this research seeks, not only to contribute to the literature on this topic, but to be made available to policymakers and program administrators to make informed decisions. The effects of …

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Once Proud Princes: Planters And Plantation Culture In Louisiana's Northeast Delta, From The First World War Through The Great Depression, James Matthew Reonas Jan 2006

Once Proud Princes: Planters And Plantation Culture In Louisiana's Northeast Delta, From The First World War Through The Great Depression, James Matthew Reonas

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The Delta country of northeast Louisiana is a richly productive alluvial region stretching south from the Arkansas line to the confluence of the Red and Mississippi Rivers below Natchez. As the source of great cotton fortunes made during antebellum times, it reflected the Old South ideal and, for several decades after the end of the Civil War, remained firmly grounded in this old plantation culture. The economic depression of the 1890s and the coming of the boll weevil in the early 1900s, however, signaled a gradual decline that turned into full-blown dissolution in the years following the First World War. …

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Resource Recovery Of Coal Bed Methane Formation Water, Catherine Elizabeth Bishop Jan 2006

Resource Recovery Of Coal Bed Methane Formation Water, Catherine Elizabeth Bishop

LSU Master's Theses

During the excavation of natural gas, petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted brine water, termed production water, is drawn from the coal bed methane formations (CBMF) along with the natural gas product. The water is drawn out in vast amounts and re-injected into the CBMF. In the Greater Rocky Mountain Region (GRMR) where water supplies are dwindling, the remediation of CBMF production water has become a high priority for maintaining agriculture, residential development and industrial expansion. The overall objective of this research was to demonstrate in laboratory and field pilot studies the efficacious merging of Immobilized Microbe BioReactor (IMBR) technologies for biodegradation/mineralization of organics …

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Control Of Listeria Species And Other Bacteria In Crawfish And Crab Processing Facilities, Utilizing Copper Drains, Coatings And Concrete, Containing Copper Ions, Artem S. Rogovskyy Jan 2006

Control Of Listeria Species And Other Bacteria In Crawfish And Crab Processing Facilities, Utilizing Copper Drains, Coatings And Concrete, Containing Copper Ions, Artem S. Rogovskyy

LSU Master's Theses

The antibacterial properties of copper ions against Listeria spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli and other coliforms, and total aerobic bacteria have been investigated in seafood processing environments. Our hypothesis was that drains fabricated from copper and coatings and concrete containing copper ions that have been used for sealing floors and walls could be utilized in crawfish and crab processing facilities as an effective means of controlling Listeria spp. and other unwanted bacteria. Copper in the form of copper sulfate pentahydrate was incorporated into coatings and concrete at the salt concentration of 25 ppm (6.36 ppm Cu++). Sampling sites were selected …

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The Perils Of Workplace Recognition: Antecedents And Consequences Of Discomfort Associated With Being The Target Of Threatening Upward Comparison, Stephanie Case Henagan Jan 2006

The Perils Of Workplace Recognition: Antecedents And Consequences Of Discomfort Associated With Being The Target Of Threatening Upward Comparison, Stephanie Case Henagan

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation explores theoretical links among interpersonal, perceptual, and situational variables and sensitivity about being the target of threatening upward comparisons (STTUC) within a workplace setting. It also investigates affective and behavioral responses outperformers may enact to decrease effects thought to be associated with STTUC. Because of the novelty of investigating STTUC in a field sample, the actual nature of the relationships among STTUC and the focal study variables were examined in multiple ways. Specifically, workplace outperformers’ interpersonal sensitivity, empathic concern, and competitive psychological climate, along with actual threat experienced by the outperformed, were all expected to increase the likelihood …

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Psychometric Validity For The Matson Evaluation Of Drug Side Effects And The Akathisia Rating Of Movement Scale, Mark Joseph Garcia Jan 2006

Psychometric Validity For The Matson Evaluation Of Drug Side Effects And The Akathisia Rating Of Movement Scale, Mark Joseph Garcia

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Akathisia is a movement disorder characterized by a sense of restlessness and increased motor activity. Movement disorders are primarily an iatrogenic result of mediation use. In the case of akathisia, this syndrome is easily misdiagnosed as a psychiatric disorder. As a result, there is a need to development greater awareness and encourage research on akathisia and the movement disorder field at large. Accordingly, the APA has included research criteria for the movement disorder syndromes in the Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual since the fourth revision. The purpose of this project was to …

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Detection And Survival Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Cattle Water Troughs And The Effects Of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Against Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Biofilms On The Surface Of Stainless Steel, Sajida Begum Plauche Jan 2006

Detection And Survival Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Cattle Water Troughs And The Effects Of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Against Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Biofilms On The Surface Of Stainless Steel, Sajida Begum Plauche

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging food pathogen that was first identified as a cause of illness in 1982. According to CDC (The Center for Disease Control and Prevention) estimates, E. coli O157:H7 is responsible for about 73,000 illnesses, 2,000 hospitalizations and 60 deaths in the United States each year. Cattle are the principal reservoir of E. coli O157:H7. Contamination of feed and drinking water with cattle feces is an importance factor in the prevalence of infection in cattle which, in turn, results in contamination of food and the environment. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a very persistent pathogen and has …

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Direct Detection Of Homocysteine And Syntheses Of Lanthanide Complexes As Biosensors, Weihua Wang Jan 2006

Direct Detection Of Homocysteine And Syntheses Of Lanthanide Complexes As Biosensors, Weihua Wang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

At elevated levels, homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer’s disease. It’s also implicated in a number of other diseases such as neural tube defects, pregnancy complications, and renal failures. The monitoring of Hcy levels in plasma is of current concern. To date, the biochemical mechanism by which Hcy is involved in disease states is unclear. Herein, we describe highly selective colorimetric methods for the direct determination of Hcy. Inexpensive, commercially available materials are reported. The results show potential application for the detection of Hcy in human blood plasma. Additionally, new HPLC postcolumn detection methods for …

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Measuring Player Perceptions Of Advertising In Online Games, Ben Lewis Jan 2006

Measuring Player Perceptions Of Advertising In Online Games, Ben Lewis

LSU Master's Theses

An experiment with 100 participants aged 18-24 was conducted to measure the effects of advertising in an online role-playing computer game on perceived interactivity and other aspects of gameplay experience. Results from a post-test questionnaire revealed insight into players' attitudes toward advertising in video game environments, and reflected varying levels of advertising awareness and recall, message recognition, and factors in purchasing habits. Results suggested that while advertising in online games can sometimes trigger high advertising awareness rates, it can also reduce a game's perceived sense of realism and genuinely annoy players if not appropriately coordinated with the game environment. Whereas …

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Analysis Of Consumer Attitudes And Their Willingness To Pay For Functional Foods, Cate Nakaweesa Munene Jan 2006

Analysis Of Consumer Attitudes And Their Willingness To Pay For Functional Foods, Cate Nakaweesa Munene

LSU Master's Theses

Survey data collected from randomly selected participants within the four geographical regions of the U.S. were used to evaluate consumer attitudes towards functional foods and determine their willingness to pay for these foods. Contingent valuation using the payment card method was used to elicit premiums that consumers are willing to pay for a spread that maintains a healthy heart (spread A), a spread that is proven to significantly reduce cholesterol (spread B) and a loaf of bread that may reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers (bread A). Ordered probit regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect …

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Public Affairs Advertising: Corporate Influence, Public Opinion And Vote Intentions Under The Third-Person Effect, Anita Grace Day Jan 2006

Public Affairs Advertising: Corporate Influence, Public Opinion And Vote Intentions Under The Third-Person Effect, Anita Grace Day

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study examined corporate public affairs and brand awareness advertising under the third-person effect. Third-person effect studies examine the interaction between the media and its effect on public opinion. Past research in third-person effect indicates that individuals perceive that the media is more influential on others than oneself. However, recent studies find a reverse effect, where individuals perceive a greater effect on oneself when compared to others when media messages are positive and desirable to be influenced by. Findings from this study indicate that ExxonMobil public affairs advertisements are found to be socially desirable to be influenced by and that …

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Painful Discourses: Borders, Regions, And Representations Of Female Circumcision From Africa To America, Tameka Latrece Cage Jan 2006

Painful Discourses: Borders, Regions, And Representations Of Female Circumcision From Africa To America, Tameka Latrece Cage

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This project considers issues of representation and how literature, personal testimony, popular culture, and African film script a narrative of change and/or participate in change in the female circumcision debate. Texts that currently shape the female circumcision debate are increasingly focused on viable methods of social change and couch issues of change in dynamics of discourse and representation, including Obioma Nnaemeka’s Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge: African Women in Imperialist Discourses, Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf’s Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, and Oyèrónké Oyewùmi’s African Women and Feminism: Reflecting on the Politics of Sisterhood, all of which I cite in the …

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Repression And Reduction: The Apparatchik's Discourse In The Works Of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge And George Orwell, Jason Paul Juneau Jan 2006

Repression And Reduction: The Apparatchik's Discourse In The Works Of Ammianus Marcellinus, Denis Diderot, Victor Serge And George Orwell, Jason Paul Juneau

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In monopolizing political power, the state claims to possess the best idea towards leading a society and solving its problems. While these claims may vary according to regime, all face the eventual failure of expectation on the part of its subjects. No regime can master all the variables in running the country, and so it must convince their subjects otherwise of its legitimacy, despite the reality of their failure. The apparatchik’s discourse is the interaction of the state’s discourse and that of its institutions. This discourse is used to uphold the state’s legitimacy through the expertise of its institutions. The …

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Heroic Individualism: The Hero As Author In Democratic Culture, Alan I. Baily Jan 2006

Heroic Individualism: The Hero As Author In Democratic Culture, Alan I. Baily

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

My study focuses on the literature of democratic morality, with specific reference to the question of "heroic individualism." I attempt to elucidate the notion of heroic individualism by examining three modern democratic moralists whose work occupies the space between politics and literature: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Carlyle and Friedrich Nietzsche. In brief, I conclude that the central aspiration of heroic individualism is to bridge the gap between writing and action, the Text and the Voice. The dialogue among Rousseau, Carlyle, and Nietzsche reveals that the problem of writing as action is central to heroic-individualist morality. Each of these authors demonstrates …

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Wavelet Analysis In Virtual Colonoscopy, Sharon Greenblum, Jiang Li, Adam Huang, Ronald M. Summers, Armando Manduca (Ed.), Amir A. Amini (Ed.) Jan 2006

Wavelet Analysis In Virtual Colonoscopy, Sharon Greenblum, Jiang Li, Adam Huang, Ronald M. Summers, Armando Manduca (Ed.), Amir A. Amini (Ed.)

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The computed tomographic colonography (CTC) computer aided detection (CAD) program is a new method in development to detect colon polyps in virtual colonoscopy. While high sensitivity is consistently achieved, additional features are desired to increase specificity. In this paper, a wavelet analysis was applied to CTCCAD outputs in an attempt to filter out false positive detections. 52 CTCCAD detection images were obtained using a screen capture application. 26 of these images were real polyps, confirmed by optical colonoscopy and 26 were false positive detections. A discrete wavelet transform of each image was computed with the MATLAB wavelet toolbox using the …

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Hybrid Committee Classifier For A Computerized Colonic Polyp Detection System, Jiang Li, Jianhua Yao, Nicholas Petrick, Ronald M. Summers, Amy K. Hara, Joseph M. Reinhardt (Ed.), Josien P.W. Pluim (Ed.) Jan 2006

Hybrid Committee Classifier For A Computerized Colonic Polyp Detection System, Jiang Li, Jianhua Yao, Nicholas Petrick, Ronald M. Summers, Amy K. Hara, Joseph M. Reinhardt (Ed.), Josien P.W. Pluim (Ed.)

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

We present a hybrid committee classifier for computer-aided detection (CAD) of colonic polyps in CT colonography (CTC). The classifier involved an ensemble of support vector machines (SVM) and neural networks (NN) for classification, a progressive search algorithm for selecting a set of features used by the SVMs and a floating search algorithm for selecting features used by the NNs. A total of 102 quantitative features were calculated for each polyp candidate found by a prototype CAD system. 3 features were selected for each of 7 SVM classifiers which were then combined to form a committee of SVMs classifier. Similarly, features …

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"A Kind Providence" And "The Right To Self Preservation": How Andrew Jackson, Emersonian Whiggery, And Frontier Calvinism Shaped The Course Of American Political Culture, Ryan Ruckel Jan 2006

"A Kind Providence" And "The Right To Self Preservation": How Andrew Jackson, Emersonian Whiggery, And Frontier Calvinism Shaped The Course Of American Political Culture, Ryan Ruckel

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Andrew Jackson has inspired numerous biographies and works of historical scholarship, but his religious views have attracted very little attention. Jackson may have been a giant on the political landscape, but he was also a human being, an ordinary American who experienced the same difficulties and challenges as other Americans of the early nineteenth century. Another common experience for many Americans of Jackson’s day included church life, revivals, and efforts to conceptualize every day events within the context of religious experience. Finding out where Jackson stood on religion and what role religion played in his thinking helps situate him as …

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Monoclonal And Phage-Displayed Antibodies As Lipopolysaccharide Serotyping Reagents And Their Use In Typing Colony Variants Of Vibrio Vulnificus, Randall M. Schulz Jan 2006

Monoclonal And Phage-Displayed Antibodies As Lipopolysaccharide Serotyping Reagents And Their Use In Typing Colony Variants Of Vibrio Vulnificus, Randall M. Schulz

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative organism that is found in estuarine environments. The bacterium is capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia, often resulting in death for susceptible individuals. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to five lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-serovars have previously been used as a serotyping system in epidemiological studies. Here is the first report of two additional MAbs capable of recognizing two new LPS serovars (O6 and O7), further increasing the number of V. vulnificus that can be typed. Analysis of V. vulnificus isolates from the United States, Europe, and Asia demonstrated that the O1/O5 serovar is dominate in clinical …

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The Influence Of Tobacco Merchant Education And Enforcement Activities On The Rate Of Tobacco Use Among Youth In Louisiana, Leslie Hope Brougham Jan 2006

The Influence Of Tobacco Merchant Education And Enforcement Activities On The Rate Of Tobacco Use Among Youth In Louisiana, Leslie Hope Brougham

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study is two-fold: 1) to determine whether a relationship exists between the self-reported tobacco use by secondary students in Louisiana and the tobacco sale rate to persons under the age of 18 in those parishes; and 2) to investigate the relationship between merchant education in a parish and the parish tobacco sale rate to persons under the age of 18 in those parishes. Multiple data sources were utilized to include tobacco use among secondary students, education provided to merchants, and tobacco sales to minors compliance checks. Aggregated parish data for each of the data sources were …

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