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2006

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Multiple Disadvantages Of Mayan Females: The Effects Of Gender, Ethnicity, Poverty, And Residence On Education In Guatemala, Kelly Hallman, Sara Peracca, Jennifer Catino, Marta Julia Ruiz Jan 2006

Multiple Disadvantages Of Mayan Females: The Effects Of Gender, Ethnicity, Poverty, And Residence On Education In Guatemala, Kelly Hallman, Sara Peracca, Jennifer Catino, Marta Julia Ruiz

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Although access to primary education in Guatemala has increased in recent years, particularly in rural areas, levels of educational attainment and literacy remain among the lowest in Latin America. Inequalities in school access and grade attainment linked to ethnicity, gender, poverty, and residence remain. Age trends show that Mayan females are the least likely to ever enroll, and, if they do enroll, start school the latest and drop out earliest. Innovative programs for girls that combine instruction with social interaction in safe local community spaces may increase their educational attainment and their social networks and means of social support. In …

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How Long Will We Live?, John Bongaarts Jan 2006

How Long Will We Live?, John Bongaarts

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

After a brief review of the controversy about future trends, this Population Council working paper examines past trends in the components of life expectancy at birth in high-income countries with low levels of mortality. The projection of these components provides the basis for assessing plausible future trends in longevity. Large increases in conventional life expectancy before 1950 are found to be primarily attributable to reductions in juvenile and background mortality. After 1950 the rate of improvement in life expectancy slowed, but senescent mortality fell more rapidly than before, thus becoming the main cause of rising life expectancy at birth. The …

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Living Up To Their Name: Profamilia Takes On Gender-Based Violence, Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Rachel E. Goldberg Jan 2006

Living Up To Their Name: Profamilia Takes On Gender-Based Violence, Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Rachel E. Goldberg

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This issue of Quality/Calidad/Qualité describes the evolution of Profamilia through its work on gender-based violence in the Domincan Republic.Their project was conceived along two simultaneous paths: providing support services directly to women and girls who had experienced violence and initiating advocacy in the wider policy arena. Profamilia joined the commission that ultimately designed and promoted a law to increase protection against violence, especially domestic violence against women and children. Although the clinics now run a dynamic service program, the agency has also sustained its advocacy activities. Most of Profamilia’s advocacy work is undertaken in partnership with other NGOs or with …

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Slow Fertility Transition In Egypt: Reaching Policy-Makers And Program Managers With The Findings, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Rania Roushdy, John B. Casterline Jan 2006

Slow Fertility Transition In Egypt: Reaching Policy-Makers And Program Managers With The Findings, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Rania Roushdy, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Following a period of relatively rapid decline in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Egyptian fertility decline slowed down during the later part of the 1990s. The main objective of the Slow Fertility Transition (SFT) project was to better understand the current slow pace of fertility decline in Egypt and to identify policies that can facilitate decline to replacement level. This project investigated attitudes toward childbearing and, in particular, receptivity to the two-child family. The SFT project re-interviewed a subsample of 3,286 currently married women who had been interviewed in the 2003 EIDHS. Two further samples were also interviewed in …

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Facts About Adolescents From The Demographic And Health Survey—Statistical Tables For Program Planning: Malawi 2000, Population Council Jan 2006

Facts About Adolescents From The Demographic And Health Survey—Statistical Tables For Program Planning: Malawi 2000, Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The Population Council initiated its work on adolescents in the mid-1990s. At that time, those advocating greater attention to adolescent issues were concerned about adolescent fertility—particularly outside of marriage—and adolescent “risk-taking” behavior. As an international scientific organization with its mandate centered around the needs of developing countries, the Council sought a more nuanced and context-specific understanding of the problems confronting adolescents in the developing world. In working with colleagues inside and outside the Council, it became clear that information on adolescents, and the way data are organized, were limiting the ability to understand the diversity of their experiences or to …

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Integrating Adolescent Livelihood Activities Within A Reproductive Health Programme For Urban Slum Dwellers In India, Population Council Jan 2006

Integrating Adolescent Livelihood Activities Within A Reproductive Health Programme For Urban Slum Dwellers In India, Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Although a wide variety of livelihood programs for adult women exist in India, they rarely include adolescent girls. Of those that do, few employ rigorous scientific methods to evaluate program impact. This brief describes a project conducted in slum areas of Allahabad, in Uttar Pradesh. The Population Council, in collaboration with CARE-India, tested the feasibility and impact of adding four livelihoods and life-skill components to a reproductive health program for adolescent girls (both school-going and out-of-school) aged 14–19. Using a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design that contrasted the experimental group with a comparison group of adolescents, the project investigated whether …

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Formation Of Partnerships Among Young Women And Men In Pune District, Maharashtra, Population Council Jan 2006

Formation Of Partnerships Among Young Women And Men In Pune District, Maharashtra, Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Aside from their educational attainment, economic activity levels, and age at marriage, little is known about the lives of young people in India, especially the extent to which and the contexts in which they form romantic, marital, and other partnerships or the nature of these partnerships. At a time when India's youth policy and reproductive and child health programs have acknowledged the need to focus on youth, it is central that these gaps in understanding are filled. The KEM Hospital Research Centre and the Population Council conducted a study in Maharashtra in 2003–05 to obtain information on romantic and sexual …

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Youth In India: Situation And Needs Study, Population Council Jan 2006

Youth In India: Situation And Needs Study, Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Youth aged 15–24 represent 20 percent of the Indian population. This cohort faces significant risks related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and many lack the knowledge and power to make informed SRH choices. Information on intimate partnerships among youth, female and male, married and unmarried, is sparse and evidence is practically nonexistent that identifies the factors that protect young people's ability to ensure safe SRH and their autonomy to make informed decisions. This brief describes a subnational study of young people's situation and needs that aims to fill these gaps. Six states were selected for study, representing different geographical …

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Tap And Reposition Youth (Try) Program: Providing Social Support, Savings, And Microcredit Opportunities To Adolescent Girls At Risk For Hiv/Aids In Kenya, Joan Hall, Aleke Dondo, Jennefer Sebstad Jan 2006

Tap And Reposition Youth (Try) Program: Providing Social Support, Savings, And Microcredit Opportunities To Adolescent Girls At Risk For Hiv/Aids In Kenya, Joan Hall, Aleke Dondo, Jennefer Sebstad

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This brief was commissioned by the Population Council to complement its two previous publications on the TRY project. The two previous publications contain data and information essential for understanding the project and its results, although they do not analyze the microfinance component in depth. In contrast, this brief was written by microfinance practitioners for a microfinance audience. In 1998, the Population Council and K-Rep (a Kenyan microfinance institution) developed a microfinance approach to address livelihood-strategy constraints for adolescent girls at risk for HIV/AIDS in an urban slum in Kenya. The initiative was named the Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) program, …

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Measuring Women's Work: A Methodological Exploration, Ray Langsten, Rania Salem Jan 2006

Measuring Women's Work: A Methodological Exploration, Ray Langsten, Rania Salem

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In this working paper, the authors contrast two approaches to the measurement of women’s work applied to the same population of ever-married women. These women were interviewed on two occasions—first during the 2003 Interim Egypt DHS, and again during the Slow Fertility Transition (SFT) survey conducted in 2004. The DHS uses a standard keyword question to measure work, while the SFT employs an activities list question format. The authors argue that the widely used keyword approaches to measuring women’s work underestimate the level of female labor force activity. They demonstrate that the activities list approach captures a wider range of …

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Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment Pakistan, 2005–06, Arshad Mahmood Jan 2006

Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment Pakistan, 2005–06, Arshad Mahmood

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The 7.6-magnitude earthquake on October 8, 2005, caused a large number of deaths, and left more than 100,000 people injured and an estimated 3 million people displaced or homeless. To assist the Government of Pakistan in the preparation of a rehabilitation plan, the first step was to identify the vulnerable people living in the tent camps. The Population Council completed an assessment survey of the camps in the earthquake area. This assessment is distinctive from the surveys carried out previously, since it collects socio-demographic and vulnerability indicators about each individual. The assessment is useful in tracking the conditions of especially …

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Investing When It Counts: Generating The Evidence Base For Policies And Programmes For Very Young Adolescents—Guide And Tool Kit, Erica Chong, Kelly Hallman, Martha Brady Jan 2006

Investing When It Counts: Generating The Evidence Base For Policies And Programmes For Very Young Adolescents—Guide And Tool Kit, Erica Chong, Kelly Hallman, Martha Brady

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

No abstract provided.

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Tap And Reposition Youth (Try): Providing Social Support, Savings, And Microcredit Opportunities For Young Women In Areas With High Hiv Prevalence, Annabel Erulkar, Judith Bruce, Aleke Dondo, Jennefer Sebstad, James K. Matheka, Arjmand Banu Khan, Anne Gathuku Jan 2006

Tap And Reposition Youth (Try): Providing Social Support, Savings, And Microcredit Opportunities For Young Women In Areas With High Hiv Prevalence, Annabel Erulkar, Judith Bruce, Aleke Dondo, Jennefer Sebstad, James K. Matheka, Arjmand Banu Khan, Anne Gathuku

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a multiphase initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency (KDA), the oldest and largest microfinance institution in Kenya. The overall aim of the project was to reduce adolescents’ vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes, including HIV infection, by improving their livelihoods options. The project was launched in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi, Kenya, where rates of HIV infection are alarming and where young women are disproportionately affected.

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Policy Lessons Of The East Asian Demographic Transition, Geoffrey Mcnicoll Jan 2006

Policy Lessons Of The East Asian Demographic Transition, Geoffrey Mcnicoll

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The usual lessons drawn from East Asia’s striking experience of health and fertility transition concern the efficacy of well-designed government programs catering to an existing or ideationally stimulated demand. An alternative interpretation sees the demographic change—and the uptake of services—as a by-product of social and economic development together with, in some cases, strong government pressures. This Population Council working paper probes more deeply into this experience, seeking to identify common features of development design and administration that underlies it and to derive lessons for policies elsewhere. The broad sequence entailed, initially, establishment of an effective, typically authoritarian, system of local …

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Tap And Reposition Youth (Try): Providing Social Support, Savings, And Microcredit Opportunities For Young Women In Areas With High Hiv Prevalence, Annabel Erulkar, Judith Bruce, Erica Chong, Aleke Dondo, Jennefer Sebstad, James K. Matheka, Arjmand Banu Khan, Anne Gathuku Jan 2006

Tap And Reposition Youth (Try): Providing Social Support, Savings, And Microcredit Opportunities For Young Women In Areas With High Hiv Prevalence, Annabel Erulkar, Judith Bruce, Erica Chong, Aleke Dondo, Jennefer Sebstad, James K. Matheka, Arjmand Banu Khan, Anne Gathuku

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Nairobi, Kenya is home to one of the largest slum populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Adolescents living in these slums, especially girls, are cut off from the potentially protective environments of school and family and lack safe economic opportunities. Unemployment is a major concern for adolescent girls, and desperate circumstances force them to survive however they can: 21 percent of sexually active girls aged 15–19 report exchanging sex for money or gifts. This heightened vulnerability is reflected in rates of HIV infection. In response to these circumstances, the Population Council and microfinance institution K-Rep Development Agency collaborated on the implementation of …

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Influencing Girls' Lives: Acceptability And Effectiveness Of A Livelihoods Skill Building Intervention In Gujarat, Sewa, Sewa Academy, Shveta Kalyanwala, Rajib Acharya, Sunetra Deshpande Jan 2006

Influencing Girls' Lives: Acceptability And Effectiveness Of A Livelihoods Skill Building Intervention In Gujarat, Sewa, Sewa Academy, Shveta Kalyanwala, Rajib Acharya, Sunetra Deshpande

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), a key Indian micro-finance nongovernmental organization, in partnership with the Population Council, undertook a pilot livelihoods skill-building program to support adolescent girls aged 13–19 years (mostly unmarried, in school and out of school). Like other such programs, this livelihoods program focused on exposing girls to new ideas, building social networks, exposing them to the world around them, and providing the technical skills needed to enhance their access to income generating opportunities. The study’s findings are mixed, but suggest that a life and livelihoods skill-building intervention program for girls is acceptable to adolescents (and their …

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Poverty, Wealth Inequality, And Health Among Older Adults In Rural Cambodia, Zachary Zimmer Jan 2006

Poverty, Wealth Inequality, And Health Among Older Adults In Rural Cambodia, Zachary Zimmer

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This working paper examines the distribution of household wealth and tests whether associations exist between wealth inequality and health outcomes among older adults living in one of the world’s poorest regions, rural Cambodia. Results confirm difficult economic conditions among most elderly in rural Cambodia. This study suggests there is some validity to generalizing the relationship between wealth inequality and health to extremely poor populations and that a very small difference in wealth makes a relatively large difference in regard to the association with health among those living in impoverished surroundings.

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Criminal Defamation And The Evolution Of The Doctrine Of Freedom Of Expression In International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence Of The Inter-American Court Of Human Rights, Jo Pasqualucci Jan 2006

Criminal Defamation And The Evolution Of The Doctrine Of Freedom Of Expression In International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence Of The Inter-American Court Of Human Rights, Jo Pasqualucci

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The Evolution Of International Indigenous Rights In The Inter-American Human Rights System, Jo Pasqualucci Jan 2006

The Evolution Of International Indigenous Rights In The Inter-American Human Rights System, Jo Pasqualucci

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Reaping The Whirlwind: Federal Oil And Gas Development On Private Lands In The Rocky Mountain West, Keith G. Bauerle Jan 2006

Reaping The Whirlwind: Federal Oil And Gas Development On Private Lands In The Rocky Mountain West, Keith G. Bauerle

Denver Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Civil Disobedience In The Jury Room: Give Juries The Right To Go With Their Power, Robert J. Gallaghe Jan 2006

Civil Disobedience In The Jury Room: Give Juries The Right To Go With Their Power, Robert J. Gallaghe

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

This Comment will argue that jury nullification is not only a power enjoyed by juries throughout America, but a duty conferred on jurors, and a part of the criminal justice system that should be embraced, not hidden from sight. Part I will highlight the historical origins and justifications of jury nullification. It will also discuss jury nullification in its contemporary context. Part II will address some of the criticisms of jury nullification and provide responses to those criticisms. Finally, Part III will propose a framework for integrating jury nullification into the regular criminal justice process.

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Through The Looking Glass: Judicial Deference To Academic Decision-Making, Douglas K. Rush Jan 2006

Through The Looking Glass: Judicial Deference To Academic Decision-Making, Douglas K. Rush

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

This paper will review the statutory mandates of Section 504 and the ADA and examine the extent to which courts are willing to defer to institutional decisions concerning program modifications to accommodate learning disabled students. Courts have long recognized that academic decision-makers are entitled to deference, especially when their decisions concern issues related to educational programs. Courts must be vigilant, however, to properly weigh their role as the enforcers of Congressional legislation against the judicial policy of deference to academic decisions. Section I of this article will review the federal statutory and regulatory frameworks governing disability accommodations as they relate …

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Coining Children's Blood Into Capital: Can Precepts Of International Law End Economic Exploitation Of Children, Valerie L 'Herrou Jan 2006

Coining Children's Blood Into Capital: Can Precepts Of International Law End Economic Exploitation Of Children, Valerie L 'Herrou

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

Article 32 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ("UN Convention") states that parties to the convention must "recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development." Despite this well-intentioned document and several other treaties, conventions and protocols, millions of children around the world are subjected to varying degrees of economic exploitation, some in conditions that are akin to …

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A Sociolinguistic Perspective Toward Hiatus Resolution In Mexico City Spanish, Matthew Anthony Vuskovich Jan 2006

A Sociolinguistic Perspective Toward Hiatus Resolution In Mexico City Spanish, Matthew Anthony Vuskovich

LSU Master's Theses

Vowels occurring adjacently across word boundaries form what is known as hiatus. In orthographic pronunciation, hiatus is defined by the brief pause between the two vowels as in yo – estoy and la – economía, where ‘-‘ represents a pause. However, since speakers of Spanish (or any other natural language) do not always pronounce orthographically when engaging in colloquial speech, the hiatus undergoes a variety of changes in order to accommodate certain phonological constraints. These changes are referred to as hiatus resolution and include vowel weakening, glide formation and vowel elision. As reported by the numerous studies of Spanish dialectology …

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Report Of William & Mary Marshall-Wythe School Of Law 2005-2006, William & Mary Law School Jan 2006

Report Of William & Mary Marshall-Wythe School Of Law 2005-2006, William & Mary Law School

Annual Report

No abstract provided.

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The Manner Of Mystery: Free Indirect Discourse And Epiphany In The Stories Of Flannery O'Connor, Denise Hopkins Jan 2006

The Manner Of Mystery: Free Indirect Discourse And Epiphany In The Stories Of Flannery O'Connor, Denise Hopkins

LSU Master's Theses

This project addresses the narrative voice(s) in Flannery O’Connor’s short stories, particularly in relation to her conception of art. O’Connor critics often polarize the cultural and religious worth of her stories. As a Catholic, O’Connor was convinced that the “the ultimate reality is the Incarnation” (HB 92). As an artist, O’Connor believed that fiction should begin with a writer’s attention to the natural world as she comprehends it through the senses. It is no wonder, then, that her fiction lends itself well to critics interested in both her theology and her presentation of issues of race, class, and gender. My …

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Admissions Brochure 2006-2007, William & Mary Law School Jan 2006

Admissions Brochure 2006-2007, William & Mary Law School

Admissions Brochures

No abstract provided.

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Language Classification And Manipulation In Romania And Moldova, Chase Faucheux Jan 2006

Language Classification And Manipulation In Romania And Moldova, Chase Faucheux

LSU Master's Theses

Linguistic classification is a scientific methodology for categorizing the languages of the world. However, the tools and methods of linguistic classification have been used to various degrees by political entities to further nationalistic agendas. This thesis assesses the role of linguistic classification in nationality and politics, and addresses the disjunct between true linguistic classification, based on genealogical, areal, and typological features, and language designation, based on political and nationalistic motives. This thesis uses the Romanian language as a vehicle for illustrating both linguistic classification methods as well as how these methods have been manipulated for non-linguistic reasons both internally by …

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Evaluation Of Weed Control Strategies In Second Generation Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum), Derek Mclain Scroggs Jan 2006

Evaluation Of Weed Control Strategies In Second Generation Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum), Derek Mclain Scroggs

LSU Master's Theses

Field trials conducted over two years evaluated weed control programs in second generation glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In a co-application study, glyphosate applied alone at the standard rate or in combination with acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, dicrotophos, dimethoate, emanectin benzoate, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, methoxyfenozide, spinosad, thiamethoxam, zeta-cypermethrin, mepiquat pentaborate, sodium calcium borate, and a foliar nitrogen fertilizer resulted in similar control of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] (96-97%), johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] (98%), hemp sesbania [Sesbania herbacea (P. Mill.) McVaugh] (66-73%), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) (67-72%), and sicklepod [Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & …

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Whaddya Want? It's Coney Island!: Tourism, Play And Memory In The Illegible City, Elizabeth Healy Matassa Jan 2006

Whaddya Want? It's Coney Island!: Tourism, Play And Memory In The Illegible City, Elizabeth Healy Matassa

LSU Master's Theses

In the post-industrial American city, the question of what urban space means seems far less important then how it is lived through the dynamic struggles of city dwellers to claim these spaces as their own. These struggles to define urban space are not always overtly political and thus must be examined through the more everyday, sometimes unconscious practices of city dwellers. This thesis attempts to valorize the emotional work of cities through an ethnographic study of Coney Island, Brooklyn. Coney Island is examined first as an urban space which allows tourists to move beyond traditional practices of visual consumption, then …

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