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Associating Molecular Markers With Phenotypes In Sweetpotatoes And Liriopogons Using Multivariate Statistical Modeling, Thomas Mwamburi Mcharo
Associating Molecular Markers With Phenotypes In Sweetpotatoes And Liriopogons Using Multivariate Statistical Modeling, Thomas Mwamburi Mcharo
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Two horticultural crops, the ornamental liriopogon and the sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], were analyzed for morphological, quantitative and molecular marker variation using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and various multivariate statistical techniques. Ornamental cultivars in genera Liriope and Ophiopogon were analyzed for relatedness using AFLP marker data and statistical clustering methods. Marker data did not substantiate the separation of these two genera. Greater than 95 % of the total genetic variability present was attributed to within group variation (P < 0.05). Trait-linked molecular markers were identified using Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, logistic regression and discriminant analysis in the studies involving sweetpotato. The traits studied included dry matter content, virus disease resistance, root-knot nematode resistance, sugar content and -carotene content. Analysis of molecular variance found significant (P <0.001) differences between two phenotypic groups from unrelated genotypes for dry matter data. Using 14 markers selected through discriminant analysis the phenotypic grouping was validated with a zero error rate. Eighty-seven F1 sweetpotato genotypes from a cross of ‘Tanzania’ and ‘Wagabolige’ landraces were used to generate AFLP and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker profiles for this study. One AFLP marker linked to sweetpotato chlorotic stunt closterovirus resistance and one RAPD marker linked to sweetpotato feathery mottle virus resistance previously identified by traditional mapping strategies were selected plus new markers. Two diverse F1 populations of sweetpotato were used to identify and select markers suitable for identification of plants possessing a resistant reaction to southern root-knot nematode race 3 [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood]. Results for plant nematode resistance indicated a binomial distribution among the genotypes for population 1 and a normal distribution for population 2. A comparison of the power of discriminant analysis models for southern root-knot nematode resistance class prediction achieved 88% classification efficiencies. An F1 population of 73 clones consisting of parents and half-sibs was grouped into 2 phenotypic classes based on their sugar and ß-carotene content. Logistic regression and discriminant analysis selected meaningful markers that had significant associations with each of the traits. These results validated discriminant analysis and logistic regression as meaningful trait-linked marker selection methods.
The Influence Of Presidential Operational Code Beliefs On U.S. Foreign Policy Actions In The Middle East, Samuel Robison
The Influence Of Presidential Operational Code Beliefs On U.S. Foreign Policy Actions In The Middle East, Samuel Robison
LSU Master's Theses
Empirical research on U.S. foreign policy has largely assumed that the president’s influence is subordinate to global and domestic political constraints. This idea is given further weight by the fact that, even within the political psychology literature, there is scant large-n, quantitative evidence supporting the notion that leaders matter. This study is an attempt to explore the influence of U.S. presidential psychological characteristics on foreign policy actions through assessment of two operational code constructs: “image of the political universe” (P-1), and “strategic preferences” (I-1). This is assessed through an extensive sample of operational code beliefs for every president from Ronald …
Evidence Of Neotectonic Activity In Southwest Louisiana, Jordan Oliver Heltz
Evidence Of Neotectonic Activity In Southwest Louisiana, Jordan Oliver Heltz
LSU Master's Theses
A methodology that combines high-resolution topographic mapping, field observations, subsurface evaluation, and geodetic data analysis has successfully located several fault-related geomorphic steps in an area of southwestern Louisiana once thought to be relatively devoid of such features. Comparison of height differences of benchmarks straddling these suspected fault-related steps shows that vertical displacement rates on faults in the study area ranged from about 2 mm/yr to as much as 6 mm/yr during the 1960’s and 1970’s. However, leveling data obtained as recently as January 2005 reveals that the majority of these faults are currently moving at rates of less than 1 …
A Comparative Study Of The United States Marine Corps And The Imperial Japanese Army In The Central Pacific War Through The Experiences Of Clifton Joseph Cormier And Hiroo Onoda, John Earl Domingue
A Comparative Study Of The United States Marine Corps And The Imperial Japanese Army In The Central Pacific War Through The Experiences Of Clifton Joseph Cormier And Hiroo Onoda, John Earl Domingue
LSU Master's Theses
This thesis is a biographical description of the lives of two men that fought in the Pacific War, 1941-1945. One was a member of the Third Marine Division, the other a member of the Imperial Japanese Army stationed on Lubang Island in the Philippines. They were connected by a very intense, almost Paleolithic conflict across the vastness of the Pacific Ocean. Primary sources were drawn from the two privately published books by both. Clifton Cormier's A Postcard From Joseph (2002) and Onoda's No Surrender, My Thirty Year War (1974). In addition, Clifton Cormier graciously supplied self-written newspaper articles, private telephone …
Intrinsic Stress And High Temperature Properties Of Metal-Contanining Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Coatings, Bo Shi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A detailed examination of the intrinsic stress development and mechanical properties of titanium-containing hydrogenated amorphous carbon (Ti-C:H) and W-C:H coatings, deposited in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) assisted hybrid chemical/physical vapor deposition (CVD/PVD) environment was carried out. Intrinsic stresses within those coatings were found to be compressive and dependent on compositions. The intrinsic compression within Ti-C:H was further shown to be significantly influenced by the energy of ionic species bombarding the substrate during growth. The results suggested that ion bombardment played a significant role in intrinsic stress generation within Ti-C:H, and was likely to influence stress development in other low …
Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Biological Membranes In The Presence Of Cryoprotectants, Dinesh Pinisetty
Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Biological Membranes In The Presence Of Cryoprotectants, Dinesh Pinisetty
LSU Master's Theses
Cryopreservation is a process that is characterized by the transport of water and cryoprotectants through the cell membrane. This phenomenon has been studied in extensive detail at the macroscopic (µm) scale but in a somewhat more limited fashion at the microscopic (nm) scale. In this study we develop several lipid bilayer models to approximate a cell membrane (nm) and present the effect of several different cryoprotectants on the structural characteristics of these lipid bilayers using molecular dynamic simulations. The lipid bilayer models included dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and palmitoyleylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) while the cryoprotectants included methanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The molecular …
A Correlational Study Examining The Relationship Between Invented Spelling And Beginning Reading, Jane Mcdaniel Grove
A Correlational Study Examining The Relationship Between Invented Spelling And Beginning Reading, Jane Mcdaniel Grove
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This research study was designed to investigate correlations between invented spelling patterns and beginning reading for low-performing and on-level boys and girls in kindergarten. Two research questions were examined: (1) Is there a statistically significant relationship between invented spelling as displayed in task and reading skills as measured by DIBELS? and (2) Does the performance displayed in task and reading skills as measured by DIBELS differ significantly for boys and girls in kindergarten? Student performance data was gathered using extant school Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) benchmarks at collected at midyear of kindergarten. It was hypothesized that …
Ecotoxicology Of Metal-Hydrocarbon Mixtures In Benthic Invertebrates, Kurt A. Gust
Ecotoxicology Of Metal-Hydrocarbon Mixtures In Benthic Invertebrates, Kurt A. Gust
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Metal-hydrocarbon mixtures are becoming increasingly prevalent in natural environments due to expanding industrial activity and urbanization. The ecotoxicology of metal-hydrocarbon mixtures in benthic environments is of particular concern because both classes of contaminants partition to sediments and can thereby exert toxic effects in benthic organisms. Mixtures of dissimilar chemicals (including metals and hydrocarbons) are broadly hypothesized to elicit independent toxic effects however; this hypothesis has little supporting data. The purpose of this dissertation was to test this hypothesis for metal-hydrocarbon mixtures using environmentally relevant exposures and to determine mechanisms for observed interactive effects. Sediment and water-only bioassays were conducted employing …
Zeolite And Metal Oxide Catalysts For The Production Of Dimethyl Sulfide And Methanethiol, Craig Plaisance
Zeolite And Metal Oxide Catalysts For The Production Of Dimethyl Sulfide And Methanethiol, Craig Plaisance
LSU Master's Theses
Metal oxide and zeolite catalysts were examined to determine their suitability for the production of methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide from the condensation of methanol and hydrogen sulfide. Fixed bed reactor experiments were used to test the catalysts in these processes. The acid sites of these catalysts were characterized by investigating the thermal desorption of 1-propanamine from these sites. It was found that WO3/ZrO2, La2O3/Al2O3, g-Al2O3, and HZSM-5 catalysts were active and selective in the production of dimethyl sulfide. On these four catalysts, the reaction converting methanol to dimethyl ether and the methanethiol disproportionation reaction were fast and close to equilibrium. …
Coverage Of The 2003 Post-Election Protests In Azerbaijan: Impact Of Media Ownership On Objectivity, Ilgar Khudiyev
Coverage Of The 2003 Post-Election Protests In Azerbaijan: Impact Of Media Ownership On Objectivity, Ilgar Khudiyev
LSU Master's Theses
The purpose of this study is to determine bias in press news coverage of the 2003 post-election street protests, which resulted from the presidential election in Azerbaijan. This study provides a look at the extent of state and private media ownership of newspapers in Azerbaijan conducting a content analysis of three highly circulated local newspapers, one state owned and the others privately owned, during a three week period following the election day when the main subject of local newspapers’ coverage was protest actions in the streets of the capital city, Baku. The data are news and articles regarding the street …
Effects Of Spaced Retrieval On Memory And Quality Of Life In Older Adults With Probable Alzheimer's Disease, Karri S. Hawley
Effects Of Spaced Retrieval On Memory And Quality Of Life In Older Adults With Probable Alzheimer's Disease, Karri S. Hawley
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This study was designed to explore the effects of spaced-retrieval training on memory and quality of life in older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease. A total nineteen older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) participated in these experiments. Experiment one was designed to determine whether the spacing effect is contributing to the success of the spaced-retrieval intervention. Participants were trained to recall a name-face association using either the adjusted spaced-retrieval method or a fixed interval retrieval method. The results showed a more consistent performance profile for the spaced retrieval group in comparison to the fixed interval group, providing evidence that …
Winter Bird Use Of The Chinese Tallow Tree In Louisiana, Michael John Baldwin
Winter Bird Use Of The Chinese Tallow Tree In Louisiana, Michael John Baldwin
LSU Master's Theses
Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) is a non-native invasive tree that is of particular concern in the Southeastern United States. It has become naturalized in a variety of habitats and can be found in monospecific stands. The use of tallow woodlands by overwintering birds is poorly documented. I compared use of tallow woodlands to use of bottomland hardwood forests by birds in the Mermentau River Basin, Louisiana. Species richness and evenness were greater in the bottomland hardwood sites. Three species were more abundant in tallow woodlands, six species were more common in bottomland hardwoods, and six species exhibited no difference between …
A Radiographic Study Of The Impact Of Race And Sex On 1st And 2nd Molar Development, Suzanne Price
A Radiographic Study Of The Impact Of Race And Sex On 1st And 2nd Molar Development, Suzanne Price
LSU Master's Theses
The assessment of child development requires standards in order to compare an apparent physiologic age to an actual chronological age. In assessing chronological age of an individual, the use of multiple indicators is ideal and important in determining age at death. For individuals under the age of about 21 years, dental development is the most reliable indicator of age. Research aimed at understanding the variation in tooth formation due to race and sex will help to more accurately determine the age at death of remains of subadult individuals. This project examined the impact of race, sex, and time period on …
Development Of An Alternative Approach To Estimate Vehicle Miles Traveled Using A Classification Procedure, Srividya Vadlamani
Development Of An Alternative Approach To Estimate Vehicle Miles Traveled Using A Classification Procedure, Srividya Vadlamani
LSU Master's Theses
In this study a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) classification system method was developed as an alternative to the HPMS conventional method of VMT estimation. Louisiana Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data from Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Louisiana highway network data from Louisiana Department of Transportation (LADOTD) were used to carry out the analysis. The CART classification was derived based on link attributes that effectively distinguished the homogeneous traffic volume sections. VMT estimation on individual links as well for the different systems was calculated using the CART classification system and the values were assigned on each link. The default …
Dragos Tanasescu's Treaties Of Pianistic Technique, Lucian B. Zidaru
Dragos Tanasescu's Treaties Of Pianistic Technique, Lucian B. Zidaru
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This study examines Dragos Tanasescu's fingering system and technical exercises presented in Treatise of Pianistic Technique. The Treatise contains four books, each one dedicated to a segment of technical problems. Tanasescu's main contribution to the piano technique is the applications of math permutation formulas to create all possible arrangements of fingering patterns. His treatise continues previous technical approaches of A. Kullak, F. Liszt, J. Pischna and E. Dohnanyi. Earlier methods organize the technical material by one principle: fingerings. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the characteristics of Tanasescu's fingering system presented in Treatise of Pianistic Technique, and provide …
"I Cried Out And None But Jesus Heard!" Prophetic Pedagogy: The Spirituality And Religious Lives Of Three Nineteenth Century African-American Women, Elecia Brown Lathon
"I Cried Out And None But Jesus Heard!" Prophetic Pedagogy: The Spirituality And Religious Lives Of Three Nineteenth Century African-American Women, Elecia Brown Lathon
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
African American women represent a long line of prophetic women. Women who fought for space in the religious world of the nineteenth century, and who fought to have their voices heard in America. The lives and experiences of such women have been excluded, ignored, and dismissed from academic discourses. This study adds a new dimension (the spirituality of African-American women) to the field of curriculum theory and builds on the scholarship of literary scholars who have and are currently recovering the lost lives of African American women and their spirituality. Therefore, this research examined the spirituality and rhetorical strategies utilized …
Java As A Western Construct: An Examination Of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles' "The History Of Java", Natalie A. Mault
Java As A Western Construct: An Examination Of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles' "The History Of Java", Natalie A. Mault
LSU Master's Theses
Among nineteenth-century books on Indonesia published in England, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles’ "The History of Java" holds a unique position. While serving as Lieutenant Governor in Indonesia, Raffles went to great length in documenting the island’s history, culture, architecture and contemporary civilization. His observations were published in a two-volume study entitled "The History of Java," whose most outstanding feature is the sixty-six engravings it includes. Ten of these engravings are colored aquatints by William Daniell, illustrating Javanese life and costume. Published in 1817, Raffles’ "History of Java" is considered, to the present day, a highly important work, particularly because of …
Sulfur And Oxygen Isotope Characterization Of An Eocene Playa Deposit, Northern High Plains, And Rainwater Sulfate, Baton Rouge, Usa, Kathryn Ann Jenkins
Sulfur And Oxygen Isotope Characterization Of An Eocene Playa Deposit, Northern High Plains, And Rainwater Sulfate, Baton Rouge, Usa, Kathryn Ann Jenkins
LSU Master's Theses
This thesis is composed of two independent chapters which are linked through the application of multiple stable isotope measurements of sulfate. Chapter 1 compares two Cenozoic playa deposits in the northern High Plains. Anomalous playa sulfate was discovered at Scotts Bluff which is speculated to have originated via the oxidation of volcanically emitted reduced sulfur gases. A question arises, then, is a volcanic origin of sulfate common for other Cenozoic playa deposits in the region. A complete stable isotope characterization was performed on the gypsum sulfate collected at Wolf Butte (nearby apparent playa setting) to determine if the sulfate has …
An Investigation Of Time Since Injury: A Radiographic Study Of Fracture Healing, Kevin Benjamin Hufnagl
An Investigation Of Time Since Injury: A Radiographic Study Of Fracture Healing, Kevin Benjamin Hufnagl
LSU Master's Theses
Working at the junction of medicine and physical anthropology, this research investigates the rate of fracture healing. The ability to assign ages to fractures based on the degree of remodeling could be a valuable tool for identifying skeletal remains. This ability could differentiate between individuals with similar fractures and could also narrow the search of medical records for matches. Multiple radiographic images from 62 individuals were collected from the Baton Rouge Orthopaedic Clinic, including information on sex, ancestry, age of the individual, and age of the fracture. Breaks in the x-rays are categorized into one of six stages, defined on …
Skepticism About Contextualism, William Galloway Osborne Iii
Skepticism About Contextualism, William Galloway Osborne Iii
LSU Master's Theses
Contextualism is the epistemological thesis that holds context to significantly affect the truth value of claims such as “S knows that p.” A shift in context can lead to a shift in the standards by which we evaluate propositional knowledge claims, and thus a shift in the truth values of these claims: a statement “S knows that p” may be true when evaluated in one context while simultaneously false when evaluated in another context. A contextualist says it is by playing on these shifting standards that the skeptic manages to destroy knowledge with her skeptical arguments. Once this is understood, …
Reconstruction Of Nuclear Transfer Embryos In Goats And Cattle [Electronic Resource], Allison Morris Landry
Reconstruction Of Nuclear Transfer Embryos In Goats And Cattle [Electronic Resource], Allison Morris Landry
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The low survival rates of nuclear transfer fetuses and neonates in goats and cattle have been linked to placental abnormalities. A series of studies was designed to investigate the possibility of supplementing nuclear transfer embryos with electrofused embryos to generate placental tissue in goats and cattle. The initial study was designed to determine if the breeding season of goats could be extended with hCG treatment. Progesterone concentrations in treated does increased but pregnancy rates were unaffected. In the second study, goat embryos were electrofused and combined with nuclear transfer embryos at the 8-cell stage to produce the first offspring as …
Food Security Status, Nutrient Intake At The Beginning And End Of The Monthly Resource Cycle, And Body Mass Index In Female Food Stamp Recipients, Caroline C. Burke
Food Security Status, Nutrient Intake At The Beginning And End Of The Monthly Resource Cycle, And Body Mass Index In Female Food Stamp Recipients, Caroline C. Burke
LSU Master's Theses
Diets are typically poorer and risk of chronic disease (e.g. obesity) is greatest in low-income populations. Food security status, nutrient intake, and Body Mass Index were assessed in 64 female food stamp recipients in Southeast Louisiana. One 24-hour dietary recall was collected at the beginning of the month (Day 1) and one at the end of the month (Day 2). Food security status was: 29 food secure (FS), 26 food insecure (FIS), and nine food insecure with hunger (FISH). Sixty-two % (n=39) of our study participants were obese. Mean % energy from protein (p=0.03); total fat (p=0.029), % saturated fatty …
Multiscale Strain Analysis, Timothy Donald Breitzman
Multiscale Strain Analysis, Timothy Donald Breitzman
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The mathematical homogenization and corrector theory relevant to prestressed heterogeneous materials in the linear-elastic regime is discussed. A suitable corrector theory is derived to reconstruct the local strain field inside the composite. Based on this theory, we develop an inexpensive numerical method for multi scale strain analysis within a prestressed heterogeneous material. The theory also provides a characterization of the macroscopic strength domain. The strength domain places constraints on the homogenized strain field which guarantee that the actual strain in the heterogeneous material lies inside the strength domain of each material participating in the structure.
An Empirical Study Of Imputation Techniques For Software Data Sets, Sumanth Yenduri
An Empirical Study Of Imputation Techniques For Software Data Sets, Sumanth Yenduri
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Software Project Effort/Cost/Time Estimation has been one of the hot topics of research in the current software engineering industry. Solutions for effort/cost/time estimation are in great demand. Knowledge of accurate effort/cost/time estimates early in the software project life cycle enables project managers manage and exploit resources efficiently. The constraints of cost and time can also be met. To this day, most companies rely on their historical database of past project data sets to predict estimates for future projects. Like other data sets, software project data sets also suffer from numerous problems. The most important problem is they contain missing/incomplete data. …
Report Regarding The Pacific Mcgeorge Workshop On Globalizing The Law School Curriculum, Thomas O. Main
Report Regarding The Pacific Mcgeorge Workshop On Globalizing The Law School Curriculum, Thomas O. Main
Scholarly Works
No abstract provided.
Detection And Evaluation Of Temperature Effects On Cell Proliferation In Somatic Tissues Of The Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, By Flow Cytometry, Fernando Jimenez
Detection And Evaluation Of Temperature Effects On Cell Proliferation In Somatic Tissues Of The Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, By Flow Cytometry, Fernando Jimenez
LSU Master's Theses
The goal of this thesis was to evaluate temperature effects on cell proliferation of eastern oyster somatic tissues for the development of an oyster cell line. Understanding the in vivo cell proliferation of an organism is essential for the development of cell culture. Cell proliferation can be measured by identifying nuclear cellular proteins involved in growth regulation and cellular transformation. The primary objectives of this study were to: 1) develop an assay to evaluate cell proliferation, 2) develop an assay to analyze nuclear RNA content, and 3) evaluate temperature effects on cell proliferation in somatic tissues. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen …
Synthetic Development And Application Of Compounds With Biological Relevance, Jeffery Caleb Clark
Synthetic Development And Application Of Compounds With Biological Relevance, Jeffery Caleb Clark
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Nature has provided a vast number of compounds that have medicinal application. The use of these compounds provided by nature however, is limited by the amount of a specific compound that nature provides. The synthesis of these molecules and their derivatives provides an even greater number of compounds for biological screening. Various pyrroles, the heterocyclic building blocks of porphyrins, can be prepared synthetically over several steps. The implementation of carboranes on pyrrole rings intrinsically provides substrates that can be converted into porphyrins bearing carborane substituents. The condensation of these carboranylpyrroles with carboranylaldehydes provides carboranylporphyrins bearing a higher order of carborane …
Transport And Kinetics Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Into Micron-Sized Liquid Droplets: With Applications To Atmospheric Chemistry, Suresh Raja
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In the natural process of wet deposition, gas-water interfaces play an important role in the transport of chemical contaminants in the atmosphere via fog, rain and cloud drops. Evidences from several other works point out deviations in gas-liquid partitioning as predicted by Henry’s law. Uptake and mass transfer of benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene was chosen to study in a falling droplet train apparatus. Higher droplet-to-vapor partition constant (KDV) was noted for diameters less than 200ìm and was attributed to surface adsorption and accumulation. Mass transfer of phenanthrene was dependent on gas-phase diffusion and mass accommodation at the interface, while the …
Martin Heidegger's Phenomenology And The Science Of Mind, Charles Dale Hollingsworth
Martin Heidegger's Phenomenology And The Science Of Mind, Charles Dale Hollingsworth
LSU Master's Theses
Phenomenology and cognitive science present two very different ways of looking at mental activity. Recently, however, there have been some attempts to incorporate phenomenological insights and methods into cognitive science, drawing especially on the works of Martin Heidegger. The purpose of this thesis is to determine if a useful combination of cognitive science with Heidegger’s phenomenology is possible, and to determine the form such a combination might take. This thesis begins with a brief overview of the field of cognitive science, and of some of the problems within the field that might benefit from a phenomenological analysis. It then reviews …
Hinderin, A Five-Domains Protein Including Coiled-Coil Motifs That Binds To Smc3., Chirag A Patel, Giancarlo Ghiselli
Hinderin, A Five-Domains Protein Including Coiled-Coil Motifs That Binds To Smc3., Chirag A Patel, Giancarlo Ghiselli
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers
BACKGROUND: The structural maintenance of chromosome proteins SMC1 and SMC3 play an important role in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity by preventing the premature separation of the sister chromatids at the onset of anaphase. The two proteins are constitutive components of the multimeric complex cohesin and form dimers by interacting at their central globular regions. RESULTS: In order to identify proteins that by binding to SMC3 may interfere with the protein dimerization process, a human cDNA library was screened by the yeast two-hybrid system by using the hinge region of SMC3 as bait. This has lead to the identification of …