Digital Commons Network^™

Putting Humpty Dumpty Back Together: Pricing In Anticommons Property Arrangements, Ben Depoorter, Sven Vanneste

George Mason University School of Law Working Papers Series

Recently, a new theory has drawn considerable attention in the literature on common property. A number of scholars have pointed to the danger of excessive propertization in the context of what are termed "anticommons" property regimes. Although this theory has found its way into numerous legal and economic applications, the empirical and cognitive foundations of the theory of fragmentation remain unexplored. Based on experimental data, this Article conducts an investigation into the social and personal processes involved in the anticommons.

The results confirm the theoretical proposition that anticommons deadweight losses increase with the degree of complementarity between individual parts and …

Entrepreneurial Orientation As A Basis For Classification Within A Service Industry: The Case Of Retail Pharmacy Industry, Thanigavelan Jambulingam, Ravi Kathuria, William R. Doucette

Business Faculty Articles and Research

To date, service classification research has primarily taken a macro view, creating service typologies or taxonomies by using dimensions such as customer contact or degree of labor intensity. Such classification schemes, though helpful in deciphering critical management issues and positioning strategies between service industries, tend to treat an entire industry, such as airlines, as a single homogenous entity. However, organizations in the same industry often use intangible resources, such as entrepreneurial orientation processes, to compete with one another. Resource-advantage theory suggests that organizations utilize intangible resources to build long-term strategies and a sustainable competitive advantage leading to superior performance. We …

Bridging Cultures In Electronic Communication New Multiliteracy Models For Interaction Design., Patricia Search

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In my research I am developing new multiliteracy models for computer interface design. These design models are derived from dynamic, time-based communication structures used in oral communication in Indigenous cultures. The research uses visual patterns to represent the changing semantic structures in an interactive information space where there are numerous networks of associations. These multiliteracy models integrate the semiotics of early oral cultures with the semiotics of modern electronic communication. They reflect pluralistic, aural-visual, community-based communication styles that differ from Western perspectives of temporal sequencing, logical analysis, and fixed hierarchies. For these reasons these designs have important implications for improving …

The Design Of The Edge As Cultural Activity: Towards A Dislocation Of The Greek Logos., Konstantinos Ioannidis

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The vital relation between coastline and human emotion has been projected within every possible rhetoric means (from poetry and painting to literature and cinema) but never before had this relation played the most affective role to our behavior than nowadays where cities are determined to return these areas back to citizens and restore all these notions-meanings that have, so violently, been removed from the urban waterfront as a result of the socio-economic changes of the last decades. But in most times this effort is muddied by amateurish attempts at generalization with standardized architectural practices which develop more or less customary …

Kinds Of Anthropomorphic Form., Carl Disalvo, Jodi Forlizzi, Francine Gemperle

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper is a report on ongoing basic design research into anthropomorphic forms in design. With this research, we are building a core of design knowledge to inform both design studies and design practice. Our intention is to present an understanding of anthropomorphic forms that can be used for the interpretation and critique of existing forms and provide guidance in the use of anthropomorphic forms in new products. Towards these ends we are interested in three fundamental questions; what are the kinds of anthropomorphic forms, how are anthropomorphic forms created, and how are anthropomorphic forms used. In this paper we …

Comparing Human-Centered Design Methods From Different Disciplines: Contextual Design And Principles., Mark Notess, Eli Blevis

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The human-computer interaction (HCI) community has developed primarily among those trained in computer science and psychology. Design methodologies within HCI tend to address the needs and interests of those who have been trained in cognitive science, human factors, or software engineering. This paper illuminates the similarities, distinctions and opportunities existing between one of the better known HCI methodologies, Contextual Design, and an encapsulation of the oral tradition of studio-based design methods that we call PRInCiPleS. PRInCiPleS forms part of the curriculum in HCI design at the Indiana University School of Informatics. We present a case study wherein both methods were …

Design How-To-Know: Towards A Domain-Specific Ontology., Frances Joseph

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The title of this paper implies a repositioning of the notion of ‘design know how’ as tacit knowledge developed through practical experience into a questioning of the identity and being of design. This is not to valorise one form of knowing (through practice) over another (through cognition), but to imply a certain fuzziness about the definition, purpose and meaning of design. While this paper addresses issues of design, ontology and computation in relation to certain philosophical and theoretical positions, it is important to emphasise that my engagement comes from a practical involvement and concern with ‘design problems’ arising from the …

Translating And Extending Gestalt Grouping Principles To Include Time To Establish A Research Framework In Which To Study Motion., Jinsook Kim, Sharon Helmer Poggenpohl

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper introduces the grouping principles of Gestalt in motion. The motion attributes of speed, direction and duration are embedded in two events: transformation, meaning the act of changing in appearance, and transposition, meaning the act of moving position in space. In extending Gestalt principles from 2D, the following investigations will be visually demonstrated. 1 What is “closeness” in time that can explain proximity in motion? 2 What is “likeness” in time that can explain similarity in motion? 3 What is “absence but presence” in time that can explain closure in motion? 4 What is “correspondence” in time that can …

What Is The Future Of Interactive Multi-User Systems?, Mark Palmer

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The research objective concerns the creation of genuine multi-user systems. This work arises from the creation of immersive systems and the philosophical critique of the assumptions made by discourses that seek to understand the digital. Although in philosophical terms this has focused on an immanent rather than transcendent ontology it is also possible to understand this approach through the ‘discoveries’ of complexity theory; concepts through which research can develop practical strategies that can be employed in the creation of these systems.

A Human-Computer Framework For Schema-Driven And Precedent-Driven Visual Analogy In Design., Wei Dai, Hernan Casakin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The use of visual analogy is considered to be a most suitable aid for design problem solving. Reasoning by analogy deals with two main cognitive paradigms. The first one is concerned with schema-driven analogy, which is defined as the use of abstract experiential knowledge that can direct a design solution to a familiar problem type. The second paradigm has to do with precedent-driven analogy, and is distinguished by the use of a concrete prior design problem whose major components and its corresponding relationships could be explicitly mapped onto the problem at hand. In order to support the use of visual …

New Models For Design Management In The Textile Industry In Response To Direct Digital Textile Print Technology And Manufacture., Bruce Carnie

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper is based on initial research including a literature review of the management of digital printing processes and technology in the paper and textile industries. For the purposes of this paper I will use the scope of thought evolved from the Design Management Institute in Boston USA. Continuing research will be augmented by quantitative data analysis and comparative analysis of case studies and also research of the philosophical underpinning of these business ventures. This paper is an introduction to the argument for a systematic approach to the impact of direct digital printing processes and technology on textile design using …

Deriving User Requirements From Face-To-Face And On-Line Focus Groups., Lai-Chung Lee, Andrée Woodcock

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Lacking user-related data in concept design, and not being experienced in the principles of user-centred design, design students find themselves having to predict or imagine user requirements when generating concepts. Computer mediated focus groups between dispersed participants and designers may be a cost effective way for designers to capture user requirements in distant markets. However, little is known about how the on-line focus groups compare to their face-to- face counterparts in terms of the elicitation of user requirements and design related discussion. This paper describes focus group techniques designed to achieve understanding, identification and categorization of user requirements in concept …

A Compare Study On The Construction Principles Of Chinese Characters And The Product Semantics., Ya-Chen Kuo, Dengchuan Cai

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Both product semantics and construction principles of Chinese characters are techniques using for form creating. Product semantics was used for interpreting product meanings by product designers and was prospered since 1980s. The construction principles of Chinese characters were a set of methods for creating Chinese characters which were generalized by Xushen around 100 AD. Product semantics includes five principles: metaphor, simile, metonymy, allegory, and analogy, while the construction principles of Chinese characters are: physical resemblance principle (Xiang-Xing), indication principle (Zhi-Shi), implication principle (Hui-Yi), principle in combination with shape and pronunciation (Xing- Sheng), principle in combination analogy principle (Zhuan-Zhu), and substitute …

A Study Of E-Book Design In Ergonomics Consideration., Yen-Yu Kang, Ming-How Kuo, Wen-Ko Chiou, Rungtai Lin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

E” life, a new trend to influence people’s dairy-life since internet explored. No product or concept can be successful if it ignores the needs of its users and E-book are no exception. However, there has been a noticeable lack of real information about how ebooks are used. So, the objective of this study is established a series of surveys in an effort to help readers in using E-book. The overall aim of this project focus on the E-book of the future. With the changing of the trends, it stems from the fact that with the changing of the trends, the …

Determination Of Presence Within Virtual Space: Implications For Interface Design., Rebecca Bond

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper proposes that measuring and mapping perceptions of ‘presence’ (or, the experience of ‘place’ in ‘space’) may lead to a greater understanding of virtual or ‘cyber’ space experiences, and contribute to the theory of human computer interaction (HCI) and design theory. As the experimental design is focussed on how users perceive and interact in their virtual world in relation to the effect of place and space, an attempt will be made to decipher perceptions of the relatively new frontier of cyberspace, leading to new methods for representing this form of space.

Designing For Experiential And 'Aspirational' Needs: Observations Of Student Design Activity., Jonathan Talbot, Stephen Ward

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The work reported in this paper investigates the application, within the industrial design education context, of methods of inquiry and design problem-framing derived from social research disciplines. The notion of developing more holistic approaches to human factors in design which incorporate affective and socio-cultural needs has gained some currency in recent years. Developments in this area have resulted in the proposal of a range of tools and methods such as Jordan’s (2000) ‘New Human Factors’ and Watts-Perotti and Sanders’ (2000) ‘Generative User Needs Analysis’. The issues addressed by these tools and methods are clearly not new to design. To a …

Context Of Use And User's Experience: An Exploratory Study In The Product Design Domain., Marianella Chamorro-Koc, Vesna Popovic, Michael Emmison

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper reports on an ongoing empirical study that explores context of use and user’s experience as relevant issues for the design of product usability. Its experimental approach focuses on investigating the nature of the differences between the designers’ and the users’ concept formulation about everyday artefacts in regard to their context of use. Visual representation of artefacts and verbal reports were used to elicit such information from users and designers during the experiment. Initial outcomes indicate that the main difference between the user’s and designer’s concepts and knowledge is mostly due to their individual experience within the context that …

Development Of Complex Products: Design Guidelines For Product Designers., Mark Goellner, Sarah Wakes, Christopher T Shaw

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The paper discusses the development of generic and practically aimed design guidelines for product designers working with complex products. Research has been undertaken to investigate the usefulness and usability of these guidelines. A pilot-study with student- and academic-designers in New Zealand reveals that the product design guidelines in form of a checklist are generally of great interest to support complex design projects, but also that the format and usability of the generic design guidelines needs to be improved to become a useful and powerful tool for the designers.

Collaborative Design Activity: The Inclusion Of Human Affect Processes In Design Theory About Collaboration In Design., Terence Love

DRS Biennial Conference Series

his paper reports the findings of research aimed at identifying appropriate ways forward in building design theory about collaborative design activities that take into account new research findings from cognitive neuro-science about the roles of affect, emotion and feeling in human interactions and perceptions. Human affective processes are essential to many aspects of collaborative designing. These include: individual design cognition; communication between collaborators and stakeholders; individual understanding, valuing and judging of elements of design problems and solutions; optimisation processes; individual and group closure processes; power-based/ hegemonic manipulations; and negotiations about elements of design problem, design solution and design processes. The …

Designing The Performative Object: A Study In Designing Mindful Interaction Through Artefacts., Kristina Niedderer

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This study set out to investigate whether and how artefacts can be designed to influence the quality of social interaction. In particular, I examined how artefacts can stimulate the user’s behaviour by means of their function, and whether this stimulation can cause mindful reflection and interaction. I developed the concept of the Performative Object (PO) to describe objects with these qualities of interaction. At the core of the study was the concern with identifying the PO as a separate category of definable design objects. The paper presents part of a larger study. It presents a summary of the analysis of …

Hermeneutic Phenomenology As A Method For Reflection In User-Centred Designing., Stella Boess, David Durling, Cherie Lebbon, Christopher Maggs

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper seeks to contribute to the development of tools through which design can reflect on its own efforts and effects. User research and the carrying out of a user- centred design task had raised questions on the self-conception of a user-centred designer vis-à-vis those he/she designs for. Hermeneutic phenomenology was adopted as a methodology for critical reflection on a designer’s own activity of user-centred designing. This paper discusses hermeneutic phenomenology as a methodology for reflection on user-centred designing, laying out some of its elements and discussing its applicability to design. It is hoped that this discussion might lead to …

New Tools For The Teaching Of Communication Design., Paul Cleveland

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The basics of graphic design education have remained almost unchanged over the past 25 years. Apart from the introduction of computers and software as enabling tools, the concepts of what makes good design still relies on a mentoring or apprenticeship system. Knowledge and experience are transferred to the student through project work critiques, or by the analysis of seminal exemplars. Recent developments in generative design and computational models of focal visual attention indicate that software education tools for design based on professional experience and communications research can facilitate targeted design solutions.

Cultural Aspects Of Global Industrial Design, 'A Diversification Among Cultures'., Mohamad Zamzuri, Jan Lundberg

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Global industrial design principles have recently gained momentum as one viable method of producing useful, usable and desirable products. However, cultural diversification existing between countries seems to be a tall hurdle facing designers. In short, this cultural difference might prevent the object in question from being widely accepted across the world, although it may have been categorized as being “universal” for the purpose of increasing the profit margin of the company. Therefore, the problems associated with this area of design should be addressed and elucidated in research, to avoid cultural disagreement in the future in product design. The aim of …

A Matrix Of Material Representation., Hengfeng Zuo, Mark Jones, Tony Hope

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The sensory properties of materials such as colour, texture, sound, smell, etc and people’s perceptual responses to them are very important information for designers to consider when selecting or combining materials for a manufactured product. Based on theoretical, experimental and computer programming methods, this research has established a framework of a database referred to as ‘Matrix of Material Representation’. The Matrix is a visual narrative model that systematically contains the holistic information about the factors involved in the human perception of materials and illustrates the interrelationship between these factors. Currently, the detailed information about material texture perception has been integrated …

A Study On The Mode Of User Interface For The Elderly., Wang-Chin Tsai

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mode of user interface of consumer electronic appliances for the elderly. For this purpose, a digital clock was chosen with five different interface modes in this experiment. Forty elderly subjects (above 65 yrs) and forty middle-elderly subjects (45-64 yrs) participated in this study. Each subject had to operate three different tasks such as time setting, alarm time setting, and date setting. We investigated how problems encountered when performing these tasks, and collected data such as operation time, total number of input, and subjective estimation. The findings of this study indicated that …

Beyond Regularity: Questions Concerning Usefulness., Terry Rosenberg

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper advances a motion that ‘usefulness’ is a regularity (Foucault) that haunts the programme of design and severely restricts it. It will highlight the way design practice is, in the main, constrained by narrow determination of its use(s), generally, and notions of ‘usefulness’ in particular. It will move to explain the way that design(ing) is flattened ontologically by embedded notions of ‘usefulness’ and that these embedded notions have set for design and its discourse a deontic straitjacket. That is, a set of obligations and duties that set a regular delimitation of design and thus rigid intentions for outcomes in …

User-Centred Approach In Visual And Spatial Reasoning: Design Research In Wayfinding Map Design., Christopher Kueh

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Designing effective wayfinding maps to assist people to navigate effectively within a specific environment has always been an issue. According to Wright, ‘[users] have responded negatively to map design in the past ... ’(cited in Wood 1993). The aim of this paper is to address the importance of user-centred approaches in the design of wayfinding maps. In this paper I am proposing that graphic and information designers should emphasize the interaction processes between people and maps, people and the physical environment, and the relationship that people create between the map and the environment. This paper also suggests a speculative wayfinding …

Macroscopic Feature Driven Shape Generation Method For Curve Design Support., Yoshiki Ujiie, Yoshiyuki Matsuoka

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In styling design, the construction of method for representation of macroscopic feature and the construction of method for control of macroscopic feature are important. This paper describes the method for representation of macroscopic feature "complexity" in curved profile, and the shape generation method for control of complexity. Firstly, method for representation of macroscopic feature "complexity" was proposed. "Complexity" affects evaluation of the important factor on design, such as "beauty" and "similarity." In the present study, the method for representation of complexity was applied to the diverse curved profiles. As a result, it was found that curvature integration represents the complexity …

Exploring Emotional Responses On Empathic Objects., Ming-Huang Lin, Yu-Hung Chien

DRS Biennial Conference Series

According to Franco Fornari’s theory of ‘affective codes’, and the concept of ‘transitional objects’ from the studies of British psycholoanalyst Donald Woods Winnicott, Alberto Alessi, the key figure in his organisation, has developed and established the language of empathic objects in the Alessi workshop and through subsequent production. These objects reveal great passion and display the strong Alessi identity. Alessi’s discovery illustrates a fascinating and exciting psychological approach to design. Based on his hypotheses, this research aims to probe people’s emotional responses when facing these objects.

Principles Of Design Of Map Style Sign Displaying Detour., Yoshie Kiritani, Nariaki Sato, Kazuo Sugiyama, Kazuhiro Uchida, Masash Naito

DRS Biennial Conference Series

For design index of the map style sign to provide variable road information, experiments were conducted to measure comprehensibility of the sign, and so on. The design point was that the detour was animated and driver’s cognition was considered. As a result, the desirable presentation style of the detour was gradation animation, and, in this connection, the jam-up area should not be animated. The recommended size of letters, route marks, and pictograms was smaller than the current legal size in Japan. The readily available guideline of design of the map style sign was presented.