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2004

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Effects Of Aerobic And Anaerobic Training Protocols On 4000m Track Cycling Time Trial, William Mathieu Cheramie Jan 2004

Effects Of Aerobic And Anaerobic Training Protocols On 4000m Track Cycling Time Trial, William Mathieu Cheramie

LSU Master's Theses

The aim of this study was to determine whether performance in a 4000m individual pursuit could be significantly influenced by training protocols that are solely based in either aerobic/distance training, or anaerobic/sprint training. Faina et al., (1989) and Neuman et al. (1992) have found, using professional track cyclist that there appears to be a split in energy pathways used to perform the event. Their results indicate that 20% of the workload is achieved via anaerobic metabolism and the remaining 80% are achieved through aerobic metabolism. Group #1, followed a training protocol modeled after repeated, short duration, (<1:30.00s/1000m), high intensity sprinting. This particular training protocol may serve to utilize a greater proportion of its allotted time by generating beneficial metabolic adaptations that may possibly improve the subjects performance in the 4000m individual pursuit. Group #2, trained primarily through aerobic means, followed the "more traditional" training method for such an event. This protocol consisted of cycling intervals of distances proportionally longer (>4000m) than that …

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Route Planning Of Automated Guided Vehicles For Container Logistics, Sanjay Shankarrao Gurav Jan 2004

Route Planning Of Automated Guided Vehicles For Container Logistics, Sanjay Shankarrao Gurav

LSU Master's Theses

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are widely used in container terminals for the movement of material from shipping to the yard area and vice versa. Research in this area is directed toward the development of a path layout design and routing algorithms for container movement. The problem is to design a path layout and a routing algorithm that will route the AGVs along the bi-directional path so that the distance traveled will be minimized. This thesis presents a bi-directional path flow layout and a routing algorithm that guarantee conflict-free, shortest time routes for AGVs. Based on the path layout, a routing …

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Towards Automated Capture Of 3d Foot Geometry For Custom Orthoses, Rajeev Madazhy Jan 2004

Towards Automated Capture Of 3d Foot Geometry For Custom Orthoses, Rajeev Madazhy

LSU Master's Theses

This thesis presents a novel method of capturing 3D foot geometry from images for custom shoe insole manufacture. Orthopedic footwear plays an important role as a treatment and prevention of foot conditions associated with diabetes. Through the use of customized shoe insoles, a podiatrist can provide a means to better distribute the pressure around the foot, and can also correct the biomechanics of the foot. Different foot scanners are used to obtain the geometric plantar surface of foot, but are expensive and more generic in nature. The focus of this thesis is to build 3D foot structure from a pair …

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Post Monitoring Of A Cyclodextrin Remediated Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Aquifer, Rebecca Mary Hinrichs Jan 2004

Post Monitoring Of A Cyclodextrin Remediated Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Aquifer, Rebecca Mary Hinrichs

LSU Master's Theses

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) has been tested successfully in the laboratory and in the field for enhanced flushing of low-polarity contaminants from aquifers. The cyclodextrin molecule forms a toroidal structure, which has a hydrophobic cavity. Within this cavity, organic compounds of appropriate shape and size can form inclusion complexes, which is the basis for the use of cyclodextrin in groundwater remediation. The hydrophilic exterior of the molecule makes cyclodextrin highly water-soluble. The solubility of cyclodextrins can be further enhanced by adding functional groups, such as hydroxypropyl groups, to the cyclodextrin core. The aqueous solubility of HPβCD exceeds 950 g/L. These high solubilities …

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A Simplified Thermohydrodynamic Stability Analysis Of The Plain Cylindrical Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings, Sumit Singhal Jan 2004

A Simplified Thermohydrodynamic Stability Analysis Of The Plain Cylindrical Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings, Sumit Singhal

LSU Master's Theses

A journal bearing is used to support radial loads under high speed operating conditions. In a journal bearing, pressure or hydrodynamic lift is generated in the thin lubricant oil film that separates the shaft and the bushing, thus preventing metal-to-metal contact. Some journal-bearing configurations are susceptible to large-amplitude, lateral vibrations due to a “self-excited instability” known as oil whirl. In order to investigate the effects of lubricant viscosity on oil whirl, a simplified Thermohydrodynamic analysis (THD) analysis of a plain cylindrical journal bearing system has been developed. The “classical” form of the Reynolds equation coupled with simplified, first-order energy equations …

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Being Korean And Being Christian: Identity Making In The Korean Baptist Church Of Baton Rouge In The U.S. Deep South, Hyeon Ju Lee Jan 2004

Being Korean And Being Christian: Identity Making In The Korean Baptist Church Of Baton Rouge In The U.S. Deep South, Hyeon Ju Lee

LSU Master's Theses

The post-1965 generation Korean immigrants in the U.S., who have left their country for betterment of their lives, find themselves unable to acculturate to the U.S. mainstream culture. Although legally Americans, these Koreans strive to hold onto their culture they brought with them. A group of Koreans who belong to this post-1965 immigrant generation in Baton Rouge established a church to share religious and cultural experience while speaking Korean language and sharing Korean food--The Korean Baptist Church of Baton Rouge. The members of the Korean Baptist Church of Baton Rouge ("the Church") create a familial community within Christian and Confucian …

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Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski Jan 2004

Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski

LSU Master's Theses

Waterfowl managers in Minnesota and other states are concerned that increased kill rates associated with the use of spinning-wing decoys (SWDs) may negatively affect local breeding populations of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). I conducted 219 experimental hunts to evaluate hunting vulnerability of mallards to SWDs during the 2002 duck-hunting season in Minnesota. Following experimental hunts, I asked volunteer hunters to complete post-hunt questionnaires to document their hunting experience, and their use and opinions of SWDs. Finally, I used stable isotope methodology to determine natal origins of HY mallards killed during experimental hunts. I found that mallard flocks (≥1 duck) were 2.91 …

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Pattern-Based Model Transformation: A Metamodel-Based Approach To Model Evolution, Sheena Judson Miller Jan 2004

Pattern-Based Model Transformation: A Metamodel-Based Approach To Model Evolution, Sheena Judson Miller

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Software systems continue to grow in complexity at a rapid pace, creating systems that are complex to build and evolve. The problems that accompany changes in requirements, system upgrades, and error correction produce a desire for software evolution methods that increase the efficiency and effectiveness of adapting complex software to changes. As software systems evolve, design models must be modified to accommodate the required changes. Techniques that control the changes to models in a systematic manner are a key to model evolution. A process that improves the ability to effectively modify a design, thereby enhancing design qualities, supports the need …

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Seasonal Occurrence Of Phyllophaga Species And Biological Studies Of Phyllophage Ephilida (Say) On Sweet Potato, Ipomoea Batatas (L) Lam, In Louisiana, Aboubacar Diagne Jan 2004

Seasonal Occurrence Of Phyllophaga Species And Biological Studies Of Phyllophage Ephilida (Say) On Sweet Potato, Ipomoea Batatas (L) Lam, In Louisiana, Aboubacar Diagne

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The biology of Phyllophaga ephilida (Say) was studied in Louisiana with both laboratory and field experiments from 1998 through 2003. The seasonal occurrence of common adult Phyllophaga species in sweet potato growing areas was surveyed with blacklight traps. P. ephilida and P. crinita (Burmeister) were the most common species at all locations. The attractiveness of seven methyl esters of L-isoleucine and L-valine blends to P. ephilida males was evaluated in sweet potato fields in 1999 and 2000. The 100% methyl ester of L-isoleucine was significantly more attractive than all other blend ratios that were tested. The life cycle of P. …

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Leaf Litter Processing By Macrodetritivores In Natural And Restored Neotropical Mangrove Forests, Gary Eugene Raulerson Jan 2004

Leaf Litter Processing By Macrodetritivores In Natural And Restored Neotropical Mangrove Forests, Gary Eugene Raulerson

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Knowledge of mangrove litter dynamics is crucial to an understanding of the energetic links between mangrove ecosystems and nearby estuaries and coastal waters. Previous research into the role played by macrodetritivores in Neotropical mangrove litter processing has been contradictory. This study used leaf tethering to examine the effects of macrodetritivores on initial rates of mangrove litter degradation in South Florida, USA. Leaf litter dynamics experiments were run in both natural and restored mangrove forests to assess functionality of the restoration projects. Although less important than in some other parts of the world (e.g., the Indo-Pacific), macrodetritivores played a significant role …

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Address Optimizations For Embedded Processors, Sai Pinnepalli Jan 2004

Address Optimizations For Embedded Processors, Sai Pinnepalli

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Embedded processors that are common in electronic devices perform a limited set of tasks compared to general-purpose processor systems. They have limited resources which have to be efficiently used. Optimal utilization of program memory needs a reduction in code size which can be achieved by eliminating unnecessary address computations i.e., generate optimal offset assignment that utilizes built-in addressing modes. Single offset assignment (SOA) solutions, used for processors with one address register; start with the access sequence of variables to determine the optimal assignment. This research uses the basic block to commutatively transform statements to alter the access sequence. Edges in …

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Turbine Blade Tip Cooling And Heat Transfer, Hasan Nasir Jan 2004

Turbine Blade Tip Cooling And Heat Transfer, Hasan Nasir

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Turbine blade tip leakage flow from blade pressure side to suction side over the tip surface increases the thermal loading to the blade tip, leading to a high local temperature and thus, is considered one of the primary sources of blade failure. Leakage flow can be reduced by using a recessed or squealer tip blade or by cooling the blade tip to incorporate film cooling. The performance of different recessed tip geometries were investigated and compared with plane tip performance. A transient liquid crystal technique was employed to measure detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions. Coolant injection from holes located on …

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Development And Integration Of New Processes Consuming Carbon Dioxide In Multi-Plant Chemical Production Complexes, Sudheer Indala Jan 2004

Development And Integration Of New Processes Consuming Carbon Dioxide In Multi-Plant Chemical Production Complexes, Sudheer Indala

LSU Master's Theses

New, energy-efficient and environmentally acceptable, catalytic processes have been identified that can use excess high purity CO2 as a raw material from the sources available in a chemical production complex. The chemical complex in the lower Mississippi River Corridor has been used to show how these new plants can be integrated into this existing infrastructure using the Chemical Complex and Cogeneration Analysis System. Eighty six published articles of laboratory and pilot plant experiments were reviewed that describe new methods and catalysts to use CO2 for producing commercially important products. Reactions have been categorized as hydrogenation reactions; hydrocarbon synthesis …

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The Fidelity Of Red Snapper (Lutjanus Campechanus) To Petroleum Platforms And Artificial Reefs In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Megan Blythe Peabody Jan 2004

The Fidelity Of Red Snapper (Lutjanus Campechanus) To Petroleum Platforms And Artificial Reefs In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Megan Blythe Peabody

LSU Master's Theses

The habitat value of petroleum platforms for red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, is poorly understood. However, it is widely recognized by both scientists and fishermen that the presence of platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) has affected the distribution of red snapper by the addition of hard substrate habitat. I evaluated the habitat value of standing and toppled platforms by monitoring the fidelity of red snapper to these structures with acoustic telemetry. In May 2003, 125 red snapper were captured with hook and line at several platforms in a 35-km2 portion of the South Timbalier oil and gas lease …

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Effect Of Ohmic Heating On Color, Rehydration And Textural Characteristics Of Fresh Carrot Cubes, Sandeep Dattatraya Bhale Jan 2004

Effect Of Ohmic Heating On Color, Rehydration And Textural Characteristics Of Fresh Carrot Cubes, Sandeep Dattatraya Bhale

LSU Master's Theses

Carrot cubes were ohmically heated with 2 different frequencies 1 Hz and 60 Hz to evaluate change in color, texture and rehydration properties. Carrot samples were stored under 4 different relative humidity (RH) conditions 11.1 %, 32.7%, 55.7 % and 75.3 %. Experiments were conducted to monitor the textural parameters of hardness, fracturability, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and chewiness and color changes in terms of CIE color values. Results showed that the hardness, fracturability and adhesiveness of 1- Hz samples stored at 75.3 % RH were different from those at 55.7 % RH. The adhesiveness, cohesiveness and chewiness of 1-Hz samples were …

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"Ya Know Frenchy, You Talk A Broken Language": An Analysis Of Syllable-Coda Phonetic Realizations In Creole African American Vernacular English, Rachel Rose Mentz Jan 2004

"Ya Know Frenchy, You Talk A Broken Language": An Analysis Of Syllable-Coda Phonetic Realizations In Creole African American Vernacular English, Rachel Rose Mentz

LSU Master's Theses

Creole African American Vernacular English or CAAVE is a variety of English spoken by African Americans of French ancestry who live primarily in the French Triangle of Louisiana. Dubois and Horvath (2003b) have previously published on glide absence in CAAVE and have suggested that CAAVE is a unique dialect of English. They attribute CAAVE’s glide absence to the contact of Creole African Americans with diverse groups of English speakers and not to language interference from French. This research further pursues these hypotheses by studying the phonological realization of word final syllable-codas for six old male speakers of CAAVE. The reduction …

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The Effects Of Nutrient Enrichment On The Decomposition Of Belowground Organic Matter In A Sagittaria Lancifolia - Dominated Oligohaline Marsh, Kristen Raye Laursen Jan 2004

The Effects Of Nutrient Enrichment On The Decomposition Of Belowground Organic Matter In A Sagittaria Lancifolia - Dominated Oligohaline Marsh, Kristen Raye Laursen

LSU Master's Theses

Wetlands improve water quality through sedimentation and the uptake of excess nutrients. As human population increases in the coastal zone, wetlands receive greater nutrient inputs. These additional nutrients may accelerate microbial activity, leading to faster decomposition rates. This decomposition could exceed belowground organic matter production, resulting in a net reduction in soil organic matter accumulation and vertical marsh accretion. The effects of nutrient enrichment on belowground organic matter decomposition in subtropical marshes have received little attention. As such, this research examined the effects of four levels of nitrogen combined with two levels of phosphorus enrichment on belowground decomposition through the …

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Accelerating The Transition To A Sustainable Society, Christopher Brian Bennett Jan 2004

Accelerating The Transition To A Sustainable Society, Christopher Brian Bennett

LSU Master's Theses

As human populations increase, available land and resources decrease, and we begin to better understand the impacts of human activity on the environment, a strategy for human development that meets both the needs of society and the environment is being increasingly called upon. This movement has come to be known as sustainability. While this term is prevalent in the design and planning communities, it is important that this concept be brought to the attention of the general public, whom will ultimately decide the success or failure of this scheme. The question then is how to begin implementation of sustainable practices, …

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B.S., Michael P. Redmond Jan 2004

B.S., Michael P. Redmond

LSU Master's Theses

This is a novel about a hack of a novelist who guides a fraud of a novelist around an allegorical version of the United States of America. It tests the limits of its readers’ patience with irony and metafiction. Themes that are explored, mocked, and then explored again include belief, identity, reality, geography, the intersections of the aforementioned, and the comical futility of such exploration. Abandon all hope, ye who enter here.

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Parallel Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Antimicrobial Peptides, Svetlana V. Oard Jan 2004

Parallel Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Antimicrobial Peptides, Svetlana V. Oard

LSU Master's Theses

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the wheat antimicrobial peptide â-purothionin were carried out in explicit water (~14,000 atoms) using an all-atom model. The structural properties of the peptide as a function of MD simulation, temperature, and presence of the mono- and divalent metal ions were investigated. The accuracy and scalability tests of the code Peach 3.8 for our system were performed on the Intel Xeon-based Linux cluster SuperHelix at Louisiana State University (LSU). The code showed the reliable accuracy and the parallel efficiency of 0.61 for ~14,000 particles on 16 processors. The microcanonical (MC) MD simulation of â-purothionin in water …

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The Fate Of Bifenthrin And Fipronil In Pine Bark Nursery Media, Russell Stanley Harris, Iii Jan 2004

The Fate Of Bifenthrin And Fipronil In Pine Bark Nursery Media, Russell Stanley Harris, Iii

LSU Master's Theses

Concerns over the adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment have led to the development of stricter pesticide regulations and the outright banning of many pesticides in the U.S. Bifenthrin and fipronil are important pesticides used in the nursery industry for the control of imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren, S. richteri Forel, and their hybrids) to meet the requirements of the Imported Fire Ant Quarantine. Nurseries typically use highly-organic media ("soilless" media) and little is known about the fate of these pesticides when used with these media. Our research measured the influence of irrigation frequency and …

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Synthesis, Characterization And Tribological Behavior Of Nitrogen-Doped Chromium-Diamond-Like Carbon Nanocomposite Thin Films, Sunil Kumar Pal Jan 2004

Synthesis, Characterization And Tribological Behavior Of Nitrogen-Doped Chromium-Diamond-Like Carbon Nanocomposite Thin Films, Sunil Kumar Pal

LSU Master's Theses

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have been extensively studied for more than two decades due to their highly attractive properties. These films exhibit unique mechanical, chemical and electronic properties and thus, possess great potential for applications in tribology. However, two drawbacks in the DLC films are high level of internal stress developed during growth preventing deposition of thick films and low thermal stability. Synthesis of Me-DLC (Cr-DLC and N-doped Cr-DLC) presents a way to overcome these drawbacks. In the present study, DLC, Cr-DLC and N-doped Cr-DLC films were deposited on Si substrate using a hybrid Plasma assisted CVD/PVD process. Film characterization …

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State-Level Environmental Risk Perception: An Analysis Of 20 Comparative Risk Reports, Mandy Green Jan 2004

State-Level Environmental Risk Perception: An Analysis Of 20 Comparative Risk Reports, Mandy Green

LSU Master's Theses

Research was conducted to identify the states that compiled Comparative Risk Reports and the year in which the study was completed. The information relating to the type of committee that compiled the risk report and the final risk rankings was examined. State Comparative Risk Reports were collected for twenty states and the risk rankings that each state compiled were reviewed to determine which states ranked third generation environmental problems and the ranking that those problems were given. The risk reports compiled by each state were also used to determine which states ranked natural resource based problems and the ranking that …

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Mortality Of Pen-Raised White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Released On Three Areas In Louisiana, Barret Keith Fortier Jan 2004

Mortality Of Pen-Raised White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Released On Three Areas In Louisiana, Barret Keith Fortier

LSU Master's Theses

I monitored 60 radio-collared and tagged pen-raised white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to ascertain mortality rates on three areas in Louisiana from April 2001 - April 2002. Two of 60 were not used in the analysis because mortality occurred from complications with darting and an affixed radio-collar. Study deer were exposed to legal hunting mortality only if they emigrated from the three study areas. Twenty deer were released to the wild on the Louisiana State University Deer Study Area (LSUDSA) (4,810 ha), where 9 of 20 (45%) suffered mortality. Harvest accounted for 56%, vehicles 22%, and other 22% of the mortality …

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Effects Of Family Violence And Parental Psychopathology On The Psychological Outcome Of Urban Adolescents Exposed To Community Violence, Shannon Self-Brown Jan 2004

Effects Of Family Violence And Parental Psychopathology On The Psychological Outcome Of Urban Adolescents Exposed To Community Violence, Shannon Self-Brown

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Previous research has documented an association between adolescents’ exposure to community violence and a range of mental health problems. However, some violence-exposed youth maintain high levels of adaptive behavior and exhibit good psychological functioning. Thus, it appears that protective and/or risk factors are involved in the community violence-psychological outcome relation, which mitigate the conditions under which community violence exposure leads to adverse adolescent outcome. According to the ecological transactional model, protective and/or risk factors may exist within the family that influence adolescent outcome in response to community violence exposure. The purpose of this study was to delineate the relations among …

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Analysis Of Factors That Affect Responding In A Two-Response Chain In Children With Developmental Disabilities, Stephanie Ann Contrucci Kuhn Jan 2004

Analysis Of Factors That Affect Responding In A Two-Response Chain In Children With Developmental Disabilities, Stephanie Ann Contrucci Kuhn

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Behaviors that are appropriate, inappropriate, or a combination of both can be linked together in a behavior chain. When the contingencies for one response change (e.g., reinforcement is withheld for the last response in the chain; the last response is reinforced even if it occurs without the other responses in the chain) or the environmental conditions change (e.g., access to the reinforcer is available independent of responding), the other responses in the chain may be affected. Little is known about these types of effects on behavior chains. Several operant processes may disrupt behavior chains. The purpose of this study was …

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The Myth Of Charismatic Leadership And Fantasy Rhetoric Of Crypto-Charismatic Memberships, Shaun Robert Treat Jan 2004

The Myth Of Charismatic Leadership And Fantasy Rhetoric Of Crypto-Charismatic Memberships, Shaun Robert Treat

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study will analyze the relationship between myth and the fantasy rhetoric of charismatic leadership by employing Fantasy Theme Analysis to examine the pervasive discourses invoking this enduring folk belief. Fantasies of the Charismatic Superhero are explored within the popular leadership treatises of successful “management gurus” and in our popular culture entertainments. The rhetorical visions of Stephen Covey’s “Principle-Centered Leadership,” Jim Collins’ “Level 5 Leadership,” and Manz and Sims' “SuperLeadership” are examined for their displacement of charismatic leadership in favor of the empowered crypto-charisma of self-leading memberships. Findings suggest “empowerment” rhetorics, like the rhetorical visions championed by many populist “gurus,” …

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Effective Literacy Instruction In The Elementary Grades, Marie Laurent Bergeron Jan 2004

Effective Literacy Instruction In The Elementary Grades, Marie Laurent Bergeron

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to identify elements present in effective literacy instruction, i.e., those elements that fostered reading, speaking, listening, thinking, writing, and metacognitive skills. By examining variables that promoted literacy acquisition and achievement, a detailed account resulted which described classroom practice as related to teacher beliefs, strategies, materials, and classroom climate. The primary method of qualitative analysis used for this study was the Developmental Research Sequence (DRS) Method (Spradley, 1980). Two classrooms with exemplary teachers were studied extensively. Data collection involved the use of primary sources (interviews, observations, and student and teacher work) and secondary sources (records, …

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A Qualitative Exploration Of Students' Experiences With Tutorial Learning, Angela Alexander Jan 2004

A Qualitative Exploration Of Students' Experiences With Tutorial Learning, Angela Alexander

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to explore how students perceive their tutorial learning experiences at the collegiate level in a campus-based center and to explore the personality preferences of the students who participate in tutoring, according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The study is designed to address tutoring from the perspective of the tutee’s experiences and to allow them to tell their story of how tutoring impacted their academic experience. The following research questions guide this study: 1. What are students’ perceptions of their tutorial learning experiences? 2. Are students’ perceptions of their tutorial learning experiences related to …

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Cost Effective And Sequential Methods For Teaching Educational Paraprofessionals To Implement Behavior Management Strategies In Preschool Classrooms, Natalie Jan Slider Jan 2004

Cost Effective And Sequential Methods For Teaching Educational Paraprofessionals To Implement Behavior Management Strategies In Preschool Classrooms, Natalie Jan Slider

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

This study examined the efficacy of cost effective and sequential training methods for teaching educational paraprofessionals to implement behavior management strategies in preschool classrooms. Investigation of the effects of increasingly complex and time consuming methods of training on both paraprofessional and student behaviors were evaluated. Training methods employed included written take-home manuals and summary cards, modeling videotapes, and performance feedback. Training materials included three behavior management strategies (e.g., instruction-giving, praise, and time out) that have shown to have extensive support in the empirical literature (Brophy, 1981; Budd, Riner, & Brockman, 1983; Flanagan, Adams, & Forehand, 1979; O’Dell, Krug, Patterson, & …

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