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2002

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Developing A Method To Support Human Centered Designers In Forming Arguments: Intertwining Practice And Theory, M. Alrutz, B. Singer, T. Wahlig Sep 2002

Developing A Method To Support Human Centered Designers In Forming Arguments: Intertwining Practice And Theory, M. Alrutz, B. Singer, T. Wahlig

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper describes a design research project that was undertaken using a human-centered design approach. We first discuss why we believe our project combines an interesting mix of theory and practice. We then establish the locus of our research around one piece of the human-centered design process. To address a problem we call the “analysis-synthesis gap,” we present the Elito method as a solution. We then describe our process and results of testing a prototype of this new method. We conclude that our approach was one way of coming to rich conclusions about the theory and practice of the Elito …

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Intentionality And Design, C. Burnette Sep 2002

Intentionality And Design, C. Burnette

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper suggests that: a model of Intentionality is required in any theory of design thinking; that ”intending” is systematically informed and constrained by experience; that it is cognitively structured in terms of the source-path-goal schema; and that this schema frames, threads and manages other modes of thinking during design. The philosophical roots, cognitive structure and operational requirements of intentional thinking are indicated and a computational model of design thinking which would enable Intentionality in design to become more accessible as a subject of research is referenced.

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The Colby Echo (2002-09-05), Colby College Sep 2002

The Colby Echo (2002-09-05), Colby College

The Colby Echo

Published by the students of Colby College since 1877, The Colby Echo is the weekly, editorially independent student-run newspaper of Colby College in Waterville, Maine. Published monthly, 1877-1886; semi-monthly, 1886-1897; and weekly, during the academic year, 1898-present.

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Urban And Regional Design: A Practical Science, I. T. Klaasen Sep 2002

Urban And Regional Design: A Practical Science, I. T. Klaasen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Widely held notions such as the uniqueness of each design and design situation and of learning the design craft in a studio with ‘apprentice’ and ‘master’ relationships, have hitherto left little room for thinking about urban design as a science. In this paper it is argued that urban and regional design is basically a practical science like medicine, applied psychology and other technical sciences. In a practical science the objective of research is the application of science : research is focused on ‘what is possible’, be it desirable or not (yet) desirable. Practical sciences differ inter alia from empirical ones …

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Understanding Characteristics And Typology Of Proportion In Product Design, J-R. Lee, J-P. Hong, J-A Kim Sep 2002

Understanding Characteristics And Typology Of Proportion In Product Design, J-R. Lee, J-P. Hong, J-A Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Proportion is one of the aesthetic elements in product design. It has been widely considered in aesthetic researches. However, no clear conclusion on proportion in product design has been suggested yet and the debate over the aesthetic pleasingness of the proportion is still ongoing. The aim of the present study is to clarify part of this ambiguity in product design through identifying characteristics and typology of product proportion through experimental design and consumer survey. For this, we constructed stimulus sets for one product category (e.g., a refrigerator) by distortion of its prototype design into various forms. Each design form was …

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Extending The Design Problem-Solving Process Model: Requirements And Outcomes, S. A. R. Scrivener, K.-C. Liang, L. J. Ball Sep 2002

Extending The Design Problem-Solving Process Model: Requirements And Outcomes, S. A. R. Scrivener, K.-C. Liang, L. J. Ball

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In this paper we extend existing design problem-solving models by the explicit inclusion of requirements and evaluation outcomes. We emphasise the importance of the notion of an evaluation outcome, arguing that it is not simply the term ‘negative’ or ‘positive’. Rather it is a relation between a solution and a requirement(s) expressing whether, why, and to what extent the anticipated effect of the proposed solution is positive or negative. Like requirements and solutions, evaluation outcomes function as objects of reasoning (e.g., ideation). We describe an empirical study of four design dyads engaged in a design task, in which designers’ talk …

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The Designer As Strategist: Response From Ma Alumni, N. Gornick Sep 2002

The Designer As Strategist: Response From Ma Alumni, N. Gornick

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The underlying ambition behind the Brunel programme was to generate new kinds of design professional who understood the contextual dimension of design work, and are able to respond to these wider revolutionary changes and contribute hugely to the development of new concepts and products within organisations. They also respond to the demand for closer ties between design and its social and industrial context by taking up roles as integrators and catalysts for innovation and change. Graduates from Brunel have been accepted into manufacturing and service companies as well as design consultancies. They are valued because they have crossed the tribal …

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Comparison Between Communication Instruments For People With Speech Impediments And The Efficiency Of Gui Environments, J-S. Jang Sep 2002

Comparison Between Communication Instruments For People With Speech Impediments And The Efficiency Of Gui Environments, J-S. Jang

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Communication is a basic desire for all humankind, and it is believed that no special groups should suffer from a cultural lag in communication. This study focuses on special groups like people with an acoustic disturbance, and those with a normal sense of hearing who are able only to communicate through sign and finger languages. Among the major difficulties encountered during communication, there were individual differences in the understanding of texts and in the expressive method of gestures. To solve these basic problems, this study largely consisted of three stages. Firstly, the illustrations used in the sign and finger language …

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A Method For Designing And Analyzing Interaction Design At Earlier Phases Of The Design Process - Use Of The Scenario, Performance, And Description Format, K. Hasuike, T. Matsuo, K. Takeuchi, M. Tozaki Sep 2002

A Method For Designing And Analyzing Interaction Design At Earlier Phases Of The Design Process - Use Of The Scenario, Performance, And Description Format, K. Hasuike, T. Matsuo, K. Takeuchi, M. Tozaki

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In this study, we explored a set of methodologies that can be used at earlier phases of the design process, for designing and analyzing interaction design. Our methodology features a prototyping method that adopts performance technique, an observation method using video from the view of a user and a view that includes the system as a whole, and a method for describing interaction scenarios. Our method aimed to use the scenario and performance as techniques for communicating new design concepts and sharing experiences between designers and users, and to promote interaction between the user community and the design team. We …

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Product Charisma, J. Gotzsch Sep 2002

Product Charisma, J. Gotzsch

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Consumers are attracted by product designs that feel “alive” and that contain surprise elements. Meaningful product attributes are an important way to differentiate a product from the competitor’s products. Companies in mature markets, especially, have a competitive advantage when they succeed in integrating this “emotional value” or “experience” into the product design. This paper presents a classification of the various messages that a product can convey. The different product messages are visualised by means of a schema in which three groups of messages are distinguished. These three groups consist of messages about the product itself, about the company and about …

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A Study In Making A Software Development Process Visual, S. Kim Sep 2002

A Study In Making A Software Development Process Visual, S. Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Recently, it has been more important for software designers to do the part in developing usercentered software. They produce visual document to help communication among developers. Visual diagram to analyze user need factors is based on user scenario. Case study of distributed virtualreality services in architectural process can show a sample of developing process visually. It is important to produce visual document of one combined opinion among developers in process of defining development boundary, developing main concept, and selecting development system. Visual document created by software designer is a step to recognize design factors in the process of collecting design …

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Are ‘The Reflective Practitioner’ And ‘Learning Cycles’ Suitable Foundations For Theories About Designing And Design Cognition, T. Love Sep 2002

Are ‘The Reflective Practitioner’ And ‘Learning Cycles’ Suitable Foundations For Theories About Designing And Design Cognition, T. Love

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper challenges the use of the concepts ‘reflective practice’ and ‘learning cycles’ as a basis for analysing designing, for building coherent theories about human designing, and for developing design methodologies. It develops the argument via two paths: a review of the original formulation of the concepts of ‘reflective practice/practitioners’ and ‘learning cycles’; and an analysis of the implications of recent findings in the areas of brain and neurology research for building theories about designing. The paper suggests researchers have over extended the use of the reflective practice and learning cycle concepts: concepts that were devised as relatively coarse structural …

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Dialogue In Participatory Design, R. Luck Sep 2002

Dialogue In Participatory Design, R. Luck

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The study of participatory design has been an active research field for several decades (Cross 1971; Sanoff 1973) an acknowledgement that direct involvement in the design and decision making of physical environments has a positive influence and that there is continued value, new insight and knowledge from its investigation. During this time there has been a maturation of the subject and subtle shifts in the field: recognising participatory design as a process with many approaches and techniques, rather than a particular research method and the flexibility of participatory methodologies. Sanoff's (2000) continued involvement and development of the field have shown …

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Integrating The World’S Most Effective Creative Design Strategies, D. Mann Sep 2002

Integrating The World’S Most Effective Creative Design Strategies, D. Mann

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The paper examines the broad range of methods, tools and strategies available to designers and attempts to distill the best of each in a bid to generate a coherent, ‘systematic creative design’ philosophy. Although using the Soviet-originated Theory of Inventive problem Solving, TRIZ as its foundation, the proposed design method also encompasses elements of, amongst others, QFD, Design for X, Value Engineering, Axiomatic Design and Robust Design. The paper describes the ongoing process of integrating these methods and reviews their deployment on a broad spectrum of real engineering design case studies.

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A ‘Social Model’ Of Design: Issues Of Practice And Research, V. Margolin, S. Margolin Sep 2002

A ‘Social Model’ Of Design: Issues Of Practice And Research, V. Margolin, S. Margolin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Compared to the “market model,” little theorizing has been done to produce a model of design for social need. This paper discusses a process of social service intervention that can address the product needs of vulnerable populations. This process follows a problem-solving approach whereby a professional or professional team works collaboratively with clients to improve their quality of life. A number of options for how product designers might work with such an intervention team are explored. The authors then outline a program of research. A multi-faceted approach to address questions related to social design would include survey research and interviews, …

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General Strategic Knowledge Models And Their Interaction With Domain-Specific Knowledge In Design, V. Popovic Sep 2002

General Strategic Knowledge Models And Their Interaction With Domain-Specific Knowledge In Design, V. Popovic

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This research concentrates on the modelling of general process knowledge that is understood to be represented as a common strategic knowledge relevant to the various design domains, such as product and information design. Its objective is to illustrate the connections between general knowledge and strategies and how they interact with the domain–specific design knowledge. The knowledge identification in this research is based on the study of designers' sketches generated during the early stage (conceptual stage) of the design process. The applications of general and goal–limited strategies are analysed and compared within the domain of product design and information design.The findings …

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Sirn (Synergetic Inter-Representation Networks): An Approach To Design, J. Portugali, H. Casakin Sep 2002

Sirn (Synergetic Inter-Representation Networks): An Approach To Design, J. Portugali, H. Casakin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Our aim in this paper is to examine the relation between design and cognition in light of two aspects related to these disciplines: (a) Cognitive science’s negative attitude toward artifacts. (b) The fact that artifacts are the subject matter and end product of design. In our paper we firstly discuss cognitive science’s attitude toward artifacts and show that it contradicts the reflective-interaction approach that currently dominates the discipline of design. We then introduce SIRN (Synergetic inter-Representation Networks) as an approach that resolves this contradiction by treating artifacts and their design as innately related to cognition. We close the paper by …

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Is There A Specific Type Of Knowledge Associated With Design?, A. T. Purcell, K. S. Sodersten Sep 2002

Is There A Specific Type Of Knowledge Associated With Design?, A. T. Purcell, K. S. Sodersten

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper is concerned with the question of whether or not there are forms of knowledge that can be regarded as unique to design. On the basis of protocol studies of architects designing we identify three types of knowledge that may be considered as candidates for design knowledge. These we refer to as interpreted and embodied knowledge, compiled knowledge and strategic knowledge relating to the use of design representations. Each of the potential types of knowledge addresses a core problem in design how to move from knowledge that is abstract and conceptual to a representation of that knowledge in physical …

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A Comparative Study Of Iconic Influences Amongst British And Canadian Design Students, P. A. Rodgers, M. Strickfaden Sep 2002

A Comparative Study Of Iconic Influences Amongst British And Canadian Design Students, P. A. Rodgers, M. Strickfaden

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Design students encounter a wide variety of influences and inspiration during their education. Moreover, the knowledge and skills required and utilised whilst studying design encompasses both explicit and implicit knowledge, and iconic and canonic knowledge types. This paper explores, comparatively, the iconic influences amongst sets of British and Canadian undergraduate design students. Using naturalistic experimentation techniques, the study’s main objective is to investigate whether a student’s design influences, and subsequent artifact creation activities, are affected by their educational context, their economic situation, their gender or age, and their geographical conditions amongst others. With this in mind the study will seek …

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Putting It All Together: Bringing Interdisciplinary Research To The Practice Of Designing Interactive Learning Tools, B. Sadler Takach, J. Daniels, C. Varnhagen Sep 2002

Putting It All Together: Bringing Interdisciplinary Research To The Practice Of Designing Interactive Learning Tools, B. Sadler Takach, J. Daniels, C. Varnhagen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Working within an interdisciplinary, collaborative context to bring research into design practice offers both challenges and opportunities in building strategic alliances for a common purpose, integrating methods of research, and transferring or translating the resulting knowledge into action. Integrating multiple methods requires an iterative, complementary approach to the design of research, characterised by the need for effective communicative strategies throughout the process. Two of the responsibilities inherent in applied research are to undertake useful research and to report it in ways that are accessible to people working in different disciplines, and usable in practice. We centre our discussion on three …

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Three Orientations Of Weaving Design, P. Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, K. Hakkarainen Sep 2002

Three Orientations Of Weaving Design, P. Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, K. Hakkarainen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This study investigated expertise in the process of professional-level weaving design. A working hypothesis of the study was that the weaving-design process is best considered as a dual-space search between the visual, composition space and the technical, construction space, subject to external (environmental, contextual) and internally generated constraints. The study analyses expertise in weaving design by examining how professionally experienced designers (n=4) and advanced students (n=4) of weaving design solved a professional weaving-design task. The participants were asked to solve the task while thinking aloud in two design sessions. The data consisted of (1) verbal protocols, (2) video protocols, and …

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A Comparative Programme For Design Research, M. Stacey, C. Eckert, C. Earl, L. Bucciarelli, P. J. Clarkson Sep 2002

A Comparative Programme For Design Research, M. Stacey, C. Eckert, C. Earl, L. Bucciarelli, P. J. Clarkson

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As ‘designing’ is a diverse phenomenon, but design processes have many important features in common with some other design processes, we can gain insights into how and why designers do what they do by making cross-domain comparisons. In this paper we propose a research programme for design studies: systematising these insights by using comparisons between design processes to compile a catalogue of patterns of designing – sets of features of design processes linked by causal mechanisms, that in combination with each other give a wide range of design processes their distinctive forms. The catalogue of patterns should include patterns describing …

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Inter-Linkages In The Design Process: A Holistic View Towards Design Knowledge And Sketches, H-H. Tang, J. S. Gero Sep 2002

Inter-Linkages In The Design Process: A Holistic View Towards Design Knowledge And Sketches, H-H. Tang, J. S. Gero

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper reveals the close connection between design knowledge and sketches in an attempt to propose a holistic view of design studies. Two sets of experimental protocol data were analyzed. We first observed the interaction between meaning-based design knowledge and sketches in our residential house design project. The protocol collected in a museum design was analyzed using design content-oriented coding scheme to show detailed linkages between perception-based and meaning-based knowledge and sketches. The results demonstrate a close link between design knowledge and sketches. The dichotomy of design knowledge was proposed to pinpoint the importance of design media, such as sketches …

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Understanding Designing And Design Management Through Constituent Market Orientation And Constituent Orientation, B. Tellefsen, T. Love Sep 2002

Understanding Designing And Design Management Through Constituent Market Orientation And Constituent Orientation, B. Tellefsen, T. Love

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The paper builds on research undertaken in Norway and Australia in constituent market orientation and models of affective design cognition to develop a more coherent and integrated theory frame for modeling designing in organisations, particularly the increasing number of design organisations undertaking virtual multidisciplinary teamwork. Attempts to develop an integrated theory of the interactions between stakeholders have focused mainly on the properties of designed artifacts, the characteristics of the design problems and brief, or on the technical, social and communication processes. This has been less than fully satisfactory and resulted in a lack of adequate theoretical integration with underlying individual …

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Telling Tales: Understanding The Role Of Narrative In The Design Of Taxonomic Software, S. Turner, P. Turner, C. Raguenaud, J. Kennedy Sep 2002

Telling Tales: Understanding The Role Of Narrative In The Design Of Taxonomic Software, S. Turner, P. Turner, C. Raguenaud, J. Kennedy

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper draws on concepts from the structuralist analysis of narrative to explore aspects of the role of stories in the small group design process. A brief review of relevant narratological concepts is provided. Their application in a preliminary analysis of case study data from a team designing taxonomic software is then reported. It is concluded that narratology, and in particular the notion of focalisation, has useful descriptive potential in this context, and may help to elucidate some difficulties in design communication and documentation. Suggestions for extension of the work are included.

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The Study Of Shape Elements In Conveying Pleasurable Image, T. Y. Wu, B. I Sep 2002

The Study Of Shape Elements In Conveying Pleasurable Image, T. Y. Wu, B. I

DRS Biennial Conference Series

People’s lifestyle and living quality have changed dramatically in the 21st century. Nowadays, more and more consumers are concerned about looking for a product which is not only for functional and aesthetic pleasure but also emotional satisfaction. Products are objects that can make people happy, angry, proud or ashamed, secure or anxious. Products can empower, infuriate or delight – they have personality (Marzano 1998). This new trend has pushed the market toward a more emotionally-orientated approach in the manufacture of many future products. Today, consumers have a desire to see the extra value for the satisfaction at emotional level. Therefore, …

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Design For The Urban Poor In Egypt: Satisfying User Needs Or Achieving The Aspirations Of Professionals? The Case Of The Mubarak National Housing Project For Youth, K.G. Ahmed, M. Parry Sep 2002

Design For The Urban Poor In Egypt: Satisfying User Needs Or Achieving The Aspirations Of Professionals? The Case Of The Mubarak National Housing Project For Youth, K.G. Ahmed, M. Parry

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As a result of the criticism of the conventional Western-inspired prototypical designs for lowincome public housing in Egypt, a new trend in design for this sort of housing, represented by the “Mubarak National Housing Project for Youth”, has been adopted by the professionals in recent years. If the main objective of any housing project is to meet user needs and preferences, has the design of the Mubarak housing project achieved this goal? and to what extent does this project differ from previous public housing schemes?. In an attempt to answer these questions, and speculate on an appropriate design approach for …

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Intuitive Use Of Products, A. Blackler, V. Popovic, D. Mahar Sep 2002

Intuitive Use Of Products, A. Blackler, V. Popovic, D. Mahar

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The term “intuitive use” has been widely used with respect to various products and systems but has not yet been adequately defined. Through an extensive literature review, it was concluded that intuition is a cognitive process that utilises knowledge gained through prior experience. Intuitive use of products involves utilising knowledge gained through other products or experience(s). Therefore, products that people use intuitively should be those with features they have encountered before. A set of experiments with a digital camera was conducted to test the thesis. The results of these experiments support the thesis. It was found that prior knowledge of …

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Generations In Design Methodology, J. Broadbent Sep 2002

Generations In Design Methodology, J. Broadbent

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The relationship between design and science is examined through the lens of design methodology. The purpose is to foresee the next generation of design methodology and its attributes. Four generations in design methodology are recognized – craft, design-by-drawing, hard systems methods and soft systems methods – and each is characterized in terms of its benefits and limitations in respect of design practice. To the extent that each new generation overlays the preceding one, a system of design methodologies is created which, being more inclusive of the real world, should be increasingly useful to design practice. The change process between generations …

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Well-Defined Versus Ill-Defined Design Problem Solving: The Use Of Visual Analogy, H. Casakin Sep 2002

Well-Defined Versus Ill-Defined Design Problem Solving: The Use Of Visual Analogy, H. Casakin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Analogical reasoning is considered to be an efficient heuristic for solving non-routine problems, and particularly helpful in design. It is during the design process, where a large collection of visual displays aid designers, in which the use of visual analogy is of specific importance. Few works have studied the effect of the use of visual analogy in design problem solving, and there is no research which has studied whether it plays a more significant role in the context of ill-defined problems or in well-defined problems. The objective of this study is to empirically compare and investigate the use of visual …

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