Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2002

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 3421 - 3450 of 17416

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Are ‘The Reflective Practitioner’ And ‘Learning Cycles’ Suitable Foundations For Theories About Designing And Design Cognition, T. Love Sep 2002

Are ‘The Reflective Practitioner’ And ‘Learning Cycles’ Suitable Foundations For Theories About Designing And Design Cognition, T. Love

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper challenges the use of the concepts ‘reflective practice’ and ‘learning cycles’ as a basis for analysing designing, for building coherent theories about human designing, and for developing design methodologies. It develops the argument via two paths: a review of the original formulation of the concepts of ‘reflective practice/practitioners’ and ‘learning cycles’; and an analysis of the implications of recent findings in the areas of brain and neurology research for building theories about designing. The paper suggests researchers have over extended the use of the reflective practice and learning cycle concepts: concepts that were devised as relatively coarse structural …

Go to article

The Aesthetic Of Precision In Virtual Design What Are The Implications Of Precision In The Use Of Computers In The Modelling Of Architecture And Interior Design?, T. Loveday Sep 2002

The Aesthetic Of Precision In Virtual Design What Are The Implications Of Precision In The Use Of Computers In The Modelling Of Architecture And Interior Design?, T. Loveday

DRS Biennial Conference Series

It is suspected in design education, that the use of computer representations of design, especially 3D modelling, tends to limit design outcomes in some ways while at the same time appearing to offer greater opportunities to explore new ideas in others. Virtual space in design becomes a province of isolation, often noted for its limited view of design. Precision itself is a style of argument (rhetoric) for design, conventionally accepted in such pictures as working drawings. The precision of the drawing itself is denied in order to make way for precision in the concept. The return of the æsthetic of …

Go to article

The Design Of Product/Service Systems From A Designer’S Perspective, N. Morelli Sep 2002

The Design Of Product/Service Systems From A Designer’S Perspective, N. Morelli

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In the age of globalisation and information technology, corporate strategies are challenged to bring production in line with a complex demand, which requires a substantial shift from production of goods to the provision of knowledge-intensive systemic solutions. Such solutions usually consist product-service systems, i.e. a marketable set of products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a user's need. Given their strategic relevance, such solutions have rightly been widely discussed in management and marketing disciplines. In the Design discipline instead, the methodological implications of the design of PSS have rarely been discussed even though design components play a critical role in …

Go to article

Designing Information Appliances: The Evaluation Of A Design Process Framework Based On A Designer-Friendly Prototyping Environment, T-J. Nam Sep 2002

Designing Information Appliances: The Evaluation Of A Design Process Framework Based On A Designer-Friendly Prototyping Environment, T-J. Nam

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper presents a new design process framework for interaction design of computer-embedded products (information appliances) and examines the feasibility of the framework in the design education and practice through case studies. The main feature is the application of a new prototyping environment that employs a widely available presentation tool, MS PowerPoint, for building fully functional engineering quality prototypes of computer embedded digital products without assistance from electronic engineers. The proposed interaction design process framework involves four phases. i) to analyze the user context, ii) to create conceptual models using State Transition Charts, iii) to develop hardware-software hybrid prototypes using …

Go to article

Verbal Language And Sketching, T. Y. Pan, R. M. Newman, S. Porter, M. Tovey Sep 2002

Verbal Language And Sketching, T. Y. Pan, R. M. Newman, S. Porter, M. Tovey

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper attempts to identify designers’ sketches in different forms for a classification system by use of verbal language. Designers have a creative vocabulary, which has rich meanings in design communication. This study was carried out with the cooperation of 11 academic staff in the domain of industrial design. It was concluded that none of verbal language was found descriptive enough for the purpose of separating sketches into different forms to support a classification system. While this study has not produced a possible means for classification of sketches using verbal language, the methodology employed has proved interesting for future investigative …

Go to article

Developing Design Research: The Study Of Research As A Tool For Research, S. Pizzocaro Sep 2002

Developing Design Research: The Study Of Research As A Tool For Research, S. Pizzocaro

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper will propose that learning - as occurring in all those circumstances whereby agents have an uncompleted understanding of the context in which they operate - has been an effective driving force that has characterised the reflection on design research itself. Some “forms of research” as “forms of learning” acquire even greater importance in those evolutionary environments - intended in the most generic terms - where heterogeneous agents display different forms of rationality, where there is a persistent appearance of novelties deriving from technological, behavioural and organisational innovations driven by the agents themselves, where out-of-equilibrium interactions may frequently occur …

Go to article

General Strategic Knowledge Models And Their Interaction With Domain-Specific Knowledge In Design, V. Popovic Sep 2002

General Strategic Knowledge Models And Their Interaction With Domain-Specific Knowledge In Design, V. Popovic

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This research concentrates on the modelling of general process knowledge that is understood to be represented as a common strategic knowledge relevant to the various design domains, such as product and information design. Its objective is to illustrate the connections between general knowledge and strategies and how they interact with the domain–specific design knowledge. The knowledge identification in this research is based on the study of designers' sketches generated during the early stage (conceptual stage) of the design process. The applications of general and goal–limited strategies are analysed and compared within the domain of product design and information design.The findings …

Go to article

Sirn (Synergetic Inter-Representation Networks): An Approach To Design, J. Portugali, H. Casakin Sep 2002

Sirn (Synergetic Inter-Representation Networks): An Approach To Design, J. Portugali, H. Casakin

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Our aim in this paper is to examine the relation between design and cognition in light of two aspects related to these disciplines: (a) Cognitive science’s negative attitude toward artifacts. (b) The fact that artifacts are the subject matter and end product of design. In our paper we firstly discuss cognitive science’s attitude toward artifacts and show that it contradicts the reflective-interaction approach that currently dominates the discipline of design. We then introduce SIRN (Synergetic inter-Representation Networks) as an approach that resolves this contradiction by treating artifacts and their design as innately related to cognition. We close the paper by …

Go to article

A Comparative Study Of Iconic Influences Amongst British And Canadian Design Students, P. A. Rodgers, M. Strickfaden Sep 2002

A Comparative Study Of Iconic Influences Amongst British And Canadian Design Students, P. A. Rodgers, M. Strickfaden

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Design students encounter a wide variety of influences and inspiration during their education. Moreover, the knowledge and skills required and utilised whilst studying design encompasses both explicit and implicit knowledge, and iconic and canonic knowledge types. This paper explores, comparatively, the iconic influences amongst sets of British and Canadian undergraduate design students. Using naturalistic experimentation techniques, the study’s main objective is to investigate whether a student’s design influences, and subsequent artifact creation activities, are affected by their educational context, their economic situation, their gender or age, and their geographical conditions amongst others. With this in mind the study will seek …

Go to article

A (X 4): Combining Ethnography, Scenario-Building, And Design To Explore User Experience, P. Rothstein Sep 2002

A (X 4): Combining Ethnography, Scenario-Building, And Design To Explore User Experience, P. Rothstein

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In today’s marketplace, developing new user experiences significantly influences success. Like never before, it has become vital to connect with consumers in experiential ways. “Recognizing experiences as a distinct economic offering,” note Joseph Pine and James Gilmore (1999), authors of The Experience Economy, “provides the key to future economic growth.” This paper describes a (x 4), a new method for designing user experiences. Drawing from elements found in market research, ethnography and design, a (x 4) is an effective tool that features a unique emphasis on visual and narrative communication. The paper includes: • background information about the emergence of …

Go to article

Putting It All Together: Bringing Interdisciplinary Research To The Practice Of Designing Interactive Learning Tools, B. Sadler Takach, J. Daniels, C. Varnhagen Sep 2002

Putting It All Together: Bringing Interdisciplinary Research To The Practice Of Designing Interactive Learning Tools, B. Sadler Takach, J. Daniels, C. Varnhagen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Working within an interdisciplinary, collaborative context to bring research into design practice offers both challenges and opportunities in building strategic alliances for a common purpose, integrating methods of research, and transferring or translating the resulting knowledge into action. Integrating multiple methods requires an iterative, complementary approach to the design of research, characterised by the need for effective communicative strategies throughout the process. Two of the responsibilities inherent in applied research are to undertake useful research and to report it in ways that are accessible to people working in different disciplines, and usable in practice. We centre our discussion on three …

Go to article

Images Of Forces, G. Sandberg, K-G. Olsson, M. Lund, J. Lindeman Sep 2002

Images Of Forces, G. Sandberg, K-G. Olsson, M. Lund, J. Lindeman

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The paper discusses how courses in mechanics can be taught to industrial design students and architectural students in a manner aimed at presenting concepts in such a way that mechanics becomes an inspiration for the design process rather than a limitation to it. In the courses of this sort that have been held, emphasis has been placed on the use of software for facilitating an intuitive understanding of physical matters related to mechanics and how that understanding can be transformed into design sketches. ForcePAD is a comprehensible software for making sketches and investigating patterns in mechanics. Its aim is to …

Go to article

Designing Philosophy, D. Sless Sep 2002

Designing Philosophy, D. Sless

DRS Biennial Conference Series

I start from two assertions: philosophy is our highest form of practical reasoning; design is our highest form of practical adaptation to our environment. I ask a question. What necessary conditions must exist for us to do both philosophising and designing? The method of argument I use is based on the philosophical methods of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations and the principle of parsimony or Occam’s razor: what is the simplest set of ideas necessary to answer the question. The area of design on which I draw most heavily is the area in which I have done most of my designing and …

Go to article

A Comparative Programme For Design Research, M. Stacey, C. Eckert, C. Earl, L. Bucciarelli, P. J. Clarkson Sep 2002

A Comparative Programme For Design Research, M. Stacey, C. Eckert, C. Earl, L. Bucciarelli, P. J. Clarkson

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As ‘designing’ is a diverse phenomenon, but design processes have many important features in common with some other design processes, we can gain insights into how and why designers do what they do by making cross-domain comparisons. In this paper we propose a research programme for design studies: systematising these insights by using comparisons between design processes to compile a catalogue of patterns of designing – sets of features of design processes linked by causal mechanisms, that in combination with each other give a wide range of design processes their distinctive forms. The catalogue of patterns should include patterns describing …

Go to article

Information And Cognitive Process: A Communication Theory For Design, P. K. Storkerson Sep 2002

Information And Cognitive Process: A Communication Theory For Design, P. K. Storkerson

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Design lacks a direct language for discussing meaning as it is experienced and constructed by receivers, and it lacks operational methods for measuring meaning and relating it to the design decisions that determine the spatial and temporal composition of communications. Thus, at the heart of the design process itself is a lacuna. This paper describes a theoretical approach to bridge the gap by examining how users construct meaning. The proposed cognitive process model is based on the processes of perception, thought, and memory: species wide competencies that underlie the manifold social and cultural code systems of communicative forms. A method …

Go to article

A Field Study Methodology Using Self-Photography Of Workplace Activities, E. Tamaru, K. Hasuike, M. Tozaki Sep 2002

A Field Study Methodology Using Self-Photography Of Workplace Activities, E. Tamaru, K. Hasuike, M. Tozaki

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The design of a new tool or technology for a workplace should take into account the broad range of activities that go on in a given work environment. This paper describes an observation methodology in which the users -those who actually work in a given environment - photograph their own activities, acting as their own investigators. In this methodology, some visual tools are used to enhance communication in the design process. During follow-up interviews of the workplace activities between designers and workplace users, the self-photographs serve an important role as a medium to help designers understand how users function in …

Go to article

Inter-Linkages In The Design Process: A Holistic View Towards Design Knowledge And Sketches, H-H. Tang, J. S. Gero Sep 2002

Inter-Linkages In The Design Process: A Holistic View Towards Design Knowledge And Sketches, H-H. Tang, J. S. Gero

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper reveals the close connection between design knowledge and sketches in an attempt to propose a holistic view of design studies. Two sets of experimental protocol data were analyzed. We first observed the interaction between meaning-based design knowledge and sketches in our residential house design project. The protocol collected in a museum design was analyzed using design content-oriented coding scheme to show detailed linkages between perception-based and meaning-based knowledge and sketches. The results demonstrate a close link between design knowledge and sketches. The dichotomy of design knowledge was proposed to pinpoint the importance of design media, such as sketches …

Go to article

Understanding Designing And Design Management Through Constituent Market Orientation And Constituent Orientation, B. Tellefsen, T. Love Sep 2002

Understanding Designing And Design Management Through Constituent Market Orientation And Constituent Orientation, B. Tellefsen, T. Love

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The paper builds on research undertaken in Norway and Australia in constituent market orientation and models of affective design cognition to develop a more coherent and integrated theory frame for modeling designing in organisations, particularly the increasing number of design organisations undertaking virtual multidisciplinary teamwork. Attempts to develop an integrated theory of the interactions between stakeholders have focused mainly on the properties of designed artifacts, the characteristics of the design problems and brief, or on the technical, social and communication processes. This has been less than fully satisfactory and resulted in a lack of adequate theoretical integration with underlying individual …

Go to article

Managing Architectural Analyses In A Collaborative Context, B. Tuncer, R. Stouffs, S. Sariyildiz Sep 2002

Managing Architectural Analyses In A Collaborative Context, B. Tuncer, R. Stouffs, S. Sariyildiz

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The study of precedents plays an important role in design and design education. Architecture students prepare analyses of prominent precedents with respect to various criteria. Such design analyses are represented and communicated through abstractions. Collections of these abstractions are stored, related, managed, and presented in digital environments. Such web-based environments can serve as an extensible library of design precedent analyses. The use of an extensive library by a collection of students requires a flexible and extensible information model for relating and integrating the various contributions. We propose a methodology that establishes an information model for digital architectural analysis environments. This …

Go to article

Telling Tales: Understanding The Role Of Narrative In The Design Of Taxonomic Software, S. Turner, P. Turner, C. Raguenaud, J. Kennedy Sep 2002

Telling Tales: Understanding The Role Of Narrative In The Design Of Taxonomic Software, S. Turner, P. Turner, C. Raguenaud, J. Kennedy

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper draws on concepts from the structuralist analysis of narrative to explore aspects of the role of stories in the small group design process. A brief review of relevant narratological concepts is provided. Their application in a preliminary analysis of case study data from a team designing taxonomic software is then reported. It is concluded that narratology, and in particular the notion of focalisation, has useful descriptive potential in this context, and may help to elucidate some difficulties in design communication and documentation. Suggestions for extension of the work are included.

Go to article

Do We See Within-Subject Change? Four Cases Of Engineering Student Design Processes, J. Turns, C. J. C. J., M. Cardella, R. Adams Sep 2002

Do We See Within-Subject Change? Four Cases Of Engineering Student Design Processes, J. Turns, C. J. C. J., M. Cardella, R. Adams

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Engineering design is a key facet of engineering practice and engineering education. Our goal in improving engineering education is to understand what contributes to design knowing and learning. Our study focuses on changes in student design processes over time and explores this issue through a within-subject experimental design. Eighteen engineering students solved three engineering problems as freshmen and later as seniors; the students provided a verbal protocol while doing so. We present case studies of four students who represent four distinct patterns of change in design process based on our analysis of these 18 verbal protocols. This work contributes to …

Go to article

Ontological Depth Of The Designed Object From Instrumental Reason To Reflective Judgement, J. Verwijnen Sep 2002

Ontological Depth Of The Designed Object From Instrumental Reason To Reflective Judgement, J. Verwijnen

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper states that in order to contribute to epistemology design must clarify its ontological perspective. The act of designing occupies a position fundamentally different from the natural sciences that examine only things or matter and is also beyond the social sciences that deal with people and their relations. In this paper design departs from the relationship of people and things, of subjects and objects. It proposes that within the relationship of subjects to objects, of people to things and thus also of designers to the products they design, there are three different ontological positions. A corresponding epistemological position of …

Go to article

Three Dimensional Models: A Study Of A Virtual Aquarium Simulation In 3d Www Environments, N. Wakabayashi, T. Watanabe, R. Takahashi, Y. Harada Sep 2002

Three Dimensional Models: A Study Of A Virtual Aquarium Simulation In 3d Www Environments, N. Wakabayashi, T. Watanabe, R. Takahashi, Y. Harada

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The purpose of this research is to investigate and propose an expressing method of information making good use of 3-dimensional space. Under the theme of information design on a 3- dimensional space, we treated a virtual aquarium as a subject matter. This research focuses on development of effective methods of designing techniques which can be utilized in making interactive content on the internet through the actual development of "Aqua Project". Focusing particularly on real time 3D graphics, we will propose a representation technique that utilizes words, images, and geometric models all integrated into 3D space. We searched for ways to …

Go to article

Determining The Effectiveness Of Shape Manipulations By Observing Designers At Work, T. Wiegers, R. Dumitrescu, J.S.M. Vergeest Sep 2002

Determining The Effectiveness Of Shape Manipulations By Observing Designers At Work, T. Wiegers, R. Dumitrescu, J.S.M. Vergeest

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Little is known about the effectiveness of shape manipulation activities carried out by designers, especially in the early phases of design. For the development of improved shape manipulation tools it is necessary that their effectiveness can be evaluated. We propose a method to gather empirical data on designers' shape manipulation activities and to analyze the effectiveness of these activities. We applied this method and conducted an experiment to observe designers at work. The test subjects worked on three clay modeling assignments. We compared what would be an ideal way for designers to create shape, to how they actually did it …

Go to article

Designing Supply Chain Innovation, M. Wilkinson, R. Sale Sep 2002

Designing Supply Chain Innovation, M. Wilkinson, R. Sale

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Increasingly connected, empowered and informed consumers have ever higher demands and expectations of product and service provision. Organisations which are not sufficiently agile and responsive to meet such expectations will face failure. Collaborative Envisioning - a methodology for enabling collaboration across supply chains using design tools to meet consumer demands in the new economy - has been developed by the authors in a demonstration project titled Beyond the Fridge which was described and discussed in a paper given at the 10th International Forum on Design Management Research & Education and analysed with recommendations in a paper given at the 4th …

Go to article

The Role Of Interface Mock Ups In Establishing Common Ground In A Distributed Development Team, A. Woodcock, S.A.R. Scrivener, S. Clark, X-H. Sun Sep 2002

The Role Of Interface Mock Ups In Establishing Common Ground In A Distributed Development Team, A. Woodcock, S.A.R. Scrivener, S. Clark, X-H. Sun

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper uses a software development project, comprising of end user representatives, evaluators and developers to consider the value of an interface mock up in establishing common ground within a large, distributed software development team. It introduces the scope of the project - to develop an integrated, web- based, platform to support team working (UNITE) - and then considers the role of the mock up of the interface in helping the team understand the underlying concepts behind the project, and in facilitating discussion, agreement and understanding between stakeholders. Lastly the paper evaluates the success of the mock up in achieving …

Go to article

The Study Of Shape Elements In Conveying Pleasurable Image, T. Y. Wu, B. I Sep 2002

The Study Of Shape Elements In Conveying Pleasurable Image, T. Y. Wu, B. I

DRS Biennial Conference Series

People’s lifestyle and living quality have changed dramatically in the 21st century. Nowadays, more and more consumers are concerned about looking for a product which is not only for functional and aesthetic pleasure but also emotional satisfaction. Products are objects that can make people happy, angry, proud or ashamed, secure or anxious. Products can empower, infuriate or delight – they have personality (Marzano 1998). This new trend has pushed the market toward a more emotionally-orientated approach in the manufacture of many future products. Today, consumers have a desire to see the extra value for the satisfaction at emotional level. Therefore, …

Go to article

Desperately Seeking Common Ground: The Emergence Of Design Management In Greece, A. Yagou, V. Tsironi Sep 2002

Desperately Seeking Common Ground: The Emergence Of Design Management In Greece, A. Yagou, V. Tsironi

DRS Biennial Conference Series

“Common ground,” defined as the “ability to communicate across fields,” provides the background for this paper. Communicating across fields is very significant in the design domain in general and particularly in design management, as both areas are highly interdisciplinary. The paper traces the “common ground” theme in the contemporary practice of design and design management in the Greek context. The state of Greek design is briefly presented and then the issue of design management is discussed through a number of interviews with related professionals. The cultivation of a common ground, by all parties involved, appears to be a crucial factor …

Go to article

Teaching The Writing And Role Of Specifications Via A Structured Teardown Process, T. Abe, P. Starr Sep 2002

Teaching The Writing And Role Of Specifications Via A Structured Teardown Process, T. Abe, P. Starr

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The research objective is to develop teaching materials for learning engineering design at the college-level where students are required to have basic engineering knowledge, but where no design experience is needed. The method has the following features: Students realize that communicating with a design specification is a core part of design tasks; that a hands-on exercise is crucial to understanding the product’s features and functions; that to design a product is not only to create a new product, but also to apply existing ideas; that by taking apart a real product, they can easily realize the physical and mechanical principles …

Go to article

The Rhetoric Of Research, M.A.R. Biggs Sep 2002

The Rhetoric Of Research, M.A.R. Biggs

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In 1993 Christopher Frayling, the Rector of the Royal College of Art in London, published an article about the nature of research in art and design. The present paper revisits his threefold distinction of "research-in art, research-through art and research-for art", and considers why Frayling found the third category to be problematic. The analytical methods used are linguistic (a constructionist approach to the rhetorical effect of construing various prepositions with "research"), and philosophical (a Wittgensteinian approach, distinguishing between socially agreed normative criteria, and non-normative indicators or symptoms). The paper argues that the instrumentality of terms such as "research" should be …

Go to article

First Prev Next Last