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2001

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Synthesis Of Benzocarbazoles, Indoloquinolines And Indolonaphthridines From Thermolysis Of Benzoenynyl Ketenimines And Carbodiimides, Chongsheng Shi Dec 2001

Synthesis Of Benzocarbazoles, Indoloquinolines And Indolonaphthridines From Thermolysis Of Benzoenynyl Ketenimines And Carbodiimides, Chongsheng Shi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The development of a general route to the N-[2-(1-alkynyl)phenyl]ketenimines (enyne-ketenimines) and N-[2-(1-alkynyl)phenyl]carbodiimides (enyne-carbodiimides) and their subsequent thermal behavior are described. Like enyne-allene and enyne-ketene systems, these enyne-hetereocumulenes undergo cycloaromatization through two competing biradical mechanisms under thermal conditions and therefore could serve as potential DNA cleaving agents. The resultant nitrogen-containing hetereocyclic compounds are also biologically interesting. The research described herein provides a easy access to the synthesis of benzo[b]carbazole, indoloquinoline and indolonaphthyridine alkaloids. In addition, the new synthetic strategies for these compounds are very versatile, providing access to a diverse array of analogs of these alkaloids.

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Transfer Of Heart Rate Feedback Training To Reduce Heart Rate Response To Laboratory Tasks, Jeffrey Louis Goodie Dec 2001

Transfer Of Heart Rate Feedback Training To Reduce Heart Rate Response To Laboratory Tasks, Jeffrey Louis Goodie

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Researchers have demonstrated that individuals can successfully reduce their heart rate (HR) response to a stressor when provided with heart rate feedback. However, it is unclear whether individuals can transfer HR reduction skills to stressors not used during HR feedback training. The present study used a multiple baseline, single subject design to examine the transfer of HR feedback training among six individuals. Participants were provided with HR feedback training during the presentation of a videogame, a mental arithmetic challenge, and a hand grip task until the participants reduced their HR to within 4 bpm of their resting HR or until …

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Chords Of Longest Circuits Of Graphs, Xuechao Li Dec 2001

Chords Of Longest Circuits Of Graphs, Xuechao Li

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis is on a long standing open conjecture proposed by one of the most prominent mathematicians, Dr. C. Thomassen: Every longest circuit of 3-connected graph has a chord. In 1987, C. Q. Zhang proved that every longest circuit of a 3-connected planar graph G has a chord if G is cubic or if the minimum degree is at least 4. In 1997, Carsten Thomassen proved that every longest circuit of 3-connected cubic graph has a chord.;In this dissertation, we prove the following three independent partial results: (1) Every longest circuit of a 3-connected graph embedded in a projective plane …

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Electrochemical Fabrication Of Semiconductor Nanostructure Arrays For Photonic Applications, Stephen Patrick Mcginnis Dec 2001

Electrochemical Fabrication Of Semiconductor Nanostructure Arrays For Photonic Applications, Stephen Patrick Mcginnis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the properties of semiconductor nanostructures have been an active area of research due to the enhanced performance that is observed when electrons and holes are spatially confined in one, two or three dimensions. However, the development of viable photonic devices using this phenomenon requires the development of appropriate fabrication techniques that can provide control over nanostructure size, material composition, and periodicity for structures with dimensions less than 20 nm. To address these challenges, a nanostructure synthesis technique has been developed that is based on the self-organization of nanometer scale pores during the anodization of aluminum …

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Women And Physical Culture In Modern Poland, Nameeta Mathur Dec 2001

Women And Physical Culture In Modern Poland, Nameeta Mathur

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation examines the interaction between the various forces of Polish "nationalism" and "feminism" in the construction of women's physical culture in modern Poland from the late nineteenth century until the end of the twentieth century. The basic premise of this work is that unlike most western countries where sportswomen have typically been marginalized in their athletic endeavors, Polish female athletes have earned far greater respect and recognition in the development of their physical culture. On many occasions, women's athleticism in Poland was a source of immense pride and prestige for both the state and society, albeit for varied reasons …

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Ccd Photometry Of The Classic Second-Parameter Globular Clusters M3 And M13, Soo-Chang Rey, Suk-Jin Yoon, Young-Wook Lee, Brian Chaboyer, Ata Sarajedini Dec 2001

Ccd Photometry Of The Classic Second-Parameter Globular Clusters M3 And M13, Soo-Chang Rey, Suk-Jin Yoon, Young-Wook Lee, Brian Chaboyer, Ata Sarajedini

Dartmouth Scholarship

We present high-precision V, B-V color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) for the classic second-parameter globular clusters M3 and M13 from wide-field, deep CCD photometry. The data for the two clusters were obtained during the same photometric nights with the same instrument, allowing us to determine accurate relative ages. Based on a differential comparison of the CMDs using the Δ(B-V) method, an age difference of 1.7 ± 0.7 Gyr is obtained between these two clusters. We compare this result with our updated horizontal-branch (HB) population models, which confirm that the observed age difference can produce the …

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Megafirms, Randall Thomas, Stewart J. Schwab, Robert G. Hansen Dec 2001

Megafirms, Randall Thomas, Stewart J. Schwab, Robert G. Hansen

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

This paper documents and explains the amazing growth of the largest firms in law, accounting, and investment banking. Scholars to date have used various supply-side theories to explain the growth, and have generally examined only one industry at a time. We give the first demand-side explanation of firm growth, and show how the explanation is similar for firms in all "project" industries. We show that law plays an important role in determining industry structure. Among the areas we cover are the growth of Multi-Disciplinary Practice firms. We argue that the issues surrounding MDPs can best be understood by looking more …

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Proprioception, Non-Law, And Biolegal History, Owen D. Jones Dec 2001

Proprioception, Non-Law, And Biolegal History, Owen D. Jones

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

This Article explores several advantages of incorporating into law various insights from behavioral biology about how and why the brain works as it does. In particular, the Article explores the ways in which those insights can help illuminate the deep structure of human legal systems. That effort is termed "biolegal history."

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Apples For Oranges, J.B. Ruhl, James Salzman Dec 2001

Apples For Oranges, J.B. Ruhl, James Salzman

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

Over the last decade, there has been a sea change in environmental law and policy, marked by growing interest in market-based instruments of environmental protection. In particular, approaches that explicitly commodify environmental impacts by creating markets for their sale are on the rise. These environmental trading markets (ETMs) now operate in a range of regulatory settings where parties exchange credits to emit air pollutants, extract natural resources, and develop habitat. In fact, every major environmental policy review in the last five years has called for even greater use of ETMs. Markets for environmental commodities represent the new wave of environmental …

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Anti-Class Ii Monoclonal Antibody-Targeted Vibrio Cholerae Tcpa Pilin: Modulation Of Serologic Response, Epitope Specificity, And Isotype, Jia-Yan Wu, Ronald K. Taylor, William F. Wade Dec 2001

Anti-Class Ii Monoclonal Antibody-Targeted Vibrio Cholerae Tcpa Pilin: Modulation Of Serologic Response, Epitope Specificity, And Isotype, Jia-Yan Wu, Ronald K. Taylor, William F. Wade

Dartmouth Scholarship

Toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) is a colonization factor required for cholera infection. It is not a strong immunogen when delivered in the context of whole cells, yet pilus subunits or TcpA derivative synthetic peptides induce protective responses. We examined the efficacy of immunizing mice with TCP conjugated to anti-class II monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with or without the addition of cholera toxin (CT) or anti-CD40 MAb to determine if the serologic response to TcpA could be manipulated. Anti-class II MAb-targeted TCP influenced the anti-TCP peptide serologic response with respect to titer and isotype. Responses to TcpA peptide 4 were induced with class …

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Bargaining In The Shadow Of Administrative Procedure: The Public Interest In Rulemaking Settlement, Jim Rossi Dec 2001

Bargaining In The Shadow Of Administrative Procedure: The Public Interest In Rulemaking Settlement, Jim Rossi

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

This article addresses problems associated with settlement of appeals of legislative rules adopted by administrative agencies. Settlement is a common and important tool for avoiding litigation, but it also raises potential problems for administrative law. In particular, to the extent that an appellate litigation posture poses a principal/agent gap, an agency's incentives to settle may lead it to abandon its public interest goals, otherwise protected by statutory mandates as well as administrative procedures. The problem is most salient when an agency agrees to a substantive policy position in a settlement, committing the agency to later implement a policy course. To …

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Evaluation Of A Tetracycline-Inducible Promoter In Staphylococcus Aureus In Vitro And In Vivo And Its Application In Demonstrating The Role Of Sigb In Microcolony Formation, B. T. Bateman, N. P. Donegan, T. M. Jarry, M. Palma Dec 2001

Evaluation Of A Tetracycline-Inducible Promoter In Staphylococcus Aureus In Vitro And In Vivo And Its Application In Demonstrating The Role Of Sigb In Microcolony Formation, B. T. Bateman, N. P. Donegan, T. M. Jarry, M. Palma

Dartmouth Scholarship

An inducible promoter system provides a powerful tool for studying the genetic basis for virulence. A variety of inducible systems have been used in other organisms, including pXyl-xylR-inducible promoter, the pSpac-lacI system, and the arabinose-inducible PBAD promoter, but each of these systems has limitations in its application to Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of a tetracycline-inducible promoter system in inducing gene expression in S. aureus in vitro and inside epithelial cells as well as in an animal model of infection. Using the xyl/tetO promoter::gfpuvr fusion carried on a shuttle …

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Editorial (Volume 21, Number 6), Walter Sawatsky Dec 2001

Editorial (Volume 21, Number 6), Walter Sawatsky

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

No abstract provided.

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Religions In War: The Example Of Bosnia And Herzegovina, Ivan Cvitkovic Dec 2001

Religions In War: The Example Of Bosnia And Herzegovina, Ivan Cvitkovic

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

No abstract provided.

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Religion And Technology: Refiguring Place, Space, Identity And Community, Lily Kong Dec 2001

Religion And Technology: Refiguring Place, Space, Identity And Community, Lily Kong

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

This paper reviews the literature on the religion-technology nexus, drawing up a research agenda and offering preliminary empirical insights. Firsts I stress the need to explore the new politics of space as a consequence of technological development, emphasizing questions about the role of religion in effecting a form of religious (neo)imperialism, and uneven access to techno-religious spaces. Second, I highlight the need to examine the politics of identity and community, since cyberspace is not an isotropic surface. Third, I underscore the need to engage with questions about the poetics of religious community as social relations become mediated by technology. Finally, …

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Factor Substitution And Endogenous Growth, Hing-Man Leung Dec 2001

Factor Substitution And Endogenous Growth, Hing-Man Leung

Research Collection School Of Economics

We argue that the degree of substitutability between skilled and unskilled workers in production increases long-term income growth rate. Growth rate reaches its maximum when such factors are perfect substitutes, but falls to zero when they are perfect complements. This model brings together the diverging relative wage and the human-capital-growth literature. Easier substitution absorbs more workers into the skilled profession, and their training fuels human capital accumulation and growth. Our result implies, among other things, that growth is positively related to between-and within-group inequality.

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Postsplenectomy Pulmonary Resection : Risk Factors For An Avoidable Complication, Ahmed Kadry Abdalta Dec 2001

Postsplenectomy Pulmonary Resection : Risk Factors For An Avoidable Complication, Ahmed Kadry Abdalta

Mansoura Medical Journal

!n our locality, splenectomy is fre­quently done for bilharziasis and its complications. It can be done as iso­lated operation or in conjunction with devascularization. Over a period of 20 years ending in December 2000, fifty-three patients were submitted for left pulmonary resections due to postsple-nectomy complications in the De-partement of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery at Mansoura University Hospitals. Thirty-two patients (60.4%) were males and 21 (39.6%) were females. Their ages range from 18 to 46 years (mean 34.9 ± 6.5 years). Splenectomy was done for all pa­tients because of bilharziasis. All pa­tients had postsplenectomy subphe-renic collection and in 42 of them (79.2%) …

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Comorbidity Of Depressive And Generalized Anxiety Symptoms In Panic Disorder, Mohamed Farid Dec 2001

Comorbidity Of Depressive And Generalized Anxiety Symptoms In Panic Disorder, Mohamed Farid

Mansoura Medical Journal

The present study provides data on the prevalence of symptoms of major depressive disorders and gen­eralized anxiety disorder in 128 pa­tients with panic disorder. Symptoms were assessed using DSM-IV defini­tional criteria that consider not only the presence and severity of symp­toms but also their duration and per­vasiveness. The findings of this study document the presence of subdiag-nostic levels of clinically significant depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms within patients with panic disorder. The majority of the patients with panic disorder reported at least two or more depressive symptoms and six or more generalized anxiety symptoms. Depressive symptoms that most frequently met …

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Palatal Mucoperiosteal Free Graft For Closure Of Anterior Palatal Fistula, Tarek Badrawy, Ahmed Ei-Asfour, Khaled Mokbel Dec 2001

Palatal Mucoperiosteal Free Graft For Closure Of Anterior Palatal Fistula, Tarek Badrawy, Ahmed Ei-Asfour, Khaled Mokbel

Mansoura Medical Journal

Palatal fistula is a common surgi­cal problem after palatoplasty. Differ­ent surgical techniques have been adopted for repair of such defect with a great variability of advantages and disadvantages. So, the aim of the present study is to evaluate palatal mucoperiosteal free graft as a new option for repair of anterior palatal de­fects after palatoplasty. The graft has been utilized for repair of anterior pal­atal fistula in 13 patients admitted at Pediatric Surgery Unit and E.N.T. De­partment during the period between 1999 to 2001. Patients were followed up postoperatively for a period up to 31 months. The repair was completely successful …

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Coronary Atherosclerosis: Risk Factors And Early Prediction By Non-Invasive Techniques, Mohamed S. Ei-Deen Hammoda, Nihal S. Shihab, Abd Elaziz F. Ei-Deib Dec 2001

Coronary Atherosclerosis: Risk Factors And Early Prediction By Non-Invasive Techniques, Mohamed S. Ei-Deen Hammoda, Nihal S. Shihab, Abd Elaziz F. Ei-Deib

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Coronary heart dis­ease commonly affects adults in most of the developed region of the globe. It is responsible for an extremly large fraction of hospital admissions among middle aged and elderly, contributing greatly to disability and death 0). Aim: to study the cardiovascular risk factors for coronary artery dis­ease and their association with athe­rosclerosis in the aortic, carotid and femoral arteries. Also, it aimed to study the use of extra-coronary athe­rosclerosis for early prediction of cor­onary artery disease (CAD). Methods: The study was conduct­ed during the year 2000 in the Cardi­ology Department at Tanta University Hospital.lt included 103 cases …

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Prognostic Factors And Risk Groups Analysis In Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Hanem H. Sakr, Ahmed A. El-Shahat, Magda Allam, Mona Fouda, Amal Mostafa, Atef Abd-Ellattef, Yasser Ali Dec 2001

Prognostic Factors And Risk Groups Analysis In Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Hanem H. Sakr, Ahmed A. El-Shahat, Magda Allam, Mona Fouda, Amal Mostafa, Atef Abd-Ellattef, Yasser Ali

Mansoura Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE : To analyse the ini­tial manifestations, pathological find­ings, therapy, outcome and prognos­tic factors in patients with papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland and also to evaluate DNA flow-cytometry as a prognostic factor in dif-frentiated thyroid carcinoma. PATIENTS : Analysis of clinical and pathological records was con­ducted on 210 patients { 48 male and 162 female) treated for well differen­tiated thyroid carcinoma refered to Clinical Oncology Department and Surgical Endocrinology Unit, Mansou­ra University Hospital in the period from Janury 1990 to December 1995. RESULTS : The patients were 22.8% males and 77.2% females. 68.6% patients presented with papillary …

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Oxygen Availability In Biochemical Modalities Of Kidney Recipients, Mustafa Said, Golinar E. Hammouda, Atef Demian Dec 2001

Oxygen Availability In Biochemical Modalities Of Kidney Recipients, Mustafa Said, Golinar E. Hammouda, Atef Demian

Mansoura Medical Journal

This study was designed to evalu­ate the oxygen availability of KR in the perioperative period and to detect the impact of correction of MA on haemodynamic, oxygenation and bio­chemical variables. Tweenty KR were randomized for correction or no cor­rection of MA. Each group consisted of 10 patients. Correction of MA was carried out by 5% N a H C O 3. Pul­monary catheter was used for mea-surments of heamodynamic variables. Haemodynamic variables recorded in­cluded HR, MBP, CVP, PCWP, Cl; Gasometric variables included pH, PacOa, HCOa and BD; measured ©2 variables included PaO2, PVO2 and SVO2; calculated 02 variables includ­ed CaO2, …

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Identification Of Risk Factors For Early Rebleeding From Oesophago- Gastric Varices: A Prospective Study., Gamal Shiha, Hassan Elaskalany, Ehab Abd El-Samei, Sayed Salem Dec 2001

Identification Of Risk Factors For Early Rebleeding From Oesophago- Gastric Varices: A Prospective Study., Gamal Shiha, Hassan Elaskalany, Ehab Abd El-Samei, Sayed Salem

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Variceal bleeding is a severe complication of patients with portal hypertension. Early rebleeding occurs frequently in the first days after admission and mortality associated with each bleeding episode ranges from 30-50%. Aim: To identify risk factors for early rebleeding from esophageal varices in a prospective study. Patients and Methods: A con-secuative series of 469 patients with variceal bleeding was evaluated. They were 406 males (86.5%) and 63 females (13.5%). Their mean age was 50.61+11.2 years. Etiology of portal hypertension was schistosomal he­patic fibrosis in 13%, post- hepatitic in 23.6% and mixed schistosomal and post hepatitis cirrhosis in 63.4%. Child- …

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Tramadol Versus Fentanyl Infusion During Anaesthesia; Haemodynamic Effects, Postoperative Analgesia And Outcome, Atef Demian, Ashraf M. Wahba, Samy H.M. Hussein, Hussein Ali Dec 2001

Tramadol Versus Fentanyl Infusion During Anaesthesia; Haemodynamic Effects, Postoperative Analgesia And Outcome, Atef Demian, Ashraf M. Wahba, Samy H.M. Hussein, Hussein Ali

Mansoura Medical Journal

This prospective randomized study compared I.V. infusion of tramadol "T" with fentanyl "F" for analgesia and postoperative outcome in 30 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. A balanced general anaesthetic tech­nique was given to both groups. In "T" group (n=15), tramadol (1mg.kg-1) was given firstly then infusion started as follow: 1st hr: 1mg.kg-1.hr-1, 2nd hr.: 0.75 mg.kg-1.hr-1 and 0.5 mg.kg-1-hr"! for the following hours. In "F" group (n=15), Fentanyl (1.5 ng/kg-1) was given firstly then infusion was given in the following regimen: 1st hr: 1jig.kg-1.hr1, 2nd hr.: 0.75 u.kg--1hr-1 and 0.5 ug.kg-1,.hr-1 for the following hours. Infusion stopped at time of …

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Differentiating Parameters Between Hodgkin's Disease And Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, Mohamed Fawzy Dec 2001

Differentiating Parameters Between Hodgkin's Disease And Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, Mohamed Fawzy

Mansoura Medical Journal

The dtfferentiation between ana-plastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease sometimes repre­sents a problem. Both diseases are dissimilar in prognosis and manage­ment therefore the aim of this work was to study 'he clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features that can differentiate between both diseases. This work was carried out on 50 cases (30 HD and 20 ALCL), selected from Mansoura University Hospitals and from private cases in the period from 1995-2000. Exci­sion biopsies were done and stud­ied by routine histopathological tech­niques as well as by immunohistochemical stains including CD45RB, CD30, CD45RO, CD20, CDfSand EMA. In this study we noticed that ALCL showed …

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Study Of Renal Function After Thrombolytic Therapy In Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction, Esam M. Mahfouz, Kefaya S. Mohamed, Eman El-Safty, Ashraf A. Omer Dec 2001

Study Of Renal Function After Thrombolytic Therapy In Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction, Esam M. Mahfouz, Kefaya S. Mohamed, Eman El-Safty, Ashraf A. Omer

Mansoura Medical Journal

Thrombolytic therapy, the impor­tant therapeutic agents in pa­tients with acute myocardial infarction has been reported to be asso­ciated with significant early onset protenuria. The aim of this study was to deter­mine whether streptokinase therapy is associated with changes in renal function (both glomerular and tubular) in excess of that expected in an acute vascular event; and the possible path-ogenesis of any observed changes among patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. Our work comprised 30 patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction selected from coronary care unit Mansoura Emergency Hospital. They comprised 15 patients who received streptokinase therapy {thrombolytic group) and 15 …

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Cardiac Changes During Veaning Of Mechanically Ventilated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseased (Copd) Pat Ients, Abou-Shehata Abou-Shehata, Tantawy S, Eman Elsafty E.E, Ei-Badrawy, M.Kh, Mohamed Emara M.M Dec 2001

Cardiac Changes During Veaning Of Mechanically Ventilated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseased (Copd) Pat Ients, Abou-Shehata Abou-Shehata, Tantawy S, Eman Elsafty E.E, Ei-Badrawy, M.Kh, Mohamed Emara M.M

Mansoura Medical Journal

Introduction : Weaning trials are performed to assess the readiness of mechanically ventilated patients to sustain spontaneous ventilation. Spontaneous breathing increases ba­sal metabolism and weaning increas­es cardiopulmonary demand. The most critical time for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis­ease (COPD) mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure is the weaning period . Myocardial ischemia is potentially the most important cause of reduced contractility during weaning. This myocardia! ischemia might occur as a consequence either of a reduction in myocardial oxygen supply or of an increase in myocardial oxygen demand or both. A reduced myocardial oxygen supply may result from weaning induced …

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Study Of Changes In The Serum Levels Of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ( Gmcsf ) And Interleukin One Beta (Il-I B) In Colonic Cancer, El-Sayed Yasser All, Farha El-Shenawy, Abd El-Monem Hesham, Yasser Mosbah Dec 2001

Study Of Changes In The Serum Levels Of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ( Gmcsf ) And Interleukin One Beta (Il-I B) In Colonic Cancer, El-Sayed Yasser All, Farha El-Shenawy, Abd El-Monem Hesham, Yasser Mosbah

Mansoura Medical Journal

It is well known that GMCSF and IL-IB are important factors that modulate host immune response against cancer and consequently, they are expected to be high in patients with colonic carcinoma. The aim of this study was to herald the changes that occur in the above mentioned factors in those patients one month after surgery which is the optimum time of relief of the immune system from operative trauma. In our study, thirty patients were submitted to surgery after being diagnosed as colonic carcinoma using the following methods : careful history taking, complete clinical ex­amination, laboratory and radiological investigations, Finally, …

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醫學教育紀事, - Dec 2001

醫學教育紀事, -

Journal of Medical Education

文章暫無收錄摘要

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A Framework For Multilingual Information Processing, Steven Edward Atkin Dec 2001

A Framework For Multilingual Information Processing, Steven Edward Atkin

Theses and Dissertations

Recent and (continuing) rapid increases in computing power now enable more of humankind's written communication to be represented as digital data. The most recent and obvious changes in multilingual information processing have been the introduction of larger character sets encompassing more writing systems. Yet the very richness of larger collections of characters has made the interpretation and processing of text more difficult. The many competing motivations (satisfying the needs of linguists, computer scientists, and typographers) for standardizing character sets threaten the purpose of information processing: accurate and facile manipulation of data. Existing character sets are constructed without a consistent strategy …

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