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2001

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Investigation Of Diesel Soot-Mediated Oils And Additive Package On Wear, Santhosh Kumar Balla Dec 2001

Investigation Of Diesel Soot-Mediated Oils And Additive Package On Wear, Santhosh Kumar Balla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the current study, a statistically designed experiment was developed to study the effects of soot contaminated engine oil on wear. The variables that were considered were the Base stock (Group1, Group2), Dispersant level and ZDP level. The above three variables were formulated at two levels: Low (-1), and High (1), which resulted in 23 matrix (8 oil blends). Soot was also one of the variables and was tested at three levels: Low (-1), Medium (0) and High (1).;A three-body-wear machine was employed to simulate and estimate the extent of wear, as it is very difficult to test each oil …

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Fuzzy Logic Cost Estimation Method For High Production Volume Components, Shirley Jean Copen Dec 2001

Fuzzy Logic Cost Estimation Method For High Production Volume Components, Shirley Jean Copen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this research is to develop fuzzy logic cost models that estimate the cost of a component based on the component's geometric shape, size, material and manufacturing process. The research is focused on components made from high production quantity processes i.e. stamping, injection molding, rolling and extrusion. However, the method may also be used for other types of manufacturing processes. The method is useful to both engineers and cost estimators whenever an estimated cost is desired. Engineers and cost estimators may use the method to obtain the cost of components or products of similar design without a detailed …

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Lda And Cta In-Cylinder Measurements Of Intake-Generated Turbulence For Steady Flow Around A Centrally Located Valve, Gearle Ray Bailey Jr. Dec 2001

Lda And Cta In-Cylinder Measurements Of Intake-Generated Turbulence For Steady Flow Around A Centrally Located Valve, Gearle Ray Bailey Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to measure the axial and swirl velocities for steady flow in a cylinder past an intake valve, in order to study the effects of swirl and valve lift on turbulence generation. A simple geometry was used for an initial look at the flow past a valve.;A cylinder with a centrally located valve was used as the test bed. The valve was tested at lifts of 4 and 9 mm Two intake geometries were tested: a straight intake port and a swirl intake port. A single sensor Constant Temperature Anemometry (CTA) and a one-component Laser …

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Multifractal Analysis Of Memory Usage Patterns, Jonathan Browning Crowell Dec 2001

Multifractal Analysis Of Memory Usage Patterns, Jonathan Browning Crowell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The discovery of fractal phenomenon in computer-related areas such as network traffic flow leads to the hypothesis that many computer resources display fractal characteristics. The goal of this study is to apply fractal analysis to computer memory usage patterns. We devise methods for calculating the Holder exponent of a time series and calculating the fractal dimension of a plot of a time series. These methods are then applied to memory-related data collected from a Unix server. We find that our methods for calculating the Holder exponent of a time series yield results that are independently confirmed through calculation of the …

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Study Of The Rheological Properties Of Nomex Fibrids, Long Han Dec 2001

Study Of The Rheological Properties Of Nomex Fibrids, Long Han

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Paints and caulks typically contain (spherical) fumed silica particulates as viscosity enhancers. A similar viscosity enhancement can be achieved by using aramid fibrids. Aramid fibrids are believed to form microstructures in suspensions because of the "space-filling" nature of their shapes and thus provide a convenient means of introducing desired rheological behavior for various commercial applications.;The flow responses of aramid fibrids dispersed in mixtures of corn syrup and water were determined in dynamic shear, steady shear, low shear capillary, and extensional stretching flows. Yield stress, strong shear thinning, thixotropy, and strong dispersion effects were observed, and these are consistent with observed …

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Kinematic Synthesis Of A Well Service Machine, Prashanth Kaparthi Dec 2001

Kinematic Synthesis Of A Well Service Machine, Prashanth Kaparthi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Blowout preventers are used in the oil well industry to prevent accidental oil fires, and guide valves are assembled atop the preventers. The current solution is to use cranes, as this is time-consuming and expensive, a solution using an appropriate four-bar mechanism for this purpose was contemplated, using Burmester theory and the four-position synthesis method.;The angles and distance of the four positions were calculated and the data obtained was specified as input for the synthesis of the four-bar mechanism using four-position synthesis programmed in MATLAB(TM). The moving pivots (k) and the ground pivots (m) were obtained from the program and …

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Simulated Annealing Heuristics For The Dynamic Facility Layout Problem, Saravanan Kuppusamy Dec 2001

Simulated Annealing Heuristics For The Dynamic Facility Layout Problem, Saravanan Kuppusamy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Today's consumer market demands that manufacturers must be competitive. This requires the efficient operation of manufacturing plants and their ability to quickly respond to changes in product mix and demand. Studies show that material handling cost makes up between 20 and 50 percent of the total operating cost. Therefore, this thesis considers the problem of arranging and rearranging (when there are changes in product mix and demand) manufacturing facilities such that material handling and rearrangement costs are minimized. This problem is called the dynamic facility layout problem. In this thesis, three simulated annealing heuristics are presented for the dynamic facility …

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Toward High-Definition Reservoir Characterization, Gheorghe Luca Dec 2001

Toward High-Definition Reservoir Characterization, Gheorghe Luca

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A new methodology for high resolution reservoir characterization is proposed. It combined the advantages of the surface seismic (low resolution, large coverage) and crosswell seismic (improved resolution, small coverage).;The process involves deconvolution of a low resolution signal (surface seismic traces) into a high resolution crosswell seismic trace. The problem has multiple solutions and an analytical solution is hard or difficult to be developed.;This project proved that it is possible to predict high-resolution crosswell seismic traces using low-definition surface seismic traces. The statistical comparison between the real and the synthetic crosswell seismic traces gives confidence that future work in this area …

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Development Of Environmental Health And Safety Database For Small Communities, Ragava S. Nadig Dec 2001

Development Of Environmental Health And Safety Database For Small Communities, Ragava S. Nadig

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The National Environmental Services Center (NESC) is a group of programs, national in scope, that provide a variety of environmental services directly to small community officials, engineers, technicians, regulatory officials, and private citizens.;The primary mission of each of the NESC programs is to protect public health and the environment of America's small and rural communities-those communities of less than 10,000 people. The NESC programs provide information, technical assistance, and training to help small communities deal with their wastewater, drinking water, and solid waste treatment issues.;Thousands of informational materials pass through the organization each year. This material ranges from manufacturing product …

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Simulation Of Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Anjali Devi Nennelli Dec 2001

Simulation Of Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Anjali Devi Nennelli

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Microsoft Excel and ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) were used to simulate the driving conditions of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles over various driving cycles in an attempt to optimize their design and control. The fuel economy data thus obtained were compared with those of the in-use heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles. For this the drive cycles are modified to represent realistic expectations of the dynamic performance of vehicles. The cycles used are "Central Business District" cycle (CBD), "Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule" cycle (UDDS), "Manhattan" cycle and "City Suburban Heavy Vehicle Cycle" (CSHVC). The vehicle considered for simulations was a transit bus, which …

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Improved Velocity Data In Circular Jets Using An Avalanche Photodiode-Based 2-Component Point Doppler Velocimeter, Thomas Trent Scarberry Dec 2001

Improved Velocity Data In Circular Jets Using An Avalanche Photodiode-Based 2-Component Point Doppler Velocimeter, Thomas Trent Scarberry

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An existing Point Doppler Velocimeter (pDv) has been modified in an effort to improve the RMS velocity results. Improvements have been made by reducing the probe volume size by focusing the incident laser beam, thereby reducing the effects of spatial averaging on the mean and RMS velocity measurements.;In particular, the PIN photodetectors used previously, were tested using the reduced probe volume, and were then replaced by high-gain, high signal-to-noise ratio large area avalanche photodetectors (APD's).;Comparisons have been made between the data acquired and hot wire data obtained on the same jet flow, as well as data obtained in previous pDv …

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Moisture Diffusion Through Vinyl Ester/Clay Nanocomposites, Apoorva Paresh Shah Dec 2001

Moisture Diffusion Through Vinyl Ester/Clay Nanocomposites, Apoorva Paresh Shah

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Moisture diffusion was studied through vinyl ester samples containing up to 5 wt% montmorillonite clay; two different kinds of clay surface treatments were employed to make the clay compatible with the vinyl ester resin. These nanocomposites were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical property measurements, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM pictures showed that the clay platelets were either exfoliated or intercalated, and the two different surface treatments resulted in different dispersion characteristics. All the samples were post cured, and the diffusivity of moisture was measured by soaking the samples in water at 25°C and noting …

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Fabrication Of Thin Film Nanoscale Alumina Templates, Paul B. Sines Dec 2001

Fabrication Of Thin Film Nanoscale Alumina Templates, Paul B. Sines

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Semiconductor nanostructures have superior electronic and optical properties that are expected to play an important role in 21st century electronic and photonic devices. Recognizing this potential, semiconductor nanostructures have been the focus of research over the past 25 years, and many ultra-high performance devices have been demonstrated. While the potential of this class of devices is clear, their commercial applications have been limited by the lack of a fabrication process suited to economical volume production. The initial method of nanostructure fabrication using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching is not considered practical due to its high cost and low …

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Characterization Of Stresses Induced In Doweled Joints Due To Thermal And Impact Loads, Shiva Srinivasan Dec 2001

Characterization Of Stresses Induced In Doweled Joints Due To Thermal And Impact Loads, Shiva Srinivasan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A review of literature on dowel jointed concrete pavement response reveals that the effect of uniform temperature changes was neglected based on the assumption that concrete slabs can contract freely. The triaxial state of stresses that develop at the dowel concrete interfaces due to the application of mechanical and thermal loads has not been previously characterized. In this study a detailed Three-Dimensional Finite Element (3D FE) model was used to investigate the state of contact stresses, mid slab stresses, and load transfer efficiency that develop in dowel jointed concrete pavements under the influence of combined impact and thermal loads. The …

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Detection Of Subsurface Anomalies In Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Wrapped Timber Bridge Components Using Infrared Thermography, William Edward Steele Iii Dec 2001

Detection Of Subsurface Anomalies In Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Wrapped Timber Bridge Components Using Infrared Thermography, William Edward Steele Iii

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis presents the results of an experimental study on the use of Infrared Thermography technique for detection of subsurface anomalies in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped timber bridge components. An extensive literature review on the application of various nondestructive evaluation techniques to composite structures has also been presented.;Simulated subsurface delaminations were constructed in the laboratory in timber piles wrapped with FRP composite fabric. The delaminations varied in size, thickness, and severity. These delaminations were placed between the 1/8&inches; thick FRP wrap and timber surface. The thermal images from the delaminated specimens were compared with thermal images from undamaged specimens …

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Effects Of Baffles On Damping Lateral Fluid Sloshing Oscillations In Tanker Trucks, Rohit Kumar Tanugula Dec 2001

Effects Of Baffles On Damping Lateral Fluid Sloshing Oscillations In Tanker Trucks, Rohit Kumar Tanugula

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Partially filled heavy-duty tanker trucks maneuvering constant radius turns or lane change maneuvers have lower rollover threshold than other vehicles because of the high center of gravity and dynamic sloshing of the liquid payload. Payloads are often toxic and hence, rollover accidents can be catastrophic. Therefore, attempts to increase the threshold velocity and predicting its value under various on-road maneuvers are of paramount importance.;This research was aimed at studying the effects of baffles on reducing the lateral sloshing and thereby, improving the stability of heavy-duty trucks. Various configurations (horizontal, vertical, horizontal and vertical, and diagonal) of baffles were considered for …

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Study Of West Virginia Wood Industry Roundwood Consumption In 1999, O'Dell Emanuel Tucker Dec 2001

Study Of West Virginia Wood Industry Roundwood Consumption In 1999, O'Dell Emanuel Tucker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Use of wood composite products has increased over the last decade in the market for construction material. Softwood species and soft hardwood species are the preferred forest resources for manufacturing these products. Reduction in available softwood forest resources from the Western states has forced a shift to use of more soft hardwood species in the Northeast. What impact this shift may have on the forest resources in the Northeast is not known.;The objective of this study was to canvass primary wood manufacturers in and around the forest of West Virginia and determine how roundwood consumption has changed since the shift …

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Habitat Utilization And Movement Patterns Of Subadult Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) In The Ohio River, Elizabeth Marie Hoffman Dec 2001

Habitat Utilization And Movement Patterns Of Subadult Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) In The Ohio River, Elizabeth Marie Hoffman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Ohio River electrofishing surveys identified embayments as preferred macrohabitat of subadult largemouth bass. Catch rates within macrohabitats were low ranging from 0.00--2.73 subadult bass/hour. Embayment electrofishing CPUE was higher than tributary or main channel except in spring, when tributary CPUE was highest.;Core use areas were calculated from biotelemetry data and ranged from 88--59,400 m2, representing 0.02--89.00% of available study location macrohabitat. Subadult bass movement was limited to nursery embayments or tributaries with infrequent movement to nearby main channel areas. Bass preferred a mixed microhabitat consisting of a combination of vegetation and woody debris. This mixed microhabitat was less common in …

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Novel Synthesis Of 3,4-Fused Indoles, Jeremiah Wallace Hubbard Dec 2001

Novel Synthesis Of 3,4-Fused Indoles, Jeremiah Wallace Hubbard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The goal of this project was to synthesize 3,4-fused indoles having a variety of ring sizes and a variety of functional groups. This has been accomplished by the development of a novel palladium-catalyzed route to 3,4-fused indoles. The key steps are two palladium-catalyzed reactions, an intramolecular Heck reaction followed by a reductive N-heteroannulation. Using this route, a number of 3,4-fused indoles were prepared in acceptable yields.

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Influence Of The West Virginia Dome On Paleocurrent Patterns In The Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Price Formation In The Central Appalachians, Sheldon James Murphy Dec 2001

Influence Of The West Virginia Dome On Paleocurrent Patterns In The Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Price Formation In The Central Appalachians, Sheldon James Murphy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian sedimentation was influenced by a positive area known as the West Virginia Dome located in the Central Appalachians of West Virginia. Paleocurrent data collected from the Price Formation demonstrates the significance of the dome on paleoflow patterns. Exposures in West Virginia are located along the Allegheny Front and include the lowermost marine Oswayo Member, Riddlesburg Shale Member, unnamed Upper Member and the uppermost non-marine Rockwell Member. These units overlie the Devonian Hampshire Formation or Greenland Gap Formation and underlie the Mississippian Greenbrier Limestone or Maccrady Formation. At the center of the dome the Price Formation is absent …

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Changes In Water Quality In Deckers Creek From 1974 To 2000, Jason Allen Stewart Dec 2001

Changes In Water Quality In Deckers Creek From 1974 To 2000, Jason Allen Stewart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Deckers Creek drainage basin covers approximately 16,600 hectares (62.9 square miles) in Monongalia and Preston Counties of West Virginia. Throughout the twentieth century, this watershed has received high levels of pollution in several forms. A 1974 study examined the water chemistry in Deckers Creek over a six-month period at 29 sample points. Water samples from the same sites were collected and analyzed monthly from March 1999 through October 2000 for acidity, alkalinity, total iron, aluminum, manganese, and other metals, as well as for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus concentrations. Most of the tributaries sampled in 1999--2000 showed reduced metal …

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Pest Management Practices Used By West Virginia Corn Growers, Leasa Dianne Wilkerson Dec 2001

Pest Management Practices Used By West Virginia Corn Growers, Leasa Dianne Wilkerson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to provide information that might be useful to researchers and extension personnel at West Virginia University in developing and designing educational programs concerning pest management for corn farmers. This research identified current trends in management practices, insect, fungal, and weed problems, and educational needs so that instructional materials can be designed to meet clientele needs. Data were collected via 100 questionnaires mailed to farmers in the top ten corn producing counties in West Virginia. Of these, thirty-three useable surveys were returned.;It was found that Gray leaf spot and Maize virus were the most prevalent …

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Studies Of The Mammalian Ovarian Endothelin System, Marietta Felicidad Wright Dec 2001

Studies Of The Mammalian Ovarian Endothelin System, Marietta Felicidad Wright

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In porcine ovaries, endothelin-1 (ET-1) may have an autocrine/paracrine role in follicular development. Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) converts big endothelin-1 to ET-1. In situ hybridization was used to determine the ovarian compartment that synthesizes ECE-1. ECE-1 mRNA was detected in granulosa cells of large (10 mm) and medium (3 mm) antral follicles. This study, in conjunction with previous studies suggests a novel autocrine role of ET-1 as a possible local ovarian factor of follicular development. ET-1 may play a role during prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha-induced luteal regression in the cow. Effects of PGF2 alpha treatment were examined during early and mid-luteal …

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Raptor Abundance And Diversity And Red-Shouldered Hawk ( Buteo Lineatus) Habitat Characteristics On Reclaimed Mountaintop Mines In Southern West Virginia, Melissa J. Balcerzak Dec 2001

Raptor Abundance And Diversity And Red-Shouldered Hawk ( Buteo Lineatus) Habitat Characteristics On Reclaimed Mountaintop Mines In Southern West Virginia, Melissa J. Balcerzak

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Raptor abundance and diversity were compared between 4 treatments (grassland, shrub/pole, fragmented forest, and intact forest) over 3 seasons (migration, summer, and winter) on 3 mountaintop/valley fill mines in southern West Virginia. Habitat characteristics of Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) were examined at landscape and microhabitat scales. Forty-eight points were surveyed monthly (Feb. 2000--Jan. 2001) using broadcast calls. I quantified microhabitat characteristics within an 11.3 m radius plot and landscape characteristics within 1000 and 564 m buffer zones at each point. Abundance was highest in grasslands; richness did not differ among treatments. Overall, I detected a shift from a forest to …

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Robust Decentralized Control Of Power Systems Through Excitation Systems And Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors, Lingling Fan Dec 2001

Robust Decentralized Control Of Power Systems Through Excitation Systems And Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors, Lingling Fan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this work is robust decentralized control of power systems through excitation systems and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC). Hence the dissertation consists of two parts. In the first part an algorithm for the design of nonlinear decentralized excitation control is developed based on a feedback linearization technique. Feedback linearization technique is applied in excitation control of each generator to obtain an interconnected system where subsystems have linear system matrices and interconnections are represented by nonlinear terms. Different ways of achieving decentralization are investigated: (1) linear robust control combined with observer decoupled state space; (2) disturbance accommodation control. …

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Spatial And Temporal Analysis Of Radial Growth In An Appalachian Watershed, Desta Beyene Fekedulegn Dec 2001

Spatial And Temporal Analysis Of Radial Growth In An Appalachian Watershed, Desta Beyene Fekedulegn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dendrochronological study used dated and measured tree-ring data to examine relationships between radial growth and climate for four hard wood species, yellow-poplar, northern red oak, chestnut oak and red maple, growing on contrasting topographic aspects of a watershed in north-central West Virginia.;The study showed that all species except northern red oak showed significant differences in growth between the mesic and xeric aspects. Where significant differences were found all except chestnut oak exhibited higher growth rates at the mesic aspect.;Yellow-poplar showed a sharp decline in growth from late 1950's to late 1960's, which was evidently caused by several years of …

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Prenatal Stress Alters Fear-Conditioned Behaviors And The Response To Serotonergic Drugs, William C. Griffin Iii Dec 2001

Prenatal Stress Alters Fear-Conditioned Behaviors And The Response To Serotonergic Drugs, William C. Griffin Iii

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Chronic, inescapable stress during pregnancy (i.e. prenatal stress) modifies the behavior of the adult offspring. Several behaviors were evaluated in adult prenatally stressed (PS) rats, most notably the acoustic startle response and behavioral inhibition (i.e. freezing). PS rats do not differ in baseline peak startle responding, or in the habituation of the peak startle response when compared to the non-prenatally stressed (CON) rats. However, PS rats have greater peak responses and longer latencies to reach the peak response following systemic doses of the 5-HT 1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, compared to CON rats. The PS rats had shorter latencies than the CON …

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Psychometric Properties Of The Social Interactions Questionnaire (Siq) In An Older Adult Sample, Kimberly Debra Kalish Dec 2001

Psychometric Properties Of The Social Interactions Questionnaire (Siq) In An Older Adult Sample, Kimberly Debra Kalish

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Social Interactions Questionnaire (SIQ; Kalish & Edelstein, 1996), a quick and efficient tool to measure negative social interactions. Overwhelming evidence has emerged over the past decade indicating that negative social interactions (NSIs) are strongly related to measures of mental and physical health. A critique of existing measures of NSIs reveals long and cumbersome interviews that are comprised of some, but not all, of the critical elements of NSIs. The SIQ efficiently measures these critical elements, which include (a) perceived versus structural components of NSIs, (b) seven different types of NSIs, (c) overall …

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Pharmacological Regulation Of C-Myc Gene Expression In Human Breast Cancer Cells, Zaroui Karlen Melkoumian Dec 2001

Pharmacological Regulation Of C-Myc Gene Expression In Human Breast Cancer Cells, Zaroui Karlen Melkoumian

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Previous studies demonstrated that quinidine causes G1/G0 cell cycle arrest and inhibition of proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line (Woodfork, K. et al., 1995). The goal of studies reported here was to understand the molecular mechanisms of c-myc gene regulation by quinidine. C-myc is one of the most common oncogene aberrations in breast cancers (Deming, S. L. et al., 2000). C-myc functions include regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The results of these studies demonstrated that quinidine causes rapid (within 1 hour) suppression of Myc protein and mRNA levels that precedes the quinidine-induced G1 cell cycle …

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Stand Dynamics And Disturbance History Of Five Oak -Dominated Old -Growth Stands In The Unglaciated Appalachian Plateau, James Spencer Rentch Dec 2001

Stand Dynamics And Disturbance History Of Five Oak -Dominated Old -Growth Stands In The Unglaciated Appalachian Plateau, James Spencer Rentch

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Stand dynamics and disturbance histories of five eastern, oak-dominated old-growth stands were investigated using ecological field sampling techniques, dendrochronologogical methods, and a review of historical resources of original forest composition and patterns of human and natural disturbance. Witness tree tallies from 18th century land surveys show that presettlement forests in the study areas were oak-dominated forests. Quercus alba was, at minimum, twice as abundant as Q. velutina, the second ranked species. Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia were among the top ten ranked species at each site; however their importance value was consistently less than one-third the value for Q. alba. …

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