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2000

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Sekularisme : Sejarah Kelahiran Dan Kesannya Terhadap Peradaban Islam Dengan Penumpuan Terhadap Serangan Pemikiran, Haslinda Hassan Jan 2000

Sekularisme : Sejarah Kelahiran Dan Kesannya Terhadap Peradaban Islam Dengan Penumpuan Terhadap Serangan Pemikiran, Haslinda Hassan

Student Works (2000-2009)

Secularism as an ideology has long affected Islamic civilization. It is defined as separating the worldly life from religion leaving negative impact on muslims especially and men generally for they are not bound to follow religious authority. This dissertation will look at how the idea of secularism started in the West, beginning with the Renaissance to Enlightenment leading subsequently to many European revolutions which emphasize on rationality in problem solving rather than following the Church order. This form of secularism was then adapted and practived by the muslim countries and communities. The author starts this dissertation by outlining the research …


Kesan Kolonialisme Ke Atas Peradaban Melayu : Rujukan Khas Kepada Kuasa Penjajah British, Rosliha Muhammad Jan 2000

Kesan Kolonialisme Ke Atas Peradaban Melayu : Rujukan Khas Kepada Kuasa Penjajah British, Rosliha Muhammad

Student Works (2000-2009)

Malay civilization was created by a group of Malay peoples in the region of Southeast Asia, which was also known as Malay-Indonesian Archipelago, Malay world and so forth. One of that was the Malay Peninsular which had gone trough great achievement in this area during the period of Malacca Sultanate in the fifteenth century. The arrival of western powers such as Portuguese, Dutch. British and Japanese in this region. (The Malay world) caused a great upheaval on the Sultanate. In view of this, the dissertation is an effort to discuss the effect of colonialism in Malaysia in the aspects of …


Aspek Pengarahan Dan Sinematografi Dalam Filem-Filem P. Ramlee Dan Hussein Haniff : Satu Kajian Perbandingan, Hamsan Mohamed Jan 2000

Aspek Pengarahan Dan Sinematografi Dalam Filem-Filem P. Ramlee Dan Hussein Haniff : Satu Kajian Perbandingan, Hamsan Mohamed

Student Works (2000-2009)

Analisis dalam kajian ini adalah usaha mencari tafsiran dari imej. Makna imej dalam kedudukannya bertahap, ditinjau supaya pemikiran kedua-dua orang pengarah iaitu P. Ramlee dan Hussein Hanift dapat ditetapkan. Konsepsi visual seseorang pengarah dalam membangun unsur-unsur plastik sebagai jentera penyampai falsafah dan idealisme, diberi perhatian yang wajar dan tinjauan terhadap aspek tersebut dapat dijadikan ukuran untuk menetapkan tahap penguasaan aspek teknikal-mekanikal dalam bidang perfileman bagi pengarah yang dikaji. Rekaan produksi sebagai unsur yang membentuk wajah sesebuah filem perlu dimanfaatkan dan aspek-aspek seperti rekaan dan pengarahan seni (berkait dengan tonal, atonal, tekstur dan arkitektur), pemilihan latar (set, sub-set, prop, miniature, depth, …


Sumbangan Organisasi Islam Masa Kini Dalam Pengembangan Dakwah Islamiyah Di Aceh, Razali Muhammad Ali Jan 2000

Sumbangan Organisasi Islam Masa Kini Dalam Pengembangan Dakwah Islamiyah Di Aceh, Razali Muhammad Ali

Student Works (2000-2009)

It is undeniable that since their establishment until today, Islamic organizations have been playing a vital role in spreading da'wah in lndonesia. In Aceh, Islamic organizations whether which located in the capital of lndonesia, Jakarta, or their branches located in Aceh also have been rendering many services towards development of da'wah in Aceh. The 1slamic organizations investigated in this thesis are; Muhammadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama (NU), Al-Washliyah, Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMl), Pelajar Islam Indonesia (Pil), Dewan Da'wah lslamiyah lndonesia (DDIJ), lnshafuddin, and Majlis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). This thesis is aimed at analyzing to which extent Islamic organizations have rendered their services …


Syeikh Muhammad Al-Ghazali : Pemikirannya Dalam Buku Kayfa Nata'amal Ma'a Al-Qur'an, Mohd. Rumaizuddin Ghazali Jan 2000

Syeikh Muhammad Al-Ghazali : Pemikirannya Dalam Buku Kayfa Nata'amal Ma'a Al-Qur'an, Mohd. Rumaizuddin Ghazali

Student Works (2000-2009)

This dissertation is about Muhammad al-Ghazali's (1917-1996) thoughts in his book Kayfa Nata'amal Ma'a al-Qur'an. This book tells about the ways how to interact with al-Qur'an correctly, the causes of ummah's backwardness and the ways how to overcome the thought crisis of the ummah today. The writer was attracted by al-Ghazali's thought stating that al-Qur'an is the most important factor in building the Islamic community nowadays. Although al-Qur'an was revealed since 14 centuries ago, but its contents are still relevant and very practical. This means that al-Qur'an is always relevant from time to time according to the interaction of ummah …


Peranan Sekuriti Hutang Islam (Ids) Dalam Pasaran Modal Di Malaysia, Asmak Ab. Rahman Jan 2000

Peranan Sekuriti Hutang Islam (Ids) Dalam Pasaran Modal Di Malaysia, Asmak Ab. Rahman

Student Works (2000-2009)

This research is a comparative study of debt securities in the capital market which play a vital role in economic development. The aim of the study is to highlight the roles of Islamic debt securities or lsamic bond in Malaysian capital market which could be operationalized as an alternative to the conventional debt securities. The former operates in accordance with legal principles of Islamic commercial law such as bay' af-murabahah and bay' al-dayn. The study concludes that Islamic debt securities have an Islamic task as an alternative in the development of capital market in Malaysia.


Banking Crisis In Malaysia : Causes, Recovery Measures Taken And Their Effectiveness, See Yan Chan Jan 2000

Banking Crisis In Malaysia : Causes, Recovery Measures Taken And Their Effectiveness, See Yan Chan

Student Works (2000-2009)

This research project discusses the causes, recovery measures taken and the effectiveness of the measures to the Malaysian banking crisis in mid 1997. There are combination of factors that contributed to the crisis. Among the factors are excessive credit growth, over-exposure of lending to broad property sector and stock market, weaknesses in the banking system and external shock-currency attack. In addition, tight monetary policy which was designed to rescue the currency attack further aggravated the banking problem. Later in September 1998, Government further response by reverting the above tight monetary policy and gradually easing the monetary policy. Besides that, four …


Jesus Christ Sebagai Penyelamat Menurut Gereja Roman Katholik : Suatu Kajian Analisis Menurut Perspektif Islam, Muhamad Miziazam Yahya Jan 2000

Jesus Christ Sebagai Penyelamat Menurut Gereja Roman Katholik : Suatu Kajian Analisis Menurut Perspektif Islam, Muhamad Miziazam Yahya

Student Works (2000-2009)

The objective of this research is to clarify the concept and the role of Jesus Christ as the saviour according to Roman Catholic Church It also tracks down how Cl11ist becomes the saviour of inherited sin and this view is analyzed through statements found in tl1e New Testament and the Old Testament, and the view of church leaders in Malaysia. This research is a comparative study and a critical analysis of the doctrine. Jesus Christ being the saviour of Original Sin or Original Sin for human beings according to the views of Western scholars and Muslim Scholars.


Loren Eiseley And Sociology At The University Of Nebraska, 1926-1936: The Sociological Training Of A Noted Anthropologist, Michael R. Hill Jan 2000

Loren Eiseley And Sociology At The University Of Nebraska, 1926-1936: The Sociological Training Of A Noted Anthropologist, Michael R. Hill

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

LOREN COREY EISELEY [1907-1977] rose from modest beginnings to become one of the nation’s foremost essayists, naturalists, and anthropologists (Carlisle 1983; Christianson 1990; Carrithers 1991; Gerber 1983; Heidtmann 1991; Pitts 1995), and his work was built on a solid interdisciplinary foundation that included intensive undergraduate and graduate study in sociology at the University of Nebraska.1 Eiseley, the writer, is best known today for The Immense Journey (1957), The Firmament of Time (1960), and The Unexpected Universe (1969), his most popular books. As a mature scholar tenured at the University of Pennsylvania, Eiseley served as Provost; Professor and Chair of the …


A Symposium On Lucile Eaves: Lucile Eaves And Nebraska Sociology, Michael R. Hill Jan 2000

A Symposium On Lucile Eaves: Lucile Eaves And Nebraska Sociology, Michael R. Hill

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

THE MAJOR published, first-person accounts of early sociology and sociologists at the University of Nebraska include perspectives by George Elliott Howard (1908, 1927), Olivia Pound (1916), Hattie Plum Williams (1919, 1920, 1929), Edward Alsworth Ross (1935), Hutton Webster (1952), and Joyce O. Hertzler (1929). To this instructive and growing list we are pleased to add Lucile Eaves’ sociological autobiography, written in 1928, as well as an example, drawn from Nebraska’s University Journal, of her contemporary observations on social life (Eaves 1914a, b, 1915a, b, c).


Epistemological Realities: Archival Data And Disciplinary Knowledge In The History Of Sociology—Or, When Did George Elliott Howard Study In Paris?, Michael R. Hill Jan 2000

Epistemological Realities: Archival Data And Disciplinary Knowledge In The History Of Sociology—Or, When Did George Elliott Howard Study In Paris?, Michael R. Hill

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

This supplement is published in conjunction with the Interim Meeting of the International Sociological Association, Research Committee on the History of Sociology (RCHS) in Torun, Poland, June 1-4, 2000. As many of my colleagues from the United States travel to Europe this summer for the interim meeting in the historic city of Torun, it seems especially appropriate to recall the trans-Atlantic educational adventures of one of our American sociological pioneers.

George Elliott Howard (1849-1928), president of the American Sociological Society in 1917, was one of those American scholars who recognized the value of European training at a time when opportunities …


The Intellectual Context Of Émile Durkheim’S Review Of George Elliott Howard’S American Institutional Perspective On Marriage And Divorce, Michael R. Hill Jan 2000

The Intellectual Context Of Émile Durkheim’S Review Of George Elliott Howard’S American Institutional Perspective On Marriage And Divorce, Michael R. Hill

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

ARGUABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT work produced within the Nebraska tradition of sociology is George Elliott Howard’s (1904) massive History of Matrimonial Institutions. The work was widely read, much admired, and warmly critiqued–and it influenced the shape of divorce law reform in the United States of America. Howard’s magnum opus was reviewed by the well-known French sociologist, Émile Durkheim, in L’année sociologique in 1906–an event that should have guaranteed for Howard a more prominent place in the pantheon of sociological founders. This essay documents the special uniqueness of Durkheim’s review and notes the curious neglect of the review by subsequent …


Calliope, Armstrong Atlantic State University Jan 2000

Calliope, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Calliope Magazine

Volume 17


Pembinaan Peradaban Ummah : Pemikiran Dan Pendekatan Hasan Al-Banna, Abu Sufian Ab Ghani Jan 2000

Pembinaan Peradaban Ummah : Pemikiran Dan Pendekatan Hasan Al-Banna, Abu Sufian Ab Ghani

Student Works (2000-2009)

Desertasi ini menilai pemikiran dan pendekatan yang telah dicetuskan oleh Imam Hasan Al-Banna dalam usaha pembinaan peradaban ummah. Kajian ini difokuskan kepada tiga aspek utama. Pertama, pemikiran dan idea-idea yang dikemukakan oleh Imam Hasan AI-Banna dalam usaha pembinaan peradaban ummah. Kedua, menjelaskan pendekatan pendekatan yang digunakan oleh Imam Hasan Al-Banna dalam usaha merealisasikan idea-idea dan pemikiran beliau. Ketiga, melihat sejauh mana reaksi dari pelbagai pihak sama ada mereka yang menyokong mahupun yang menentang idea-idea dan pemikiran dan juga pendekatan-pendekatan yang diutarakan oleh Imam Hasan Al-Banna. Imam Hasan Al-Banna dipilih sebagai subjek kajian kerana beliau mempunyai agenda tersendiri dan bersedia untuk …


Falsafah Etika Masyarakat Melayu Tradisional : Satu Kajian Berdasarkan Pantun Melayu, Zaleha Ahmat Jan 2000

Falsafah Etika Masyarakat Melayu Tradisional : Satu Kajian Berdasarkan Pantun Melayu, Zaleha Ahmat

Student Works (2000-2009)

The idea of this study is to put forward an analysis on the system of ethics of the traditional Malays. Nevertheless, it does not provide a listing of characters, attitudes and behaviour of the people. This writing is giving attention on a research of the existence and conscience of ethics from a philosophical view. This study is about attempts on seeking originality and authenticity in the significance of "budi" which is synonymous to the Malay people and its civilization. "Budi' defined as a soul process of purifying self consciousness in gaining truth to the result of choices and actions made …


Tanah Rizab Melayu Di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur : Satu Kajian Kes Terhadap Aspek Perumahan Di Kampung Dato' Keramat, Ani Ahmad Jan 2000

Tanah Rizab Melayu Di Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur : Satu Kajian Kes Terhadap Aspek Perumahan Di Kampung Dato' Keramat, Ani Ahmad

Student Works (2000-2009)

Malay Reservation land (MRL) was introduced in t he Malaya during the British administration. The first Malay Reservation Land Enactment was enacted in 1913. The main objective of the reservation was to protect Malay lands from falling into the hands of non-Malay. However, because of the rapid development and urbanisation, the existence of MRL located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur was left backward from development. The main characteristic of these area was only a medium Malay housing area. Kampung Dato' Keramat strategically MRL area located after Kampung Baru facing the same fate. These MRL was identify by various housing …


Adaptasi Novel Ke Filem : Analisis Perbandingan Antara Filem Melayu Dan Filem Barat, Hizairi Othman Jan 2000

Adaptasi Novel Ke Filem : Analisis Perbandingan Antara Filem Melayu Dan Filem Barat, Hizairi Othman

Student Works (2000-2009)

THIS study is based on an analysis from selected different perspectives, with specifications on the concept, history, principles and case studies issues pertaining to novels into film adaptation. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and gain more understanding on the issues of adaptation. The analysis is done by choosing two different countries, Malaysia and the United States, in order to monitor both countries adaptation scenarios and problems. Malaysia representing 'the developing phase', while the United States representing 'the developed phase 'for the adaptation phenomena. Two novels, screenplays and films from both countries are selected/or this study. Malaysia …


Foreign Development Programmes In Malaysia And Uganda, 1960-1999, Kiggundu Amin Tamale Jan 2000

Foreign Development Programmes In Malaysia And Uganda, 1960-1999, Kiggundu Amin Tamale

Student Works (2000-2009)

As the title suggests, this research study focuses on the application of one of the components of official development aid, development finance, towards the construction and development of roads in Malaysia and Uganda in the period 1960 - 1999. When development studies emerged in the 1950s and 1960s its main attachment was that development in the Third World (especially in the newly independent developing countries) should be sponsored as an industry based process of structural transformation aided by inflows of resources from developed countries (Corbridge, 1993 : 98). Until now, this belief has largely retrained unchanged although it has been …


Peranan Parti Politik "Malaysian Indian Congress (Mic)" Dalam Pembangunan Sosio-Ekonomi Kaum India Di Malaysia Selepas Kemerdekaan, Sinnathamby Muthusally Jan 2000

Peranan Parti Politik "Malaysian Indian Congress (Mic)" Dalam Pembangunan Sosio-Ekonomi Kaum India Di Malaysia Selepas Kemerdekaan, Sinnathamby Muthusally

Student Works (2000-2009)

Indians in Malaysia are a minority group. They were brought to Malaysia as immigrants during the late 19th century and early 20th century. They were brought to work on rubber, coffee and sugar plantations. At the same time, some Indians were also working as laborer's on railway tracks, roads and telecommunication systems. Actually, Indians brought wealth to the British. After Malaysia became independent, there was no drastic socio-economic change for the Indians. This is evident now as Indian control over the economy is unimpressive, rather slow and undramatic compared to the progress of the Malays and Chinese. The Indian political …


Politik Dan Perniagaan : Peranan Umno Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Sistem Sosio-Politik Melayu, Jamaie Hamil Jan 2000

Politik Dan Perniagaan : Peranan Umno Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Sistem Sosio-Politik Melayu, Jamaie Hamil

Student Works (2000-2009)

This study discusses the role of UMNO and the involment of Malays in business, a field  foreign to the Malays for reasons of discriminatory colonial policies. Such policies has  led to the dual nature of the economy which further marginalised the Malays. Malay socio-economic backwardness has stirred a section of Malay intelectual and political  elites to send a clear message to the larger circle of Malay leaders and making them  aware of their responsibility in addressing the Malay socio-economic problems more  effectively. In expected to dominate the economic scene as well, an area formerly monopolized by the Chinese. Ethnic identification …


Satu Tinjauan Tentang Kepuasan Kerja Guru-Guru Sjk(C) Di Kuala Lumpur, Weng Kim Quek Jan 2000

Satu Tinjauan Tentang Kepuasan Kerja Guru-Guru Sjk(C) Di Kuala Lumpur, Weng Kim Quek

Student Works (2000-2009)

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between job satisfaction with work itself, remuneration, promotion, supervision, co-worker and period of service amongst the SJK( C) teachers in K.L. This study also attempts to determine if difference in job satisfaction exists between job satisfaction with respect to gender, academic qualification, marital status and social recognition of the subjects. The subjects of the study are 320 SJK(C) teachers who are selected by using the group random sampling, from a total of 1888 SJK(C) teachers in K.L. The Job Descriptive Index which has been modified in accordance with the local culture by …


Concert Recording 2000-04-09, Katherine Lewis, Pavel Palanco-Safadit, Amy Lillegard, Henry Runkles, Thomas Wazelle, Christopher Lacy, Erin Brooks, Brocha Strausberg Jan 2000

Concert Recording 2000-04-09, Katherine Lewis, Pavel Palanco-Safadit, Amy Lillegard, Henry Runkles, Thomas Wazelle, Christopher Lacy, Erin Brooks, Brocha Strausberg

Concert Recordings & Programs

Murmillo de Paloma : Dove's murmur / Pavel Palanco-Safadit -- Sonatensatz ; O Kuhler Wald : O cool forest, op. 72, no. 3 / Johannes Brahms -- Liederkreis. Waldesgesprach : Forest conversation, op. 39, no. 3 / Robert Schumann -- Trauermusik / Paul Hindemith -- Trouble in Tahiti. What a movie / Leonard Bernstein


Concert Recording 2000-04-26a, W. Dale Warren, Russell Pettitt, Brett Lawson, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Concert Band Jan 2000

Concert Recording 2000-04-26a, W. Dale Warren, Russell Pettitt, Brett Lawson, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Concert Band

Concert Recordings & Programs

National emblem march / E.E. Bagley -- Shenandoah / Frank Ticheli -- For the new day arisen / Steven Barton -- Prairie songs / Pierre La Plante -- Ave Maria / Franz Biebl -- Rikudim / Jan Van der Roost


Concert Recording 2000-03-07, W. Dale Warren, Brett Lawson, Russell Pettitt, Timothy Gunter, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Concert Band, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Symphonic Band Jan 2000

Concert Recording 2000-03-07, W. Dale Warren, Brett Lawson, Russell Pettitt, Timothy Gunter, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Concert Band, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Symphonic Band

Concert Recordings & Programs

Flourish for glorious John / Ralph Vaughhan Williams -- As summer was just beginning : Song for James Dean / Larry D. Daehn -- Courtly airs and dances / Ron Nelson -- Tribute to Grainger / Percy Aldridge Grainger -- Variations on a Korean folk song / John Barnes Chance -- Raise of the sun / Rossano Galante -- Liebestod / Richard Wagner -- Handel in the strand / Percy Grainger -- Do not go gentle into that good night / Elliot Del Borgo -- Don Pedro / Johan Nijs


Concert Recording 2000-02-21, Rachel Lowery, Jeannie Lee Jan 2000

Concert Recording 2000-02-21, Rachel Lowery, Jeannie Lee

Concert Recordings & Programs

Gia il sole dal Gange / Alessandro Scarlatti -- Alcina. Verdi prati / G.F. Handel -- Au printemps / Charles Gounod -- Reflets / Lili Boulanger -- Carmen. L'amour est un oiseau rebelle / Georges Bizet -- Der Mond kommt still gegangen / Clara Schumann;Warum willst du and're fragen ; Liebst du um Schonheit / Clara Schumann -- City called heaven / Edward Boatner -- Shepherd / Lee Hoiby -- Where the music comes from / Lee Hoiby


Concert Recording 2000-02-06, Lia Uribe, Terri Holland, James Greeson, Hong Wu, Katherine Lewis, Pavel Palanco-Safadit, Henry Runkles, Tsina Dorjderem, Mary Scott Spry, Barbara Hinton, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Children's Choir, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Middle Eastern Group, Firestorm Jan 2000

Concert Recording 2000-02-06, Lia Uribe, Terri Holland, James Greeson, Hong Wu, Katherine Lewis, Pavel Palanco-Safadit, Henry Runkles, Tsina Dorjderem, Mary Scott Spry, Barbara Hinton, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Children's Choir, University Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Middle Eastern Group, Firestorm

Concert Recordings & Programs

La cardenense / Ernesto Lecuona, arr. J. Greeson -- Al fin te vi / Ernesto Lecuona, arr. J. Greeson -- Moonlight on a spring river / Classical school -- Old child / Lui de Hai -- Murmullo de paloma : Dove's murmer / Pavel Palanco-Safadit;Ciranda das sete notas / Heitor Villa-Lobos -- In the mountain of Khentii / Damdinsuren Bileg -- Variations on two Mongolian folk songs / Chuluun Jamyang -- John Brown. Dear husband / Kirke Mechem


Beyond Efficiency And Procedure: A Welfarist Theory Of Regulation, Matthew D. Adler Jan 2000

Beyond Efficiency And Procedure: A Welfarist Theory Of Regulation, Matthew D. Adler

Faculty Scholarship

Normative scholarship about regulation has been dominated by two types of theories, which I term "Neoclassical" and "Proceduralist." A Neoclassical theory has the following features: it adopts a simple preference-based view of well-being, and it counts Kaldor-Hicks efficiency as one of the basic normative criteria relevant to the evaluation of regulatory programs. A Proceduralist theory is concerned, not solely with the quality of regulatory outcomes, but also with the governmental procedures that produce these outcomes: it gives intrinsic significance to the procedures that regulatory bodies follow. (One example of a Proceduralist theory is the civic republican theory of regulation advanced …


Linguistic Meaning, Nonlinguistic “Expression,” And The Multiplevariants Of Expressivism: A Reply To Professors Anderson And Pildes, Matthew D. Adler Jan 2000

Linguistic Meaning, Nonlinguistic “Expression,” And The Multiplevariants Of Expressivism: A Reply To Professors Anderson And Pildes, Matthew D. Adler

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Implementing Cost-Benefit Analysis When Preferences Are Distorted, Matthew D. Adler, Eric A. Posner Jan 2000

Implementing Cost-Benefit Analysis When Preferences Are Distorted, Matthew D. Adler, Eric A. Posner

Faculty Scholarship

Cost-benefit analysis is routinely used by government agencies in order to evaluate projects, but it remains controversial among academics. This paper argues that cost-benefit analysis is best understood as a welfarist decision procedure and that use of cost-benefit analysis is more likely to maximize overall well-being than is use of alternative decision-procedures. The paper focuses on the problem of distorted preference. A person's preferences are distorted when his or her satisfaction does not enhance that person's well-being. Preferences typically thought to be distorted in this sense include disinterested preferences, uninformed preferences, adaptive preferences, and objectively bad preferences; further, preferences may …


Expressive Theories Of Law: A Skeptical Overview, Matthew D. Adler Jan 2000

Expressive Theories Of Law: A Skeptical Overview, Matthew D. Adler

Faculty Scholarship

An "expressive theory of law" is, very roughly, a theory that evaluates the actions of legal officials in light of what those actions mean, symbolize, or express. Expressive theories have long played a role in legal scholarship and, recently, have become quite prominent. Elizabeth Anderson, Robert Cooter, Dan Kahan, Larry Lessig, and Richard Pildes, among others, have all recently defended expressive theories (or at least theories that might be characterized as expressive). Expressive notions also play a part in judicial doctrine, particularly in the areas of the Establishment Clause and the Equal Protection Clause.

This paper attempts to provide a …