Digital Commons Network^™

Gender And Generation In Household Labor Supply In Jordan, Mary Kawar

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper examines gender and age differences in the labor supply of households in Jordan, and the impact of young women’s employment on gender and generation relations. The objective of the study is to address the issues of gender and generation as factors influencing accessibility to labor markets, and to provide a broader understanding of female employment by exploring age-related factors. Empirically, the study looks at the disproportionate workforce participation of young urban single women in Amman, Jordan, and argues that this generation of working women is evidence of a new stage in the lives of Jordanian women: single employed …

The School Environment In Egypt: A Situation Analysis Of Public Preparatory Schools, Sahar El Tawila, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Barbara Mensch, Hind Wassef, Zeinab Gamal, Wesley H. Clark, Rania Sakr

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Very little research exists in Egypt on contemporary education outcomes and their relationship to an array of education inputs. Also, few datasets are available on the acquisition and retention of basic skills from education. This research aims at filling that gap in our knowledge by drawing a profile of the situation of public preparatory schools, investigating the distinct dimensions of the environment in these schools, and examining the links among these dimensions and specific education outcomes. As noted in this report, this study focuses on the preparatory stage of the general education system. Students in this stage comprise one-quarter of …

Women Street Vendors: The Road To Recognition, Monique Cohen

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This issue of SEEDS explores the experience of women working and organizing as urban street vendors at a time when both the volume of demand and the number of vendors are expected to grow. As municipalities seek to change laws that affect how street vendors ply their trade, it is clear that vendors must have a seat at the table. Local-level organizational efforts need to be consolidated at the national level to cement vendors’ hard-earned gains as rights in national laws and policy. A 1995 meeting in Bellagio conceived an international alliance of street vendors—StreetNet—which aims to promote the exchange …

The Potential Role Of Contraception In Reducing Abortion, John Bongaarts, Charles F. Westoff

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Since the 1960s the proportion of couples practicing contraception has risen rapidly, particularly in the developing world, and the mix of methods is now dominated by modern methods. Despite these trends, the incidence of unintended pregnancy remains high mainly because the number of children desired has declined. Worldwide there are almost as many unintended as intended pregnancies each year (not counting miscarriages, which are excluded in this analysis) and more than half of these unintended pregnancies end in abortion. This study examines the potential role of further increases in contraceptive prevalence and effectiveness in reducing abortion rates. The model used …

Unmet Need For Family Planning In Developing Countries And Implications For Population Policy, John B. Casterline, Steven W. Sinding

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Unmet need for family planning has been a core concept in international population discourse for several decades. In this paper we reevaluate its utility. We review the history of unmet need and the development of increasingly refined methods of its empirical measurement. We then turn to the main questions that have been raised about unmet need during the past decade, some of which concern the validity of the concept and others its role in the post-ICPD environment. The discussion draws heavily on empirical research conducted during the 1990s, much of it localized, in-depth studies combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, that …

Socialization To Gender Roles And Marriage Among Egyptian Adolescents, Barbara Mensch, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Susan M. Lee, Omaima El-Gibaly

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Using nationally representative survey data, this paper explores gender role socialization and attitudes toward marriage among unmarried Egyptian adolescents aged 16-19 years. We examine the daily activities of adolescent boys and girls, views about age at marriage and desirable qualities in a spouse, and various indicators of gender role attitudes including opinions about whether wives should defer to husbands, about sharing household decisionmaking, and about responsibility for domestic tasks. Our findings reflect strong gender differentiation: girls have much less free time than boys, are much less mobile, are much less likely to participate in paid work, and have heavier domestic …

Future Trends In Contraception In The Developing World: Prevalence And Method Mix, John Bongaarts, Elof D.B. Johansson

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The main objectives of this study are to review existing methodologies for projecting future trends in contraception, evaluate the validity of the assumptions underlying these projections, propose methodological improvements, and assess the prospects for new methods of contraception in the coming decade. The prevalence of contraception in the developing world has increased dramatically over the past several decades from near zero to around 60 percent in 2000. Demand for contraception can be expected to continue to rise rapidly for the next few decades as population size continues to grow and fertility declines further to near the replacement level. As a …

Some Preconditions For Fertility Decline In Bengal: History, Language Identity, And An Openness To Innovations, Alaka Malwade Basu, Sajeda Amin

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper argues that looking solely for the immediate causes of reproductive change may fail to take into account not only the impact of policies and programs but the societal decision to adopt these policies and programs to begin with. The paper examines the historical origins and spread of ‘modern’ ideas in Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India. It concludes that a colonial history in which education and modernization processes took hold very early among the elite in the larger Bengal region was paradoxically accompanied by a strong allegiance to the Bengali language. This strong sense of …

Adolescent Girls' Livelihoods. Essential Questions, Essential Tools: A Report On A Workshop [Arabic], Carey Meyers

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This report, co-published by the Population Council and the International Center for Research on Women, describes a workshop convened in Cairo in 1999 to learn more about the nature of both younger and older adolescents' work experience, differentiate the particular needs and potentials of adolescent girls, and identify programs and policies that might have promise for supporting them.

Unreasonably Reasonable Reliance: Prospective At-Will Employment And Promissory Estoppel In Goff-Hamel V. Obstetricians & Gynecologists, P.C., 256 Neb. 19, 588 N.W.2d 798 (1999), David K. Lucas

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. Factual Background

III. Relevant Law ... A. Promissory Estoppel Allowed ... B. Promissory Estoppel Not Allowed

IV. Analysis ... A. The At-Will Employment Doctrine and the Reasonableness of Reliance ... B. Avoiding Reality: Attempts to Read "Good faith" and "Fair Dealing" Exceptions into the At-Will Employment Doctrine ... C. Recognizing Reality: Alternative Applications of the Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel ... D. Adopting an Approach: A Starting Point

V. Conclusion

The Virtue Of Ordered Conflict: A Defense Of The Adversary System, David Barnhizer

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. The Idea of Ordered Conflict

III. Imperfections in the Adversary System

IV. The Role of Law in Coping With Conflict and Social Change

V. The Adversary System in a Complex American Democracy

VI. A Period of Intensifying Social Conflict and Search for Identity

VII. Social Despair and Acquiring Meaning through Joining a Micro-Community

VIII. How Doctrine Helps Shape and Balance our Political System

IX. Doctrine as a System and Structure

X. Conclusion: Democracy, Change, and Conflict

Death Of A Remedy: The Supreme Court's Ill-Fated Decision To Foreclose An Avenue Of Liability Against Managed Care Organizations Under Erisa In Pegram V. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211, 120 S. Ct. 2143 (2000), Sara L. Broyhill

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. Background ... A. The Emerging Conflict Between ERISA and Managed Care ... B. Case-in-Point

III. Analysis: The Supreme Court's Decision in Pegram ... A. ERISA's Text and Legislative History Manifests Congress' Intent for Courts to Hold MCOs Liable as ERISA Fiduciaries ... 1. MCOs Constitute Fiduciaries Under ERISA ... 2. Financial Incentive Schemes Imposed on Physicians Constitute a Breach of MCOs' Fiduciary Duties ... B. Fiduciary Obligations Apply to MCOs Whose Physicians Make Mixed Eligibility Decisions as a Result of Financial Incentive Schemes ... C. ERISA's Broad Preemptive Effect Undermines the Court's Justification for Immunizing MCOs from …

Peer Harassment—Interference With An Equal Educational Opportunity In Elementary And Secondary Schools, Ivan E. Bodensteiner

Nebraska Law Review

Elementary and secondary schools have an affirmative duty to provide all children with an equal educational opportunity; that duty includes identifying and removing harassment from all schools, both public and private. The issue is whether schools and their officials can be held liable for the inequality in educational opportunity that results from peer harassment. A second, less complex issue is whether the students responsible for the harassment, or at least their parents, can be held liable. The well-documented existence of racial and sexual harassment in secondary and elementary schools is summarized in section II of this article. Prevention of harassment …

Employment And Labor Law, Phillip R. Jones, Jennifer A. Youpa, Stacey S. Calvert

SMU Law Review

No abstract provided.

Civil Evidence, Michael W. Shore

SMU Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Consequences Of The Kosovo Conflict On Southeastern Europe, Mark S. Ellis

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Front Matter

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Computer Reservations Systems, Airlines, And The Internet, Aimee Minick

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Trade And Transport Policy In Inclement Skies - The Conflict Between Sustainable Air Transportation And Neo-Classical Economics, Paul Stephen Dempsey

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Here's A Quarter, Call Someone Who Cares: Who Is Answering The Elderly's Call For Protection From Telemarketing Fraud, Jeffrey L. Bratkiewicz

South Dakota Law Review

No abstract provided.

Second Marriage Considerations For The Elderly, Randall J. Gingiss

South Dakota Law Review

No abstract provided.

Changing Perceptions Of Mental Illness And The Emergence Of Expansive Mental Health Party Legislation, Maria A. Morrison

South Dakota Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Effects Of Narrowed Area And Additional Feeding On Some Physiological Characteristics Ofhoney Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Colonies, Ahmet Güler

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The study was conducted at Alata Horticultural Research institute between 1994 and 1996. The aim of the study was to obtain a strong colony by way of supersedure and empty frames, feeding with saccharose syrup and encouraging egg laying of queen bees at the end of summer. According to the results, there were significant differences among treatments in terms of the development of colony population, brood rearing activity and honey yield. Treatments had no significant effect on wax building activity and swarming tendency.

Fattening Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Awassi Crosses (F1 And B1) With German Blackheaded Mutton And Hampshire Down Male Lambs, Ali̇ Akmaz, Emi̇n Teki̇n, Ramazan Kadak, Mehmet Gürkan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was carried out to investigate the fattening and carcass characteristics of German Blackheaded Mutton (GBM) x Awassi (A) F1, Hampshire Down (HD) x A (F1) and HD x (HD x A) B1 male lambs. Nine GBM x A (F1), eight (HD) x A (F1) and eight HD x (HD x A) B1 male lambs were used for fattening traits, and six of each breed for carcass traits. The lambs were fed, from the beginning at approximately 20 kg of live weights to the finish at 45 kg, alfalfa hay 100 g/head/day and concentrates ad libitum. For statistical analysis, …

Effects Of Vitamins A, E And Selenium On Reproductive Performance And Serum Levels Ofsome Biochemical Parameters In Ewes, And Birth Weight And Survival Rates In Their Lambs, Mehmet Avci, Zi̇ya Karakilçik, Rahmi̇ Kanat

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

It has been reported that vitamins A and E and Se affected the reproductive performance and some biochemical parameters in ewes, and the numbers, concentration and motility of spermatozoa in rams. In addition, Se and vitamin E have important functions in the etiology of WMD. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of vitamin A and E and Se supplementation on reproductive performance and some biochemical parameters in ewes, and birth weight and survival rates of lambs. Four groups were formed (A, B, C, D) and fed with a vitamin A, E and Se supplemented diet as follows. …

The Possibilities Of Developing Dam And Sire Lines Using Akkaraman, Sakız And Kıvırcıksheep Breeds For Lamb Productioni. Fertility In Akkaraman Sheep, Survival Rate And Growth Characteristics Of Sakız Xakkaraman F_1 And Kıvırcık X Akkaraman F_1 Lambs, Hali̇l Akçapinar, Ceyhan Özbeyaz, Necmetti̇n Ünal, Mustafa Avci

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to investigate the possibilities of developing terminal male and female lines for lamb production by the crossing of native breeds, that is, Akkaraman, Sakız (Chios) and Kıvırcık breeds. The Akkaraman sheep is a fattailed breed raised in central Anatolia, while Sakız and Kıvırcık sheep aren non fattailed breeds raised in western and northern-western Anatolia. The Birth rate of Akkaraman x Akkaraman (AA), Sakız x Akkaraman (SA) and Kıvırcık x Akkaraman (KA) breeding groups were generally found as follows: 94.0, 78.6 and 74.0% in 1996; and 93.3, 90.8 and 85.0% in 1997, respectively. The survival rate of …

The Effect Of Amitraz Poisoning On Formation Of Methemoglobin And Hemolytic Anemia In Guinea-Pigs, Meltem Şi̇reli̇, Vedat Sağmanligi̇l, İlksi̇n Pi̇şki̇n, Ayhan Fi̇lazi̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of amitraz poisoning on the the formation of methemoglobin and osmotic fragility of erytrocytes. in this study, 12 guinea-pigs, weighing 250-300 gr were used. They were equally divided into two groups, control and experimental. The animals in the experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with amitraz at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight. One hour after amitraz injections, erytrocyte, hematocrit, hemoglobin levels and also percent hemolysis of erytrocytes were measured in the blood samples taken from the control and experimental groups. In the experimental group, the value of hemoglobin was lower …

Acute Phase Effect Of Trichloroethylene Ingestion On Some Biological Markers In Dogs, Recep Aslan, Mehmet Tütüncü, S. Oktay Aslan, Yilmaz Dündar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Trichloroethylene (TE) is an environmental toxic solvent hazardous to human and domestic animals and well known in the industrial sector. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oral TE plays a role in lipid oxidation and tissue damage. Fourteen dogs were treated with an oral toxic dose of 0.5 ml/kg T.E. The acute changes that occurred in creatine kimase (CK), malondialdehyte (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were investigated in blood samples taken before application and 8, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours after treatment. SOD and GSH-Px activities decreased, protein, albumin and alcalen phosphate did …

Use Of Elisa, If A, And A Vidin-Biotin Staining For The Diagnosis Of Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis, Seyyal Ak, Nuri̇ Turan, Kemal Ak, İ. Kamuran İleri̇, Ati̇lla Ilgaz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Acid glycine extract (AGE) and whole cell (WC) antibodies wer e used in ELISA testing for the detection of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis and subsp. fetus antibodies in the blood sera of 150 female cattle and 100 bulls which wer e one year old or older . It was observed that AGE antibody was mor e specific than WC antibody . A cr oss r eaction was detected between C. fetus subsp. venerealis and subsp. fetus. Thus, it was concluded that for Campylobacter ELISA could only be used as a monitoring test. In dir ect diagnosis of C. fetus with …

Detection Of Leptospira Species By Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) In Urine Of Cattle, Burhan Çeti̇nkaya, Hasan Basri̇ Ertaş, Hasan Öngör, Adi̇le Muz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalance of leptospirosis in the urine of cattle slaughtered in three major abattoirs in the east of Turkey. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on a pair of genus-specific primers was used to detect leptospiral DNA in the urine samples of 473 cattle, 284 of which were from Elazig, 112 from Malatya and 77 from Diyarbakir. The detection limit of the method was determined to be approximately five bacteria per ml of urine. In the examination of urine samples, 4.02% (19/473) (95% confidence intervals [Cl] 2.4-6.2) were found to be positive by …