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Production Of Ethers Of Gycerol From Crude Glycerol: The By-Product Of Biodiesel Production, Hossein Noureddini, W. R. Dailey, B. A. Hunt

Papers in Biomaterials

Methyl esters of fatty acids (also known as biodiesel), made from the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats with methanol, have shown a lot of promise as alternative diesel fuels. Glycerol is the inevitable by-product of the transesterification process. While there are existing markets for glycerol, a significant increase in availability of glycerol, resulting from the expanded use of vegetable oils and animal fats, would destabilize the glycerol market. Direct addition of glycerol to the fuel is not possible, however, derivatives of glycerol such as ethers have potential for use as additives with biodiesel, diesel or biodiesel-diesel blends. In …

The Ecology And Evolution Of Spatial Memory In Corvids Of The Southwestern Usa: The Perplexing Pinyon Jay, Russell P. Balda, Alan Kamil

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

The corvids of the southwest possess many adaptations for the harvest, transport, caching and recovery of pine seeds. However, there is a large degree of between-species variation in the distribution of these traits. These corvids have a well-accepted phylogeny (Hope, 1989), live within close proximity to one another and have relatively well-known natural histories. They therefore present an excellent opportunity to apply the comparative method (Kamil, 1988) to the study of these species differences (Balda et al., 1997). The comparative method for the study of adaptation and evolution of behavioral traits begins with a careful study of the natural histories …

On The Proper Definition Of Cognitive Ethology, Alan Kamil

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

The last 20-30 years have seen two “scientific revolutions” in the study of animal behavior: the cognitive revolution that originated in psychology, and the Darwinian, behavioral ecology revolution that originated in biology. Among psychologists, the cognitive revolution has had enormous impact. Similarly, among biologists, the Darwinian revolution has had enormous impact. The major theme of this chapter is that these two scientific research programs need to be combined into a single approach, simultaneously cognitive and Darwinian, and that this single approach is most appropriately called cognitive ethology.

Preface: Animal Cognition In Nature, Russell P. Balda, Irene M. Pepperberg, Alan Kamil

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

This volume, Animal Cognition in Nature, is the result of an ongoing synthesis of several ideas that were considered revolutionary, if not heretical, in the 1960s. At that time, animal behavior, whether studied in field or laboratory, by ethologists or psychologists, was generally interpreted as the result of simple processes relating specific stimuli to specific behaviors. Examples from that time include S–R models, sign stimuli, IRMs, etc. Theoretical constructs such as mental representations, memory or attention were avoided. Today, students of animal behavior work in an entirely different atmosphere. This is the result of several developments.

One of these developments …

Telomerase Expression In Chickens: Constitutive Activity In Somatic Tissues And Down-Regulation In Culture, Ranga N. Venkatesan, Carolyn Price

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Although human and rodent telomeres have been studied extensively, very little is known about telomere dynamics in other vertebrates. Moreover, our current dependence on mice as a model for human tumorigenesis and aging poses a problem because human and mouse telomere biology is very different. To explore whether chickens might provide a more useful model, we have examined telomerase activity and telomere length in chicken tissues as well as in primary cell cultures. Although chicken telomeres resemble human telomeres in that they are 8–20 kb in length, the distribution of telomerase activity in chickens resembles what is found in mice. …

Evolutionary Change In A Receiver Bias: A Comparison Of Female Preference Functions, Alexandra Basolo

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Female poeciliid fishes of the sister genera Xiphophorus and Priapella share a preference for males with swords, despite phylogenetic information suggesting that swords arose in Xiphophorus after the divergence of the two genera. This study examines the strength of sword and body-size preferences in a representative of both genera. A comparison of the preference functions reveals that the strength of the preference favoring a sword in P. olmecae is significantly stronger than that in X. helleri. This result demonstrates that the pre-existing bias is not evolutionarily fixed, and that there has been change in the bias favoring the sword, …

Life-History Decisions Under Predation Risk: Importance Of A Game Perspective, Amos Bouskila, Michael E. Robinson, Bernard D. Roitberg, Brigitte Tenhumberg

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

We model ontogenetic shifts (e.g. in food or habitat use) during development under predation risk. We ask whether inclusion of state and frequency dependence will provide new insights when compared with game-free life-history theory. We model a simple biological scenario in which a prey animal must switch from a low-predation, low-growth habitat to a high-predation, high-growth habitat. To assess the importance of frequency dependence, we compare the results of four scenarios of increasing complexity: (1) no predation; (2) constant predation; (3) frequency-dependent predation (predation risk diluted at high prey density); and (4) frequency-dependent predation as in (3) but with predators …

Molecular Characterization Of The Α-Glucosidase Gene (Mala) From The Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus Solfataricus, Michael Rolfsmeier, Cynthia Haseltine, Elisabetta Bini, Amy Clark, Paul H. Blum

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Acidic hot springs are colonized by a diversity of hyperthermophilic organisms requiring extremes of temperature and pH for growth. To clarify how carbohydrates are consumed in such locations, the structural gene (malA) encoding the major soluble α-glucosidase (maltase) and flanking sequences from Sulfolobus solfataricus were cloned and characterized. This is the first report of an α-glucosidase gene from the archaeal domain. malA is 2,083 bp and encodes a protein of 693 amino acids with a calculated mass of 80.5 kDa. It is flanked on the 5’ side by an unusual 1-kb intergenic region. Northern blot analysis of the …

Exercise Capacity Of House Wren Nestlings: Chicks Are Not Working As Hard As They Can, Mark A. Chappell, Gwendolyn C. Bachman

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

We measured the aerobic capacity for exercise in house wren (Troglodytes aedon) nestlings from 3 to 10 days of age. Exercise data were compared with previous measurements of the energy cost of begging (E_beg) to determine if begging chicks are working at maximal exercise capacity. We also compared exercise with the peak metabolic rate during digestion and, in older chicks, with thermogenic heat production. Rates of oxygen consumption (VO₂) during exercise increased rapidly with age, but the factorial aerobic scope for exercise (exercise VO₂/resting VO₂) averaged only 1.4 (at three …

The Effect Of Background Cuing On Prey Detection, Henry Kono, Pamela J. Reid, Alan Kamil

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

Studies of prey detection have typically focused on how search image affects the capture of cryptic items. This study also considers how background vegetation influences cryptic prey detection. Blue jays, Cyanocitta cristata, searched digitized images for two Catocala moths: C. ilia, which is cryptic on oak, and C. relicta, which is cryptic on birch. Some images contained moths while others did not. The ability of blue jays to detect prey during repeated presentations of one prey type within a session was compared with their performance during randomly alternating presentations of both prey types within a session to …

Revised List Of Type Specimens On Deposit In The University Of California Davis Nematode Collection, S. Patricia Stock, Steven A. Nadler

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The list of deposited type specimens is updated for the University of California Davis Nematode Collection, as recommended by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The type collection includes 1,001 species and more than 11,000 individual specimens mounted on microscope slides. This list can be used as a reference to locate specimens but is not meant to clarify ambiguities that may exist concerning the type status of particular specimens.

Metazoan Parasites And Other Symbionts Of Cetaceans In The Caribbean, Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni, Eric P. Hoberg, Doug Siegel-Causey, Ernest H. Williams Jr.

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The parasite fauna in cetaceans from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the larger Caribbean region is poorly known. We provide the first records for parasite biodiversity among a diverse assemblage of cetaceans from the Caribbean Sea. Internal and external parasites and commensals were collected from stranded whales and dolphins salvaged in Puerto Rico, the United States and British Virgin Islands, Jamaica, and Venezuela between 1989 and 1997. A total of 47 individuals of 16 species of whales and dolphins (15 odontocetes and one mysticete) were examined. Overall, parasites and commensals were found in 34 (72.3%) animals, representing 13 species …

The Identification And Characteristics Of Echinoparyphium Rubrum (Cort, 1914) Comb. New (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae) Based On Experimental Evidence Of The Life Cycle, Ivan Kanev, Robert Sorensen, Mauritz Strerner, Rebecca Cole, Bernard Fried

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The life cycle of Echinoparyphium rubrum (Cort, 1914) comb. n. has been completed experimentally. All of the developmental stages - egg, miracidium, sporocyst, mother and daughter rediae, cercaria, metacercaria, and adult - were examined and described. The miracidia infected freshwater snails of the genus Physa, P. gyrina and P. occidentalis. Attempts to infect snails of the genera Lymnaea, L. auricularis, L. peregra. L. truncatula and Bulinus, B. truncatus failed. Cercariae infected various pulmonate and prosobranch freshwater snails, mussels, frogs, water turtles and planarians. The adults developed in the small intestine of birds and mammals. The identity and major characteristics of …

Biodiesel Fuel From Animal Fat. Ancillary Studies On Transesterification Of Beef Tallow, Fangrui Ma, L. Davis Clements, Milford Hanna

Nebraska Center for Biotechnology: Faculty and Staff Publications

Transesterification of beef tallow was investigated. The solubility of ethanol in beef tallow was much higher than that of methanol. At 100 °C the solubility of methanol was 19% (w/w). The solubility of ethanol in beef tallow reached 100% (w/w) at about 68 °C. For the distribution of methanol between beef tallow methyl esters (BTME) and glycerol, the percentage of total methanol in the glycerol phase was higher than that in the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) phase in a simulated system at room temperature. At 65-80 °C, however, the percentage of total methanol in FAME (60% (w/w)) was higher …

Mummies And Mummification Practices In The Southern And Southwestern United States, Mahmoud Y. El-Najjar, Thomas M. J. Mulinski, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

Mummification was not intentional for most North American prehistoric cultures. Natural mummification occurred in the dry areas of North America, where mummies have been recovered from rock shelters, caves, and overhangs. In these places, corpses desiccated and spontaneously mummified. In North America, mummies are recovered from four main regions: the southern and southwestern United States, the Aleutian Islands, and the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas. This chapter is limited to a discussion of burial practices and a tabulation of the location of mummies in the southwestern United States with some comments on mummies of the southern United States, including the Ozarks.

New Investigative Techniques [In Mummies, Disease & Ancient Cultures], Theodore A. Reyman, Henrick Nielsen, Ingolf Thuesen, Derek N. H. Notman, Karl Reinhard, Edmund Tapp, Tony Waldron

Karl Reinhard Publications

In this chapter, we shall see how the amplification of minute amounts of genetic material by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has enabled researchers to identifY both native and infectious DNA in these bodies. The use of amplified bacterial and viral DNA may turn out to be Aidan Cockburn's 'magic bullet' for solving some of the mysteries of infectious disorders in ancient populations. In the same fashion, native DNA may give us clues to a variety of genetic abnormalities that existed in those distant times. These newer techniques will be the focus of the revised technical section in this second …

Comparisons Of Two Polymorphic Species Of Ostertagia And Phylogenetic Relationships Within The Ostertagiinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) Inferred From Ribosomal Dna Repeat And Mitochondrial Dna Sequences, Dante S. Zarlenga, Eric P. Hoberg, Frank Stringfellow, J. Ralph Lichtenfels

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The first internal transcribed spacer DNA (ITS-1) (rDNA) and the mitochondrial (mt) DNA-derived cytochrome oxidase I gene (COX-1) were enzymatically amplified, cloned and sequenced from 6 nominal species of Ostertagiinae as well as Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei. The portion of the COX-1 gene analyzed was 393 base pairs (bp) in length and contained 33 within species polymorphic base changes at 28 synonymous sites. The ITS-1 rDNA consensus sequences ranged from 392 bp (Ostertagia ostertagi/Ostertagia lyrata, Teladorsagia circumcincta) to 404 bp (H. contortus, H. placei). These data were used both in …

Zinc Phosphide Residues In Gray-Tailed Voles (Microtus Canicaudus) Fed Fixed Particles Of A 2% Grain Bait, R. T. Sterner, D. A. Goldade, R. E. Mauldin

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

This study measured depelted-carcass residues of zinc phosphide (Zn₃P₂, CAS # 1314-84-7) in 8 (4 males and 4 females) gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus). Six (3 males and 3 females) voles were confined individually in 1.89 dkl (5 gal) plastic pails that contained 5,2% Zn₃P₂ steamrolled- oat (SRO) groats; 2 voles (1 male and 1 female) served as analytical (unbaited) controls. Four test voles (3 males and 1female) died within 7.5 h after bait exposure; whereas, 2 test voles showed no signs of toxicosis and were euthanized 7.0 h after bait exposure. …

Book Review Of Paleolimnology Of Europeanmaar Lakes By J. F.W. Negendank & B. Zolitschka (Eds)., J. Platt Bradbury

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

This book represents a collection of papers presented at a symposium in May, 1991 on the formation and paleolimnology of European maar lakes. Paleolimnological discussions embrace maar lake deposits of late Quaternary to early Tertiary age in Germany, France and Italy. The goal of the symposium and its outgrowth, this book, is to develop a funding initiative to study, core and analyze the deposits of these remarkable depositional systems.

42. Oldsmar Public Library, Ann Liebermann

Florida Library History Project

A history of the Oldsmar Public Library in Pinellas County, Florida. The Library is a part of the Pinellas Public Library Cooperative.

The Young Women's Leadership School: A Viable Alternative To Traditional Coeducational Public Schools, Erin A. Mcgrath

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note argues that single-sex education is a beneficial and constitutional alternative to traditional coeducational programs, using the Young Women's Leadership School as a prime example. It contends that such schools address past discrimination and provide tailored educational environments that enhance academic performance and self-esteem, particularly for underprivileged girls. The analysis emphasizes that single-sex education can meet legal standards under Title IX and Equal Protection scrutiny, as demonstrated by the Leadership School's compliance with regulatory requirements and its focus on remedying historical inequities.

Hiv Vaccine Volunteers: Personality, Motivation And Risk., Mallory O'Neill Johnson

All ETDs from UAB

No abstract provided.

Beyond Pluralism: Foucault's Strategic Counter To Heterosexist Categories, Ladelle Mcwhorter

Philosophy Faculty Publications

Most nonheterosexuals want to be guaranteed civil rights without regard to sexual practices; nevertheless, quite often, gay and lesbian activists formulate demands in ways that de-emphasize practice and emphasize identity. For example, instead of saying, "My having sex with women is irrelevant to the question of whether I should have custody of my child," a lesbian activist might say, "My lesbian identity is as moral and healthy as heterosexual identity and therefore should not prevent me from having custody of my child." The general claim is that lesbian or gay personhood is as good as heterosexual personhood, so lesbians and …

French Aesthetics: Contemporary Painting Theory, Gary Shapiro

Philosophy Faculty Publications

One peculiar feature of the Anglo-American reception of French thought since about 1970 is the view that the variety of thinkers and tendencies involved reduces everything to language. One crucial place to test such a reading is with regard to a set of texts devoted to painting and the visual arts, for the latter would seem to be situated at or beyond the boundaries of language, a place that Julia Kristeva calls the semiotic. The alleged reductionism of the French is usually construed as the claim that language is a seamless whole in which all meanings are defined in terms …

I'Ll Take It For What It Is Worth -- The Use Of Hearsay Evidence By Labor Arbitrators: A Primer And Modest Proposal, Marvin F. Hill, Jr., Tammy M. Westhoff,

Journal of Dispute Resolution

This article considers these and other selected problems dealing with hearsay evidence that are likely to be encountered in the arbitral forum. It is our thesis that arbitrators do and should credit some (but not all) forms of hearsay evidence, but that the arbitral process is not served by admitting all evidence and "taking it for what it is worth." Further, we believe when an advocate's case against a grievant consists entirely of hearsay evidence, and there is no reliable substitute for cross examination or "equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness," the grievant should prevail. Only in the rarest of cases …

Alcohol, Pregnancy And The Developing Child, Sandra J. Kelly

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Power And The Subject Of Religion, Kurt T. Lash

Law Faculty Publications

Under the First Amendment, "Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Nevertheless, congressional actors have on occasion enacted laws that expressly make religion the subject of legislation. Many scholars justify these laws on the grounds that Congress at the time of the Founding had an implied power to legislate on religion if necessary and proper to an enumerated end.

Professor Lash argues that the "implied power" theory cannot withstand historical scrutiny. Whatever "implied power" arguments may have emanated from the original Constitution, those arguments were foreclosed by the adoption of the …

Will Tabloid Journalism Ruin The First Amendment For The Rest Of Us?, Rodney A. Smolla

Law Faculty Publications

Imagine that we set out to classify news organizations as falling into one of two Platonic "idealized forms," the "serious" journalists on the one hand, and the "tabloid" journalists on the other. In the pursuit of this happy exercise we might attempt to list the attributes that we tend to associate with each of these idealized forms. ...

From Paparazzi To Hidden Cameras: The Aggressive Side Of A Free And Responsible Press, Rodney A. Smolla

Law Faculty Publications

This article examines the complex of cultural effects and possible legal responses in the wake of the Princess of Wales' death. To say that the paparazzi were complicit in her death is to forget that, in spite of their frequently invasive means of obtaining news, these were also the kind of journalists who were complicit in the public celebration of her life. Had the Hutchins Commission this tragedy to include in its deliberations about press responsibility, it likely would have stated its indignation and suggested Diana's death as more evidence that journalists be regulated. But this article argues that aggressive …

Relationships Among Grain Sorghum Quality Factors, Roberto A. Buffo, Curtis L. Weller, Anne M. Parkhurst

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Correlations among grain sorghum quality factors (proximate composition, physical properties, and water absorption properties) were evaluated. Samples of 46 commercial hybrids (24 and 22 from crop years 1993 and 1994) were analyzed for starch, protein, crude free fat, test weight, absolute density, 1,000 kernel weight, percent kernel abraded, water absorption index, initial water absorption rate, and moisture saturation point. Test weight, absolute density, and percent kernel abraded were positively correlated among themselves (r > 0.5). Protein was negatively correlated with both test weight and absolute density (r < -0.5), while moisture saturation point showed negative correlations with test weight, absolute density, 1,000 kernel weight, and percent kernel abraded (r < -0.4). Principal component factor analysis through the covariance matrix explained 95% of the total variation of quality factors among hybrids (two factors), and, through the correlation matrix, 85% of the total variation (five factors). Water absorption rate decreased with increasing starch content of grain sorghum kernels as water absorption rate increased and amount of water for saturation decreased with softening of kernels.