Digital Commons Network^™

Foreword, Lee C. Bollinger

Faculty Scholarship

The mass media are too important to American democracy, too capable of causing injury, and too easy a target for the perennial wish to find a scapegoat for the country's ills ever to be very far from the center of public attention and debate. That is certainly true today. And, though every generation probably thinks that it stands at a crossroads on the question what to do with the media, I would nevertheless venture to say that the issues of our time are more serious, and more complex, than ever before. One can safely predict, in any event, that we …

Split- And Multiple-Images In Filmic Presentations: Concise Information Or Multiple Confusion?, Barbara J. Erickson

Graduate Research Papers

Because there is more than one panel with moving pictures being viewed simultaneously, many questions can be posed about the audience's ability to process and interpret the multiple images, the construction of intended messages, and the appropriateness and ramifications of the use of this type of technique in moving visual mediums. The question central to this study will deal with analyzing the split/multiple moving image technique: How does the use and arrangement of multiple images or panels influence the viewer's interpretation of the message? Further, through a review of previous studies, an attempt also will be made to learn the …

The Judicial Prerogative, Thomas W. Merrill

Faculty Scholarship

In John Locke's account of separation of powers, the executive is not limited to enforcing the rules laid down by the legislature. The chief magistrate also exercises the prerogative, a power "to act according to discretion for the public good, without the prescription of the law and sometimes even against it. "Locke explained that such a discretionary power is required because "it is impossible to foresee and so by laws to provide for all accidents and necessities that may concern the public, or make such laws as will do no harm, if they are executed with an inflexible rigor on …

Conference On The Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Panel 3: The Allocation Of Discretion Under The Guidelines, Daniel J. Freed, Gerard E. Lynch, Steven M. Salky, Maria Rodriguez Mcbride, Vincent L. Broderick

Faculty Scholarship

The guidelines have shifted the locus of discretion from the judge to the prosecutor. This transfer has drastically changed sentencing because the prosecutor's role is very different from the judge's role.

Before the guidelines, the prosecutor's role in sentencing was minimal. The prosecutor could put a cap on the sentence by accepting a plea to a charge with a low maximum, but there was virtually no instance in which the charge would put a floor under the judge's sentence. The judge, on the other hand, could sentence however he liked. Not only was the judge's decision correct because it was …

Natural Rights And Positive Law: A Comment On Professor Mcaffee's Paper, Philip A. Hamburger

Faculty Scholarship

Were the rights retained by the people defined by positive law? This is the issue explored by Professor McAffee and various other scholars who dispute the history of the Ninth Amendment. Surveying the work of these other historians, Professor McAffee distinguishes between those who argue that the framers and ratifiers were "positivists" and those who attribute to the framers and ratifiers a so-called "natural-law" or "natural-rights" perspective-the latter being the view that the rights retained by the people included rights not delineated by the United States Constitution. McAffee rejects this latter point of view in favor of the positivist interpretation …

Free Speech In The United States And Canada, Kent Greenawalt

Faculty Scholarship

This comparison of freedom of speech in the United States and Canada concentrates on Supreme Court decisions in the two countries and on kinds of speech mainly engaged in by extreme dissenters and political outsiders. After brief comments about constitutional language and general approaches, I discuss subversive speech and other speech that encourages criminal acts, hate speech, symbolic speech, and public demonstrations.

In both countries, a major premise of modern adjudication is that freedom of expression is a central feature of liberal democracy. Government "by the people," even in the extended sense of government by representatives, requires that citizens openly …

Procedural Due Process Rights Of Incarcerated Parents In Termination Of Parental Rights Proceedings: A Fifty State Analysis, Philip Genty

Faculty Scholarship

Disruption of families through incarceration of parents has become an increasingly serious problem over the past decade. The prison population has grown dramatically, and for women prisoners the increases in the population are particularly striking. From 1980 through 1990, the number of women incarcerated in state and federal prisons increased from 13,420 to 43,845, an increase of 227 percent. In a single year, from 1988 to 1989, the number of incarcerated women increased by 24.4 percent. In 1990 there were an additional 37,844 women in local jails. For men the prison population increased by 130 percent from 316,401 to 727,398 …

Insider Trading In A Globalizing Market: Who Should Regulate What?, Merritt B. Fox

Faculty Scholarship

Trading by an insider on the basis of material non-public corporate information violates the securities laws of the United States and of many, but not all, other countries. As the market for securities becomes increasingly global, the question of whose rules should apply to any particular transaction will arise with increasing frequency. This article addresses that question.

Each country's regime concerning insider trading – which transactions, if any, to ban, and how to do so – has largely evolved through consideration of transactions that are entirely domestic in character and impact. In these transactions, the issuer's state of incorporation and …

Law As Discourse, George P. Fletcher

Faculty Scholarship

Legal theory has traditionally taken the use of sanctions to be a characteristic feature of any legal order. Positivists like John Austin take the notion of commands backed by threats to be the essence of law. Yet even those who scorn positivism, like Immanuel Kant, are equally committed to the view that the sovereign must enforce positive legal rules by punishing those who violate them.

This emphasis on sanctions has always struck me as a bit curious. It is not irrelevant to the understanding of legal phenomena, but it does seem to have been exaggerated in philosophical efforts to understand …

Searching For The Rule Of Law In The Wake Of Communism, George P. Fletcher

Faculty Scholarship

Of all the dreams that drive men and women into the streets, the "rule of law" is the most curious. We have a pretty good idea of what we mean by "free markets" and "democratic elections." But legality and the "rule of law" are ideals that are opaque even to legal philosophers. Thus, we have reason to puzzle whether political changes in Eastern Europe represent a renewed commitment to the rule of law. What constitutes living under the rule of law after Communism? What would count as achieving "a-state-based-on-law" – to use an expression popular in the last days of …

Gatt Membership In A Changing World Order: Taiwan, China, And The Former Soviet Republics, Lori Fisler Damrosch

Faculty Scholarship

My introduction to questions of GATT membership came in 1979 when, as an attorney in the U.S. Department of State, I was immersed in a series of issues concerning trade relations with the People's Republic of China ("China" or "PRC") and Taiwan ("Republic of China" or "ROC"). I kept hearing about the "Chinese seat" in the GATT as if it were some piece of furniture waiting to be taken out of storage and put back in the dining room. The image of a chair is hardly an apt way of visualizing the extraordinarily complex network of legal relationships that exists …

The Third Man, Philip C. Bobbitt

Faculty Scholarship

Sandy is a divided man. On the one hand he is captivated by the notion of the theoretical and the explanatory, an idea that has captivated all of us since the 17th century. For Descartes, for Newton, for Freud, for Marx, for Levinson: theory is the foundation for understanding, and understanding for practice. How do they calculate the attraction among the planets? They apply the inverse square law according to the theories of Newton. How does Freud cure his patients: he explains to them why they've been behaving so peculiarly; he does this by expositing his theory. How does Marx …

Six Conservatives In Search Of The First Amendment: The Revealing Case Of Nude Dancing, Vincent A. Blasi

Faculty Scholarship

The future of political freedom in the United States hardly turns on whether women have a First Amendment right to dance in the nude in bars and peep shows. The future of artistic freedom is perhaps implicated by this question, but only if the law's demand for general principle prohibits judges from treating expressive nudity in those environments as fundamentally different from expressive nudity in ballet performances, museum exhibitions, and films. Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc. is an interesting and potentially important case not because of the significance of the specific issue it decided, but because it provoked a lively …

The International Code Of Marketing Of Breast-Milk Substitutes: Survey Of Legislation And Other Measures Adopted (1981-1991), Gillian L. Lester

Faculty Scholarship

Since the adoption of the International Code of Marketing of Breast·milk Substitutes in 1981, Member States of the World Health Organization have responded in varying degree and manner in giving effect to it. WHO has prepared a comprehensive summary, organized on a country-by-country basis, of government action in this regard (document WHO /MCH/NVT /90.1). The present paper complements chis summary, and increases its usefulness, by focusing on the Code's individual articles and describing how each has been given expression through national legislation or other measures. Their adoption is one aspect of the wider efforts Member States are making to address …

The Legal Framework For Private Sector Development In A Transitional Economy: The Case Of Poland, Cheryl W. Gray, Rebecca J. Hanson, Michael A. Heller, Peter G. Ianachkov, Daniel T. Ostas

Faculty Scholarship

The economies of Central and Eastern Europe are in the midst of an historic transition from central planning and state ownership to market driven private sector development. This transition requires comprehensive changes in the "rules of the game" – i.e. the legal framework for economic activity. Markets presuppose a set of property rights and a system of laws or customs that enable the exchange of those rights. The legal framework in a market economy has at a minimum three basic functions:

1. to define the universe of property rights in the system,
2. to set the rules for the entry and exit …

Reproduction Of Protected Works For University Research Or Teaching, Jane C. Ginsburg

Faculty Scholarship

The new means of reproduction for teaching and research – photocopying, downloading, optical scanning – present special challenges to intellectual property teachers. As researchers and educators, we may rejoice at the vastly enhanced access these technologies afford to an enormous, and ever-growing, diversity of materials. The convenience of the photocopier is well-known. Digital media will accelerate production and dissemination of copies. Not only will computers, scanners and facsimile machines make it easier and faster to copy, but they will facilitate the dispersal of copies to all points of the globe.

As scholars of intellectual property, we may be concerned about …

Fundamentalist Christian Educators V. State: An Inevitable Compromise, Neal Devins

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Judicial Matters, Neal Devins

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Systematic Guide For Forest Land Management Planning For Private Landowners, Patrick Wilson Daigle

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

No abstract provided.

Normative Study Of The Portland Digit Recognition Test| An Assessment Of The Effects Of Motivation On Neuropsychological Evaluations, Tami M. Eldridge

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

No abstract provided.

Computer Programs In Europe: A Comparative Analysis Of The 1991 Ec Software Directive, Jerome Huet, Jane C. Ginsburg

Faculty Scholarship

Long awaited – if not feared – in the computer industry, where its elaboration had evoked heated debate, the European Council Directive of May 14, 1991 on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs (the "Directive" or "Software Directive")has imposed common principles of copyright protection on the twelve Member States of the European Community (the "EC", the "Community"). As it declares in its preamble, the Directive responds to the need to ensure the proper functioning of a single marketand, to that end, to eliminate man), of the current differences among the Member States' legal systems.

In the domain of European copyright …

Beyond The Privacy Principle, Kendall Thomas

Faculty Scholarship

In Bowers v. Hardwick, the U.S. Supreme Court was asked to ad-dress the constitutionality of a Georgia criminal statute prohibiting certain private sexual practices by consenting adults. The Georgia citizens who brought the suit sought a judgment regarding the constitutionality of the statute on its face, but the Court resolutely avoided consideration of that issue. The Court took the view that the only federal question properly before it was the constitutional validity of the law as applied to private, sexual activity by consenting adults of the same gender, or what it called "homosexual sodomy." Having thus limited the scope …

Ligitimate Expectation And Its Application To Canadian Immigration Law, Debra Shapiro

Journal of Law and Social Policy

No abstract provided.

Paradigms Lost: The Blurring Of The Criminal And Civil Law Models – And What Can Be Done About It, John C. Coffee Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

Ken Mann's professed goal is to "shrink" the criminal law. To realize this worthy end, he advocates punitive civil sanctions that would largely parallel criminal sanctions, thereby reducing the need to use criminal law in order to achieve punitive purposes. I agree (heartily) with the end he seeks and even more with his general precept that "the criminal law should be reserved for the most damaging wrongs and the most culpable defendants." But I believe that the means he proposes would be counterproductive – and would probably expand, rather than contract, the operative scope of the criminal law as an …

Zero-Sum Madison, Thomas W. Merrill

Faculty Scholarship

Has the fabric of American constitutional law been permanently "distorted" by the Framers' preoccupation with protecting private property against redistribution? Jennifer Nedelsky thinks so. In this provocative study of how the idea of property shaped the political thought of the Framers and the institutions they designed, she argues that James Madison's constitutional philosophy was driven by fear that a future propertyless majority would seek to expropriate the holdings of a minority. To combat this danger, Madison sought to create a structure of government that would ensure the dominance of the propertied elite. Madison's obsessive fear of redistribution spread to the …

Voting Rights, Home Rule, And Metropolitan Governance: The Secession Of Staten Island As A Case Study In The Dilemmas Of Local Self-Determination, Richard Briffault

Faculty Scholarship

On January 1, 1898, amid fanfare and celebration, the city of Greater New York – "the greatest experiment in municipal government the world has ever known" – was born. The consolidation of the cities, counties, and towns on the New York State side of New York Harbor into one great metropolis was a capstone to one century of rapid economic and population growth and a fitting harbinger of a new century of urban greatness for the region and, indeed, the nation. Now, with another century mark approaching, there is a distinct possibility that the City of New York, already beset …

No "Sweat"? Copyright And Other Protection Of Works Of Information After Feist V. Rural Telephone, Jane C. Ginsburg

Faculty Scholarship

The Supreme Court's unanimous decision last Term in Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co. proscribed copyright protection for works of information that fail to manifest a modicum of creative originality in selection or arrangement. Discarding a long – if lately uneasy – tradition of U.S. copyright coverage of informational works that display far greater industriousness than imagination, the Court ruled that copyright does not secure the "sweat of the brow" or the investment of resources in the compilation of a work of information. The Court thus stripped away or sharply reduced the copyright protection afforded a variety …

Apocalypse Next Time?: The Anachronistic Attack On Habeas Corpus/Direct Review Parity, James S. Liebman

Faculty Scholarship

Today, a district court's habeas corpus review of the constitutionality of a state criminal conviction and the Supreme Court's direct review of the same question are nearly identical. Last Term, in Wright v. West, an otherwise mundane criminal procedure case, the Supreme Court rewrote the question presented to ask whether the parity between federal habeas corpus and direct appellate review should be destroyed. The Court proposed abandoning in habeas corpus an important trait shared by the two modes of review – de novo consideration of legal and mixed legal-factual questions.

To those who value meaningful habeas corpus review, the …

The Role Of Institutional Factors In Protecting Individual Liberties, Thomas W. Merrill

Faculty Scholarship

Questions about the efficacy of the Bill of Rights cry out for serious comparative legal scholarship. Robert Ellickson and Frank Easterbrook suggest that one might approach these questions by looking at different state constitutions. One might also look more seriously at the different constitutional regimes around the world, and try to draw some judgments about what impact, if any, different types of constitutional arrangements have on individual rights. We have heard expressions of skepticism about this approach, but there has been very little serious comparative scholarship by constitutional law scholars in this country. The scholarly tradition in America has been …

Revisiting Overton Park: Political And Judicial Controls Over Administrative Actions Affecting The Community, Peter L. Strauss

Faculty Scholarship

Overton Park is a 342-acre municipal park lying close to downtown Memphis, Tennessee, in one of that city's better residential areas. Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe is a Supreme Court decision frequently cited for its general propositions about judicial review of informal administrative action that, to the citizens of Memphis, was one way-station in a more than two-decade struggle concerning whether and where an inner-city expressway, part of Interstate 40, would be built. Overall, the story of that struggle reveals a complex brew of national and local politics about the marriage of highway convenience to urban amenity; …