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Fostering Collaboration Through Learning Communities: A Case Report On Engaging With All Of Us Data Among Library Professionals, Faculty, And Students, Zachary Mcniece, Dawn Hackman, Nick Szydlowski, Yuqi He Jul 2026

Fostering Collaboration Through Learning Communities: A Case Report On Engaging With All Of Us Data Among Library Professionals, Faculty, And Students, Zachary Mcniece, Dawn Hackman, Nick Szydlowski, Yuqi He

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Background: Research data services (RDS) have expanded in academic libraries but can be challenging to develop, particularly in teaching-intensive and less-resourced institutions. Learning communities offer a promising model for building skills, fostering collaboration, and aligning services with local needs. Case Presentation: This case report describes the development and implementation of three learning communities—a library group, a faculty group, and a student group—at a teaching-focused institution. These communities brought together library professionals, faculty, and students from diverse disciplines—including health sciences, education, data science, and engineering—to collaboratively explore the All of Us dataset. By working with the same dataset, participants were able …


Decision In Art. 78 Proceeding - Villa, Ricardo (2021-11-10) Jul 2026

Decision In Art. 78 Proceeding - Villa, Ricardo (2021-11-10)

Decisions in Art. 78 Proceedings

No abstract provided.


Completeness-Flagged Directory Reconciliation With Adds-Only Degradation And Dual Revoke Rails, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Completeness-Flagged Directory Reconciliation With Adds-Only Degradation And Dual Revoke Rails, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, in enabling detail, a computer-implemented method and system for reconciling an external identity-directory group (for example an Entra/Azure AD or LDAP security group) into a local authorization store while remaining fail-closed under partial data. The central mechanism derives a single boolean completeness verdict from the paging protocol itself — the act of following continuation tokens to exhaustion — rather than from the magnitude of the change the reconcile would produce. Any page fault, timeout, malformed page, or continuation overrun poisons the verdict to incomplete. The reconciler then degrades asymmetrically: additive membership grants are always applied, but every …


Monotone-Narrowing Multi-Layer Tool-Capability Downgrade At The Agent-Sdk Boundary, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Monotone-Narrowing Multi-Layer Tool-Capability Downgrade At The Agent-Sdk Boundary, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

Modern LLM "agent" runtimes expose a set of powerful tools — shell execution, file writes, edits, notebook mutation, sub-agent spawning — to a model that decides, from natural language, which tools to invoke. When such a runtime is reachable from an untrusted channel (an inbound email address, a public webhook, a chat integration), the tool surface becomes an attack surface: a single misconfiguration that leaves a mutating tool reachable converts a "read-only diagnostics" feature into remote code execution. This publication discloses a concrete, enabling mechanism that makes such a misconfiguration structurally impossible for the restricted channel: a monotone-narrowing multi-layer tool-capability …


Declarative Scope Contracts: Multiplexing One Agent Runtime Across Trust Tiers, Provider Wire-Shapes, And A Registry-Fail-Closed Tool Surface With Synthetic Browser-Uuid Identity, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Declarative Scope Contracts: Multiplexing One Agent Runtime Across Trust Tiers, Provider Wire-Shapes, And A Registry-Fail-Closed Tool Surface With Synthetic Browser-Uuid Identity, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

A production AI agent runtime routinely serves several audiences at once: authenticated engineers with broad tool access, authenticated business users with narrower app-action tools, and — increasingly — completely anonymous website visitors. Building a separate runtime per audience duplicates safety-critical code and invites drift; building one runtime with audience checks scattered through the request path produces a surface no reviewer can bound. This publication discloses a third design: a single runtime whose every security-relevant decision is derived from one declarative scope contract object. The contract binds authentication mode, identity source, tool-resolution policy, model set, system-prompt source, per-tier budgets (rate, iteration …


Application Of Assistive Technologies And Rendering Assistive Services To Students With Special Needs By Federal University Libraries: A Survey, Emmanuel Chidiadi Onwubiko Jul 2026

Application Of Assistive Technologies And Rendering Assistive Services To Students With Special Needs By Federal University Libraries: A Survey, Emmanuel Chidiadi Onwubiko

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The world as of today, is being said to be witnessing what one may tagged a technological revolution as never before and is transforming for the better, the future of global education in which case, every learner is considered. These newly created technological tools and plans did place librarians as information managers and digital literacy drivers in better position to come up with environments that are inclusive for all learners to achieve their desired goals. The study therefore is a survey on the application of assistive technologies and rendering assistive services to students with special needs by federal universities libraries …


Map Of El Paso & Vicinity Texas And Ciudad Juarez Mexico, R.L Polk & Co. Arrow Guide Division Jul 2026

Map Of El Paso & Vicinity Texas And Ciudad Juarez Mexico, R.L Polk & Co. Arrow Guide Division

Maps

No abstract provided.


El Paso And Vicinity, El Paso Chamber Of Commerce Jul 2026

El Paso And Vicinity, El Paso Chamber Of Commerce

Maps

No abstract provided.


Hold-Then-Release Safety-Gated Streaming With Dual-Lane Classification And Abuse-Sample Harvesting For Anonymous Public Llm Surfaces, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Hold-Then-Release Safety-Gated Streaming With Dual-Lane Classification And Abuse-Sample Harvesting For Anonymous Public Llm Surfaces, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This defensive publication discloses a runtime architecture for anonymous, unauthenticated public large-language-model (LLM) surfaces — the "ask a question" box on a marketing website, a public demo endpoint, an embedded help widget — that simultaneously preserves token-by-token streaming user experience and enforces an absolute zero-leak output-safety guarantee. The core mechanism is hold-then-release: the final model answer is streamed from the inference backend into an in-process delta buffer and is never forwarded to the client during generation; output safety executes against the fully assembled answer text; only a clean (or explicitly flagged-but-tolerated) verdict causes the buffered deltas to be replayed to …


Generalized Transaction-Local Provenance-Marker Single-Writer Column Enforcement With Co-Designed Forgery Scanner And Non-Vacuity Red-Team, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Generalized Transaction-Local Provenance-Marker Single-Writer Column Enforcement With Co-Designed Forgery Scanner And Non-Vacuity Red-Team, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, enables, and dedicates to the public a generalized database-integrity primitive together with its co-designed hardening. The primitive makes a protected state column writable only by a transaction that has, within the same transaction, appended a matching row to an append-only decision log. The linkage is realized without any application-level privilege: an AFTER INSERT trigger on the log writes a transaction-local marker (PostgreSQL setconfig(..., TRUE)) encoding the exact subject tuple and outcome just logged, delimited by the ASCII Unit Separator (chr(31)); a BEFORE UPDATE guard on the protected column raises an exception unless a same-transaction marker exists whose …


Self-Converging Multi-Ledger Migration Runner With Ambiguity-Preserving Collision Re-Application, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Self-Converging Multi-Ledger Migration Runner With Ambiguity-Preserving Collision Re-Application, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, enables, and dates a schema-migration runner whose defining property is self-convergence under ledger drift. Established migration tools — Flyway, Liquibase, Alembic, Rails ActiveRecord, Django — model migration history as a single authoritative table and treat any divergence between that table and the on-disk migration set as an error state that halts deployment or demands a manual repair/stamp/clearCheckSums intervention. The disclosed runner instead computes the applied set as the union of multiple heterogeneous ledgers (a canonical full-filename ledger, zero or more legacy full-filename ledgers, and a numeric-only hand-applied ledger), and treats a specific class of drift — a …


Declarative Ai-Persona Lifecycle As Kubernetes Custom Resources With Cognitive-Queue-Driven Autoscaling, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Declarative Ai-Persona Lifecycle As Kubernetes Custom Resources With Cognitive-Queue-Driven Autoscaling, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, with enabling detail, a Kubernetes-native control-plane pattern for operating fleets of long-lived, autonomous AI personas as declarative infrastructure. Each persona's cognitive lifecycle — the enablement of its cognitive loop, the interval of that loop, its per-day and per-request token budgets, its granted tool set, and the business domains it may act within — is expressed in the spec of an AIOSPersona Custom Resource. A dedicated operator continuously reconciles observed runtime signals into the resource's status subresource, which carries a five-state lifecycle machine — Dormant → Booting → Active → Dreaming → Suspended — together with two live …


Parallel Multi-Persona Deliberation With A Measured-Token Circuit Breaker And Degrade-To-Best-Single, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Parallel Multi-Persona Deliberation With A Measured-Token Circuit Breaker And Degrade-To-Best-Single, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, as public prior art, an orchestration mechanism that consults the top-N ranked personas (or agents) of a multi-agent AI system concurrently, and then decides whether to execute a costly downstream synthesis stage on the basis of the actual number of prompt and completion tokens the parallel round has already consumed — a quantity measured after the calls return, not estimated before they are issued. Each per-persona consultation runs under an independent Promise.race deadline; a failed or timed-out consultation resolves to a structured, zero-token record rather than throwing, so the orchestrator can always compute a complete per-persona ledger. …


Taint-Triggered Turn-Scoped Tool Downgrade With Attachment-To-Execution Provenance Audit, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Taint-Triggered Turn-Scoped Tool Downgrade With Attachment-To-Execution Provenance Audit, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, and thereby places into the public domain as enabling prior art, a mechanism that contains prompt-injection-to-remote-code-execution in tool-using AI agents that accept untrusted document and image attachments. The core control is turn-granular: any conversational turn that introduces a new untrusted attachment is automatically downgraded to read/vision-only for that turn alone — the mutating tools (writefile, editfile, generatefile, runcommand) are hard-denied regardless of the caller's role, and re-enabled automatically on the next attachment-free turn. Three further specifics harden the loop: (1) the untrusted-content taint envelope is re-applied on every history re-hydration, so a poisoned block can never shed …


Two-Clock Fail-Closed Entitlement Engine, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Two-Clock Fail-Closed Entitlement Engine, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

Software licensing systems that support offline operation face a structural tension: the same cached credential that lets a product keep running during a licensor-side outage also lets a revoked customer keep running. Conventional stacks resolve this by coupling the cached-token lifetime to the grace window, producing a fail-open tail as long as the grace period — often days. This disclosure describes a two-clock, fail-closed entitlement engine that decouples the two concerns. An availability grace clock lives server-side on the activation row and is refreshed per heartbeat; a separate revocation clock is a signer-enforced offline-token TTL (≤24 hours) whose ceiling the …


Atomic Crypto-Shred With Trigger-Immutable Audit-Ledger Preservation And Machine-Verifiable Zero-Orphan-Pii Proof, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Atomic Crypto-Shred With Trigger-Immutable Audit-Ledger Preservation And Machine-Verifiable Zero-Orphan-Pii Proof, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, enablingly and with dated priority, a database-layer mechanism that reconciles two requirements normally in direct tension: the data subject's right to erasure (GDPR Article 17; the COPPA parental deletion right for children's data) and the integrity of a trigger-enforced append-only audit ledger whose rows must never be updated or deleted. The mechanism performs, in one database transaction for one subject: (1) a crypto-shred of a per-subject key row — the key material is set to NULL while a keyref tombstone survives; (2) a manifest-driven purge of every plaintext PII surface, capturing each surface's row count before the …


Shadow-First Anomaly Ladder With Fail-Low Signals, Inversion-Proof Thresholds, And Would-Block Dual Recording, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Shadow-First Anomaly Ladder With Fail-Low Signals, Inversion-Proof Thresholds, And Would-Block Dual Recording, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, enables, and dates a mechanism for behavioral anomaly gating of autonomous software agents. The distinguishing subject is not the human user but the agent-channel capability exercise: an event in which a principal (a human or a non-human agent) invokes a named capability through a specific channel (an interactive UI, an email-driven command, a messaging bridge, a scheduled job). Six read-only behavioral signals are computed for each such event, each under a fail-LOW contract whereby any datastore error or absent history yields a zero sub-score, so a monitoring blind spot can never fabricate an anomaly. A pure, side-effect-free …


License-Anchored Llm Capability Governor With Ordinal Down-Only Route Clamp And Tri-Plane Enforcement, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

License-Anchored Llm Capability Governor With Ordinal Down-Only Route Clamp And Tri-Plane Enforcement, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, in enabling detail, a License-Anchored LLM Capability Governor: a system that governs which large-language-model any principal (a human user or an autonomous persona/agent) may cause to run, by resolving exactly one entitlement lever — a license tier — into a concrete model, and then enforcing that resolution wherever a model can be selected. Resolution walks a fixed precedence (per-principal override → role-exception regex → license-to-tier map → legacy role map → global default) and passes through an ordinal capability ladder so that models become comparable, not merely listed. The resolved model is then clamped to the physical …


Capability-Gate-First Cost-Optimal Llm Task Router With Monotone Hard-Capability Taint, Dif-Fairness-Governed Escalation, And Cheapest-Allowed Self-Clamp, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Capability-Gate-First Cost-Optimal Llm Task Router With Monotone Hard-Capability Taint, Dif-Fairness-Governed Escalation, And Cheapest-Allowed Self-Clamp, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, in enabling detail, a method and system for selecting, on a per-turn basis, which large language model (LLM) answers a given request in a multi-model deployment. The distinguishing property is that capability feasibility is a hard gate evaluated strictly before any cost or difficulty optimization, and a budget is structurally unable to override a capability-forced selection. A four-stage task assessor emits a set of required capability primitives (tooluse, vision, longcontext) under a monotone taint invariant: each later stage may raise, but never lower, a hard requirement detected by an earlier stage, while websearch is deliberately kept soft …


Fail-Closed, Persona-Scoped Dlp Egress Policy Engine With Classification-Conditional Provider Steering, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Fail-Closed, Persona-Scoped Dlp Egress Policy Engine With Classification-Conditional Provider Steering, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, with sufficient detail to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to build it, an egress data-loss-prevention (DLP) policy engine that decides what outbound text an autonomous AI system is permitted to transmit to third-party language-model providers. The engine's distinguishing characteristic is that each policy is scoped jointly by three orthogonal dimensions — the internal pipeline route, the identity of the originating AI persona, and the human user role — and that a single first-match decision returns both a content action (allow, redact, block) and the provider that may receive the resulting text. Policies are …


Fail-Closed Email-As-Agent-Command Channel, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Fail-Closed Email-As-Agent-Command Channel, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, in enabling detail, a fail-closed protocol that turns inbound email into an authenticated command channel into a tool-using LLM agent. An email carries no HTTP request, so the ordinary web pattern of authenticate-middleware-then-authorize-middleware cannot run; the disclosed protocol reconstructs an equivalent — and in several respects stronger — chain of interlocks as a thirteen-step pipeline where every step fails closed. The three load-bearing novelties are: (1) a DMARC verdict is trusted only when it is stamped by a named trusted relay's authserv-id, reports pass, and is domain-aligned to the parsed sender; (2) execution is gated behind a …


Ivr-To-Realtime Anti-Language-Drift Session-Instruction Injection, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Ivr-To-Realtime Anti-Language-Drift Session-Instruction Injection, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

A realtime conversational voice LLM tends to mirror the language of its conversation history and of the caller's most recent utterance. When such an agent is reached through a preceding DTMF interactive-voice-response (IVR) menu in which the caller has explicitly selected a language ("press 2 for French"), two structural facts conspire to lose that selection: the IVR subsystem and the realtime-voice subsystem are two disjoint processes joined only by a stateless HTTP redirect, and the realtime model's mirroring tendency silently overrides a one-time greeting in the chosen language. This publication discloses a mechanism with two cooperating parts. First, a language …


Heuristic Capability-To-Rbac Translator With Dual-Read Shadow Evaluation, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao Jul 2026

Heuristic Capability-To-Rbac Translator With Dual-Read Shadow Evaluation, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

A platform that began with a flat set of boolean capabilities (CANUSELLM, CANMANAGEUSERS, …) and a few flat roles must eventually migrate to fine-grained, scoped RBAC where permissions are domain:resource:action tuples and roles are wildcard-composable pattern sets. The conventional path is a hand-maintained translation table plus a flag-day cutover, both of which are labor-intensive and risky: a single mis-mapping is a production outage or a silent privilege escalation. This publication discloses a mechanism that (1) heuristically translates each legacy capability into a fine-grained permission — explicit override map first, then a structural parse of the CAN


Ai Pedagogical Enactment Framework (Ai-Pef): A Framework For Shared Pedagogical Enactment Of Artificial Intelligence, Rashan E. Isaac Jul 2026

Ai Pedagogical Enactment Framework (Ai-Pef): A Framework For Shared Pedagogical Enactment Of Artificial Intelligence, Rashan E. Isaac

Departmental Papers (TE)

Artificital Intellegence (AI) has rapidly transformed teaching and learning for K-12 and higher education yet limitied guidence exits on how AI-grounded pedagogical enactments are devloped, observed, become sustainable, and extended over time. This paper introduces the AI Pedagogical Enactment Framework (AI-PEF) — a framework for shared pedagogical enacment of artificial intellengence. Shared pedagogical enactment is conceptualized as the process through which educators and eductional organizations developed a shared language, expectations, and practices for a given initative. AI-PEF is composed of six interconnected levers (Citation, Alignment, Application, Evaluation, Integration, and Extension), togeather providing a shared language for regnition and evalustion of …


Vestirse Con Un Cuadro”: El Mantón De Manila En La Encrucijada Entre Tradición Y Modernidad En Fortunata Y Jacinta De Benito Pérez Galdós, Ines Corujo Martin Jul 2026

Vestirse Con Un Cuadro”: El Mantón De Manila En La Encrucijada Entre Tradición Y Modernidad En Fortunata Y Jacinta De Benito Pérez Galdós, Ines Corujo Martin

Publications and Research

Este artículo analiza la relevancia sociocultural que adquirió el mantón de Manila en la España de finales del siglo XIX, tomandocomo punto de partida las diversas representaciones de esta prenda en la novela Fortunata y Jacinta(1887) de Benito Pérez Galdós. Como se propone, el mantón, prenda de origen asiático cuyo surgimiento está ligado a la ruta comercial colonial de los Galeones de Manila, constituye en el texto galdosiano un objeto clave para explorar algunos de los debates centrales del imaginario cultural finisecular en torno a la identidad nacional, forjada entre el tradicionalismo y la modernidad. El llamativo accesorio, ligado a …


Advanced Gynecology & Laparascopy Of North Jersey V. Cigna Health & Life Insurance Co Jul 2026

Advanced Gynecology & Laparascopy Of North Jersey V. Cigna Health & Life Insurance Co

2026 Decisions

USDC for the District of New Jersey


問題を抱えた宣教師すら主役に変わる, Yoshihiko Ariizumi Jul 2026

問題を抱えた宣教師すら主役に変わる, Yoshihiko Ariizumi

Learning, Teaching, & Researching Optimization

困難を抱える宣教師を、個人面談などを通して少しずつ正常な状態へと導いていくことは、大きな時間と労力を要する働きです。伝道部会長は、ただでさえ多忙な職務の中で、こうした対応にかなりの時間を割かれ、伝道部全体を導くという本来の責任を果たす上で、大きな負担となっているのではないかと拝察いたします。

しかしながら、このような一対一の対応には、一つの見落とされがちな側面があるように思います。それは、支援を受ける宣教師を、常に「助けられる側」という受け身の立場に置き続けてしまうことです。その結果、本人の内側にある力が引き出されず、かえって成長の機会を狭めてしまっているのではないでしょうか。

そこで本提案では、発想を転換いたします。困難を抱える宣教師を「問題として対処する対象」としてではなく、今のありのままの状態で、他の宣教師の成長に貢献できる存在として位置づけ直すのです。他の宣教師を助けるという経験を通して、自分自身を見つめ直し、自分にも価値ある貢献ができるということを実感し、結果としてより主体的で生産的な宣教師へと成長していく――これが本提案の核にある考え方です。ここには、一人一人の宣教師の中に天与の可能性を信じる、信仰が必要とされます。

具体的なイメージとして、同じ住居に生活する4人の宣教師を例に考えてみます(もし2人だけなら、そのペア2つを電話でつなぐことも可能)。この4人全員を対象に、まずオリエンテーションを行います。その際に伝えるべき要点は次の4つであり、これらを参加者自身がしっかりと理解することが、やる気やスムーズな導入の鍵となります。一方的な説明ではなく、4人で話し合いながら共に学んでいく形を取ると、より効果的でしょう。

ここで特に大切にしたいのは、特定の一人の宣教師の「問題」に焦点を当てないことです。あくまで4人全員が互いに支え合う関係を築くことを目的とし、その中で、困難を抱えていた宣教師もまた、仲間の成長を後押しする大切な役割を担う――そのような、前向きで対等な関係性を作り出すことが、この提案の目指すところです。


When Even A Struggling Missionary Becomes The Hero, Yoshihiko Ariizumi Jul 2026

When Even A Struggling Missionary Becomes The Hero, Yoshihiko Ariizumi

Learning, Teaching, & Researching Optimization

Guiding a struggling missionary back toward wellbeing—through one-on-one counseling and similar interventions—is demanding work that requires significant time and effort. I can only imagine how much of a mission president's already limited time is consumed by this kind of support, making it that much harder to fulfill the broader responsibility of leading an entire mission.

Yet this kind of one-on-one intervention has a drawback that is easy to overlook: it tends to keep the missionary receiving support permanently cast in the role of "the one being helped." As a result, the strength that already lies within that missionary often goes …


Scheduled Coal Plant Retirements In The Mountain West, 2022-2031, Kerima Awol, Sophia Booth, Ty Tan, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr. Jul 2026

Scheduled Coal Plant Retirements In The Mountain West, 2022-2031, Kerima Awol, Sophia Booth, Ty Tan, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Environment

This fact sheet presents data on publicly announced coal-fired power plant retirements in five Mountain West states: Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, between 2022 and 2031. The Visual Capitalist’s 2021 report, “Road to Decarbonization: U.S. Coal Plant Closures,” includes information on the location, retirement year, and electricity generation capacity of coal-fired power plants scheduled for retirement across the United States.


Trustworthiness As Inferential Accountability In Qualitative Research, Aamir Rashid, Rizwana Rasheed Jul 2026

Trustworthiness As Inferential Accountability In Qualitative Research, Aamir Rashid, Rizwana Rasheed

Publications and Research

Trustworthiness is a cornerstone of qualitative research rigor, yet it is frequently operationalized as a procedural checklist rather than as a coherent logic for justifying qualitative knowledge claims. As a result, qualitative studies often demonstrate methodological diligence without fully explicating how empirical materials warrant the interpretations advanced or how the scope of those interpretations should be bounded. The purpose of this paper is to reconceptualize trustworthiness as inferential accountability, understood as a governing evaluative principle for qualitative inquiry that provides a coherent and contemporary framework for the justification, evaluation, and delimitation of qualitative claims. The paper adopts a conceptual and …