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Paper Session Iv-B - A Practical Introduction To Aerospace Vehicle Design, Michael J. Caylor

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper is a blueprint for a unique rocket design course taught to senior level students majoring in Astronautical Engineering at the United States Air Force Academy. In the course Aerospace Vehicle Systems Design, cadets are given the opportunity to apply their knowledge of engineering concepts to an aerospace design problem at a practical, hands-on level. As a team, the cadets design, build, test, and launch a rocket powered vehicle. This paper will overview the course, discuss specific requirements expected of the students, and provide information concerning course administration.

Paper Session Iv-B - Designing A Small Satellite: Starsat, Thomas A. Lash

Space Congress® Proceedings

STARSAT, the Standardized Teaching and Research Satellite, is a small, low-cost satellite being designed and built at the USAF Academy. The basic function of STARSAT is to expand upon NASA's Get-Away-Special concept by allowing similar type payloads to be flown in low earth orbit for extended periods of time. As a standardized spacecraft bus, STARSAT will be able to support a variety of such research payloads. While research is a major goal, STARSAT is also an outstanding tool to aid in teaching undergraduate engineering students. This paper describes the technical specifications for the spacecraft, ground support, launch support and payload …

Paper Session Iv-B - Design The Support Rather Than Support The Design, Arthur L. Scholz, William J. Dickinson

Space Congress® Proceedings

A major portion (73%) of the life cycle cost of the Space Shuttle is related to operations; this paper presents recommendations for reducing that cost. Operational cost drivers at the launch site are identified, based on an examination of Shuttle operational data collected over the past two and one half years.

For decades, the launch vehicles of the Free World have been designed for performance, with very little attention given to consideration for support and/or maintainability. Examples are: multiple commodities; toxic materials; complexity; ordnance; inaccessibility; unique systems or components (lack of commonality and multiple function); Flight hardware designs drive Launch …

Paper Sessions Iv-B - Shuttle And Space Station Scientific Payloads: Their Role In The Next Generation, R. L. Schuiling

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper presents an overview of the scientific payloads which will be flown aboard the Space Shuttle in the next era of spaceflight operations. In addition, planning for Space Station paylpads is now far enough along for us to identify many of the Space' Stations' major payload initiatives. Those payloads which are currently manifested for flight have their planned launch years noted. The Shuttle payloads may be either deployed from the Shuttle, deployed and retrieved for return to Earth, or they may remain in the payload bay for the entire mission, depending on the individual payload mission research objectives.

Paper Session Iv-B - Offshore Space Launch Developments, David P. Tuturea, Farhad Rajabi

Space Congress® Proceedings

Studies have been performed to investigate the feasibility of launching space vehicles from an offshore platform site [1] & [23. Constraints on the use of existing facilities at Kennedy Space Center/Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (KSC/CCAFS) and Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) will make it increasingly difficult to meet future planned launch requirements for larger vehicles and more frequent launch schedules.

A universal mobile platform which can launch a variety of space vehicles from a deepwater location, provides an efficient method of reaching all these objectives, uhile mitigating problems with site acquisition. Costs for floating or fixed platforms used in …

Paper Session Iv-A - Optimum Military Space Force Structure Characteristics, Owen E. Jensen

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper describes the characteristics of operational military space systems in the conceptual (year 2015) future. Many studies have been completed in recent years, and more are currently underway. All seem to have arrived at similar conclusions, however. Therefore, this paper summarizes what appears to have become a shared vision of the future.

Air Force Space Policy tells us that there are four mission areas for activity: Space Support, Force Enhancement, Space Control, and Force Application. The shared vision described here covers only the first two. Desired characteristics of launch vehicles, satellite control systems, and those spacecraft designed to assist …

Paper Session Iv-A - Common Interfaces, James K. Yakura, Dianne K. Sakaguchi, Richard P. Toutant

Space Congress® Proceedings

Operational flexibility of a launch system can be increased with a common interface between a launch vehicle and the family of compatible satellites. This improvement in flexibility, which enhances launch responsiveness, is achieved via the ability to rapidly replace or exchange a satellite (or select a different launch vehicle) during the launch preparation process.

This study focused on concepts for interface commonality with a selection of Air Force launch vehicles and payloads. Currently, among the launch vehicles examined, there is limited interface commonality. Historical interfaces and attempts at commonality were reviewed to determine constraining factors. Concepts for providing interface commonality …

Paper Session Iv-A - Wind Measurements By Electromagnetic Probes, Michael Susko

Space Congress® Proceedings

Electromagnetic probing of the atmosphere by clear-air radars is an emerging technology to supplement balloon-borne wind sensors which are used to determine ascent wind loads on the Space Shuttle.

At present, during the Space Shuttle launches, the ascent wind loads are computed 1 hr before launch based on winds aloft obtained by the Jimsphere 3.5 hr before liftoff. There is a need of wind load data acquisition closer to L-0 and in real time for wind loads assessment. The radar technology used in Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Radar Wind Profiler exactly matches the technology in the Clear-Air Doppler Radars …

Paper Session Iii-C - A Spaceport For Cape York: An Initiative Of The State Of Queensland, Mick Borzi

Space Congress® Proceedings

In 1986, the Space Engineering Group of the Institution of Engineers Australia, approached the Queensland Government to suggest that Cape York Peninsula area of Queensland may offer advantages for the location of a space launch facility in Australia. The Queensland Government, in association with the Institution of Engineers Australia, then initiated a series of studies to prove the viability of the concept.

The paper reviews the development of the concept and the initiative taken by the Government of the State of Queensland to draw together the interested parties. It looks at the role played by Government to co-ordinate the interests …

Paper Session Iii-C - Hawaii's Initiatives In Space, Harry G. Foden, Arthur D. Little

Space Congress® Proceedings

Activities related to space exploration and development have been identified by many in Hawaii as offering unique opportunities for the State of Hawaii to broaden and diversify its economic base. Although there have been many space-related programs and projects underway in Hawaii, few realized the extent to which this had occurred.

In February 1987, the Department of Business and Economic Development of the State of Hawaii asked Arthur D. Little, Inc., to evaluate Hawaii's potential for more extensive efforts in connection with space. The study team evaluated world-wide developments and Hawaii's competitive position in eight segments of space-related activities: satellite …

Paper Session Iii-C - Spaceport Florida And Other State-Sponsored Space Development Initiatives In Florida, Chris Shove

Space Congress® Proceedings

In 1984, President Reagan issued Executive Order 12465, entitled "Commercial Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) Activities", "...encouraging and facilitating commercial ELV activities by the United States private sector." Soon after, Congress enacted the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, signifying the government's endorsement of a U.S. commercial ELV industry. This legislation, coupled with the President's 1988 National Space Policy, has created an arena which abounds with new opportunities.

Florida is poised to become a national and international leader in this emerging commercial space market. Already established as the nation's premier launch site, the State of Florida undertook studies to investigate these …

Paper Session Iii-B - The Prospector's Proposal: Research Advancing Survivability Through Resource Options, Devin C. Walters, Howard Clark, Alex Cos, Matt Dubois, D. C. Conroy, Doug Fullingim, Wim Libby, Joseph C. Medlin, Vincent Reyna

Space Congress® Proceedings

As a group of nine Astronautical Engineering majors, we have identified a problem of great concern. It involves the scarcity of strategic materials and the possibility that our supply will be cut off. The Prospector's Proposal is our solution. This proposal involves a prospecting mission to the asteroid belt, specifically Ceres. Using heavy lift vehicles, we will put our spacecraft into orbit where it will be assembled. A nuclear drive will provide propulsion for the unmanned probe. A landing craft will transport a mobile unit to the surface. This unit will collect samples that may contain sufficient quantities of the …

Paper Session Iii-B - Potential European Involvement In The Us Pathfinder Program, Rudi G. Reichert

Space Congress® Proceedings

In conjunction with a long-range space programme planning also in Europe ideas exist for planetary exploratory missions, such as for Mars and the necessary infrastructure and technologies, required. Of course, this can only be realized in international cooperation as proposed by NASA with the pathfinder initiative.

Europe has been engaged in a number of unmanned scientific missions, some of them still have to be flown - such as Galileo, Ulysses, and/or Cassini - and further unmanned explorations of Mars will still have to be done as well as experiences to be gained on longer-duration stays of man in space before …

Paper Session Iii-B - A Lunar Orbiting Node In Support Of Missions To Mars, A. Butterfield, J. R. Wrobel, L. B. Garrett

Space Congress® Proceedings

Future Mars missions may use lunar-derived oxygen as a propellant for interplanetary transit. A man-tended platform as a Node in low lunar orbit offers a site for storage and transfer of lunar oxygen to the transport vehicles as well as rendezvous and transfer for lunar-bound cargo and crews. In addition, it could provide an emergency safe-haven for a crew awaiting rescue. A conceptual design study yielded an approximate size for the platform needed to support typical oxygen transfer rates which were based upon NASA studies of Mars missions. The Node consists of a gravity gradient stabilized lunar orbiting tank-farm with …

Paper Session Iii-B - A Transportation System For A Lunar Base, Andrew J. Petro

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper will discuss the conceptual design of a transportation system for supporting a permanent base on the surface of the Moon, early in the Twenty-first Century. There is a brief description of a particular lunar base development scenario from which the requirements for the transportation system were derived. The lunar base concept was developed as part of the Lunar Base Systems Study at the Johnson Space Center.

The transportation system consists of a node in low Earth orbit, an orbital transfer vehicle (OTV), and a landing craft. The OTV provides transportation between Earth orbit and lunar orbit. The landing …

Paper Session Iii-A - Space Station Freedom: Safety Program, John G. Griggs

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper begins with a renewed safety consciousness within NASA. There is focused management emphasis on the incorporation of firmly established safety design requirements and evolving new Safety analysis techniques, including the quantitative safety risk assessment methods. We as an Agency must do our very best to preclude another accident.

Further discussed is the framework for the Space Station Freedom Safety Program. This framework provides for integration of the partial safety analysis performed by the numerous NASA Centers and the International Partners into a Programmatic Safety Assessment for each of the launch increments as well as the complete Space Station …

Paper Session Iii-A - Japanese Experiment Module, Takehiko Kato

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Japanese government and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) agreed to and signed a Memorandum of Understanding on May 9, 1985, for Phase B of the Space Station Freedom Program (SSFP), stating that the Japanese would participate in the program with a Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), a multipurpose research and development laboratory. The Phase B study was a two year effort. The design requirements and development plan for Phases C/D were completed in March 1987. Their updates, due to the introduction of the phased approach, were completed in September 1987. Japan signed the Inter-Governmental Agreement for the Phase …

Paper Session Iii-A - The Mobile Servicing System - A System Description, Andrew S. Jones, V. K. Agarwal, R. Hayes

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper is a systems description of the Mobile Servicing System (MSS) to be provided by Canada, an International Partner to the NASA Space Station Freedom. The paper desf nbes space segment, ground segment, and support systems.

Spar is the prime contractor to the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). The MSS will provide the functional capabilities for Space Station Freedom construction, maintenance, deployment, and retrieval of Free Flying Spacecraft and servicing of attached payloads.

Meeting, Wku Board Of Regents

Board of Regents Documents

Minutes of the WKU Board of Regents meeting regarding audit report, revenue bonds, personnel compensation, tuition, personnel actions and salaries, reactivation of Economics MA and Anthropology BA, Karlene Ball's grant from the National Institute of Health, Crawford Crowe, Charles Kupchella, Aaron Podolefsky, Lynn Groemling, Journalism, Lee Watkins and resolution in honor of Harry Largen.

Paper Session Ii-C - Aerospace Hydrogen Technology And Its Potential Impact On A 21st Century Global Hydrogen Economy, Joseph A. Angelo, Ronald G. Barile

Space Congress® Proceedings

Extensive use of liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) in the Space Shuttle Program, helps make the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) one of the world's largest consumers of liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen also has the exciting potential of becoming a universal fuel and. energy carrier in the global energy infrastructure of the 21st Century. Because contemporary spaceport operations and aerospace system technologies involve the safe and efficient handling, storage and consumption of large quantities of hydrogen, it is logical and timely to explore the potential technology transfer role a spaceport, such as the NASA Kennedy Space Center, might play in supporting …

Paper Session Ii-C - Florida Commercial Space Initiatives And Technology Transfer Mechanisms, Roger L. Moore

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper discusses commercial space policy for the State of Florida in the context of state initiatives for general technology and economic development. The paper also compares Florida's commercial space initiatives to national space policies and describes mechanisms for transferring space related technologies and research to Florida businesses for subsequent development and commercialization.

Paper Session Ii-C - Introducing New Technologies Into Space Station Subsystems, Michael J. Wiskerchen, Cindy L. Mollakarimi

Space Congress® Proceedings

In a cooperative effort between Kennedy Space Center, Stanford University and Lockheed Space Operations Company, a new systems engineering methodology has been developed and applied in the operational world of Shuttle processing. The new engineering approach stresses the importance of identifying, quantitatively assessing, and managing system performance and risk related to the dynamic nature of requirements, technology, and operational concepts. Under the cooperative program entitled, Space Systems Integration and Operations Research Applications (SIORA), the modernization of the processing operations for the Shuttle thermal protection system (IPS) or tiles became the first application of the engineering methodology. This effort adopted an …

Paper Session Ii-C - Optical Alignment Measurements Of Space Shuttle Tiles, Rebecca L. Welling, Rick A. Williams, Edward D. Huber

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Space Shuttles are serviced and maintained by the Lockheed Space Operations Company (LSOC) at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The tiles which act as a heat shield during Shuttle re-entry into the earth's atmosphere, are a major part of the Shuttle servicing efforts. One very tedious and labor intensive task is the alignment measurement of these tiles. Alignment measurements include measuring the gaps, or separation between two adjacent tiles, and measuring the steps, or the height differences between adjacent tiles.

Traditional methods of measurement required two mechanical tools to separately measure steps and gaps. Plastic feeler gauges were …

Paper Session Ii-C - Heat Pipes For Low-Humidity Applications, Mukesh K. Khattar

Space Congress® Proceedings

A unique application of an air-to-air heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHX) in a cooling and dehumidification process of an airconditioning system has been developed. It provides significant energy savings in many applications which routinely require reheat of cold supply air for maintaining low humidity within the conditioned space. When a HPHX is placed between cold supply air leaving and room air entering a cooling coil, not only is the cold supply air reheated free, but the room air is also precooled free. The precooling reduces the cooling requirement from the airconditioning system. This concept was studied analytically and experimentally under …

Paper Session Ii-B - The U.S. Commercial Launch Services Industry And International Competition, Dennis R. Dunbar, Lee R. Scherer

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper discusses the threat to our fledgling commercial ELV industry of current and anticipated foreign competition, which is generally subsidized by their governments. It considers actions that might be taken by U.S. industry members to improve their competitive position and steps that might be considered by the U.S. government to support this industry so important to the U.S. national strategic posture.

Paper Session Ii-B - Commercial Launch Services - The Key To The Capital Markets For Space Projects, Dee A. Divis

Space Congress® Proceedings

Space projects have been experiencing crippling difficulties in getting access to private capital markets. As launch operations move from public management to the tougher 'real world 1 , competition will generate increased access to space, better launch operations and lower project costs. These changes will dramatically improve the cash flow projections and risks of space projects, enabling them to gain access to capital.

This paper will give examples of how launch delays can devastate the rate of return on a project. It will also illustrate how fast turnaround can be used to reduce costs and the effect of competition on …

Paper Session Ii-B - The Pegasus Air-Launched Space Booster, Robert E. Lindberg

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Pegasus Air-Launched Space Booster is an innovative new space launch vehicle now under full-scale development in a privately-funded joint venture by OSC and .Hercules Aerospace Company. Pegasus is a three-stage, solid-propellant, inertially-guided, all-composite winged vehicle that is launched at an altitude of 40,000 ft from its carrier aircraft. The 41,000 Ib vehicle can deliver payloads as massive as 900 Ib to low earth orbit.

This status report on the Pegasus development program first details the 'advantages of the airborne launch concept, then describes the design and performance of the Pegasus vehicle, and concludes with a review of the progress …

Paper Session Ii-B - A Reusable Commercial Space Transport In A World Of Expendables: Development, Certification And Operation, Gary C. Hudson, Maxwell W. Hunter

Space Congress® Proceedings

Full reusability, combined with intact abort capability during all phases of flight, will have a profound effect upon the development, certification and operation of space launch vehicles. The effect will be to dramatically lessen third-party safety and liability concerns, while at the same time eliminating the need for individual flight licensing which are unnecessarily cumbersome and counterproductive. Because these future vehicles will have attributes of full reuse, intact abort and routine operations, their development, certification and operation will have much more in common with aircraft than expendable launch vehicles (ELYs). This paper argues for a clear distinction between the regulations …

Paper Session Ii-B - The Selection Of A Launch Vehicle, Joel S. Greenberg, Carissa B. Christensen

Space Congress® Proceedings

The selection of a launch vehicle should not depend on any single vehicle attribute (i.e., price, reliability, availability, insurance rate, final payload placement accuracy, etc.), but rather on the effect of the interaction of multiple vehicle attributes in combination with payload configuration and sparing/maintenance strategy.

For commercial organizations, selection decisions should be based on performance measures such as ROI and risk. For government operations, selections should be based on measures such as present value of life cycle cost in combination with availability constraints. Methods for analyzing launch vehicle and related choices are described together with parametric results illustrating important tradeoffs.

Paper Session Ii-B - The Role Of The Delta Rocket In America's Space Future, Robert S. Cowls

Space Congress® Proceedings

This is a status report of progress in the development of America's commercial space transportation industry. Government policies have provided the enabling impetus to begin restoring the needed resiliency in our national capability by creating the setting for a commercial industry. If the U. S. is to realize its full potential in the international arena it is essential that government and industry collaborate in the pursuit of a variety of initiatives which will promote growth and longlived vitality to this new industry. This vitality will ultimately be derived from our success in moving to a purely commercial launch services footing. …