Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (5913)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (5856)
- Education (4169)
- Business (2856)
- Psychology (2639)
-
- Nursing (2597)
- Public Health (2122)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (1692)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (1564)
- Public Health Education and Promotion (1504)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (1146)
- Public Policy (1139)
- Arts and Humanities (1081)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (827)
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (798)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (777)
- Health and Medical Administration (734)
- Sociology (731)
- Public Administration (709)
- Epidemiology (580)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (523)
- Social Work (510)
- Clinical Psychology (481)
- Computer Sciences (469)
- Databases and Information Systems (447)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (421)
- Mental and Social Health (395)
- Psychiatric and Mental Health (388)
- Instructional Media Design (360)
- African American Studies (350)
- Keyword
-
- Leadership (582)
- Education (314)
- Retention (256)
- Management (254)
- Nursing (219)
-
- Strategies (184)
- African American (168)
- Professional development (155)
- Qualitative (144)
- Stress (142)
- Motivation (140)
- Technology (140)
- Obesity (135)
- Communication (134)
- Depression (131)
- Sustainability (127)
- Self-efficacy (123)
- Mental Health (120)
- Burnout (119)
- Women (117)
- Engagement (114)
- Diabetes (113)
- Perceptions (108)
- Small Business (106)
- Turnover (106)
- Healthcare (101)
- Resilience (98)
- Job Satisfaction (97)
- Nonprofit (96)
- Professional Development (96)
- Publication Year
Articles 4651 - 4680 of 19539
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Parental Expectations For Academic Achievement And Self-Critical Perfectionism In Black Women, Brandy Elizabeth Nichols
Parental Expectations For Academic Achievement And Self-Critical Perfectionism In Black Women, Brandy Elizabeth Nichols
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Black women are diagnosed with depression at exponentially higher rates than their White counterparts, and maladaptive perfectionistic traits such as self-critical perfectionism may be a significant factor in this trend. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to investigate the potential moderating effect of education level on the relationship between parental expectations for academic achievement and self-critical perfectionism in Black women. A sample of 144 Black women aged 18–50 completed an anonymous survey. Out of the total responses, 96 completed the entire survey. SPSS (Version 28) excluded one case from the analysis, yielding 95 viable cases. Through bivariate and …
Healthcare Experiences Of Transgender Adults Who Are African American, Lacole Cole
Healthcare Experiences Of Transgender Adults Who Are African American, Lacole Cole
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
African Americans struggle to access healthcare because of a combination of overt racism, implicit bias from providers, and the effects of systemic racism. As a result, researchers have studied the challenges of this specific adult population. Less research has been centered on those individuals who are both African American and transgender. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the experiences of this population. Guided by intersectionality theory, the study’s research question asked about the experiences of African American transgender adults and their efforts to obtain necessary healthcare services to manage optimal health. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with …
Using Strategic Planning To Improve Volunteer Recruitment And Retention For Nonprofits In The Post-Pandemic Era, Antonio L. Mccormack
Using Strategic Planning To Improve Volunteer Recruitment And Retention For Nonprofits In The Post-Pandemic Era, Antonio L. Mccormack
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
COVID-19 has changed U.S. culture and negatively affected society worldwide, especially nonprofit organizations that provide community service. Since the pandemic, nonprofit agencies encountered many hardships, especially with the loss of personnel, primarily volunteers. The present study focused on implementing ways to improve recruitment and retention of volunteers for nonprofit organizations in the post-pandemic era through strategic planning. A qualitative approach was deemed the most feasible to conduct this study. This study utilized a SWOT analysis approach, a method of strategic planning used to collect data. A total of 10 interviews were conducted to explore the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats …
Teachers’ Perceptions Of Their Input Into Important Campus Decision Making, Amy Jane Boughton
Teachers’ Perceptions Of Their Input Into Important Campus Decision Making, Amy Jane Boughton
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The Panorama Teacher Survey (PTS) results from 2018 to 2021 indicated that school leadership has improved in one North Texas district. The problem investigated in this study was that despite favorable overall results on the Panorama Teacher Survey (PTS) in the local school district, the school leadership dimension of “teacher input into important campus decisions” was consistently ranked by teachers as needing improvement and was the lowest ranking amongst the other school leadership dimensions. The purpose of this study was to explore teachers’ perceptions about their role in providing input into important campus decisions and to gather their recommendations for …
Higher Education Leaders’ Perceptions Of The Function And Purpose Of Faculty Academic Advising To Support Student Persistence And Retention, Kristin Domville
Higher Education Leaders’ Perceptions Of The Function And Purpose Of Faculty Academic Advising To Support Student Persistence And Retention, Kristin Domville
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Faculty academic advising provides students with academic support to enhance academic persistence and retention. Prior research on faculty academic advising has not included higher education leaders’ (HELs’) perceptions of the function and purpose of faculty academic advising when creating policies and procedures that are intended to support student persistence and retention. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore HELs’ perceptions of the function and purpose of faculty academic advising when developing institutional policies and procedures that are intended to support student persistence and retention. The conceptual framework for this study was the appreciative inquiry (AI) model established …
Strategies For Leading Successful Virtual Teams, Amina Foley
Strategies For Leading Successful Virtual Teams, Amina Foley
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some leaders lack strategies to successfully lead virtual teams to prevent employee attrition and decreased revenue. Organization leaders are concerned with retaining experienced employees to continue and grow profitability. Grounded in the transformational leadership theory, as well as the cognition-based trust and affect-based trust theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies leaders use to lead virtual teams successfully that improve trust and job performance, increase employee retention, and enhance organizational growth and profitability. The participants were seven virtual team leaders from the accounting and logistics industries who have experience with improving growth and increasing retention. …
Exploring The Role Of Intrinsic Motivation In Elementary Public-School Educators’ Willingness To Remain In Teaching, Lynnette K. Steinhoff
Exploring The Role Of Intrinsic Motivation In Elementary Public-School Educators’ Willingness To Remain In Teaching, Lynnette K. Steinhoff
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The experiences and perceptions of novice educators’ willingness to remain in teaching have been without clear research. The problem addressed by this study was the need to understand why novice educators remain in the field in order to support districts and legislators in updating policies and funding measures. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how the intrinsic motivation of novice elementary educators within a K–12 public school influences their willingness to remain in teaching. Self-determination theory (SDT), with its psychological principles of autonomy, competency, and relatedness, was selected as the conceptual framework. Two research questions addressed intrinsic …
Teachers’ Perceptions Of Reading Comprehension Among Fifth-Grade Students With Exceptionalities As A Result Of The Pandemic, Paula Webb
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed through this study is the low reading comprehension levels of fifth-grade students with exceptionalities (SwE) (e.g. dyslexia) in a local school district in Georgia. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore fifth-grade teachers’ perceptions on their successes, challenges, and suggestions when teaching reading to SwE. The conceptual frameworks were the blended learning model and the constructivism model. The methodology of this research study was a basic qualitative design. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with eight fifth-grade teachers in a large school district in Georgia to investigate the reading foundational skills SwE are lacking that …
General And Special Education Teacher Experiences And Support Strategies For Adolescent Students Experiencing Chronic Health Conditions, Kimberly Diane Matthews
General And Special Education Teacher Experiences And Support Strategies For Adolescent Students Experiencing Chronic Health Conditions, Kimberly Diane Matthews
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Students with chronic health conditions are living longer lives, thanks to medical advances. This group of students spend more time in classrooms, and teachers have become tasked with meeting the needs of this growing population. Teachers require supports on best practices for educating students with chronic health conditions who are in their classrooms. The knowledge of teachers supporting this population of students can be insubstantial, but the experiences of teachers can begin to add insight to how to meet the needs of the teachers educating this group of students. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the teaching …
Strategies For Coping With Racial Microaggressions Among African American Medical Social Workers, Robert Ebot Tambe Ebot
Strategies For Coping With Racial Microaggressions Among African American Medical Social Workers, Robert Ebot Tambe Ebot
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Racial microaggressions are prevalent in the field of social work. Social workers have reported experiencing racial microaggressions from coworkers, patients, and patients’ families. However, little is known about coping strategies that African American medical social workers use to mitigate the effects of racial microaggressions in the workplace. Therefore, the purpose of this generic qualitative study was to increase understanding of how African American medical social workers perceive and cope with racial microaggressions in the workplace. A generic qualitative approach was used to explore this topic, as well as how these social workers subsequently cope with perceived racial microaggressions. Twelve African …
Black Female Principals And Complexity Management In Low Performing Schools, Kimberly Boswell
Black Female Principals And Complexity Management In Low Performing Schools, Kimberly Boswell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
According to district and state achievement metrics, low-performing public schools must make adequate yearly progress. Deficiencies in the preparation, training, and support of Black female principals who routinely lead low-performing schools can contribute to complexities in these challenging environments. Little is known about what Black female principals believe they need to successfully lead improvement in low-performing schools. The purpose of this study was to give voice to the experiences of Black female principals leading low-performing schools so that educational and political leaders understand what is needed to prepare them to lead amid complexity. Research questions focused on the training and …
The Experience Of Self-Regulation Among Obese Adults During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nicholas Cunningham
The Experience Of Self-Regulation Among Obese Adults During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nicholas Cunningham
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Obesity is considered a disease, an epidemic, and is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers, poor mental health, and low quality of life. It is also a leading cause of mortality. While it is difficult for obese adults to combat their condition, it was much more challenging during unprecedented times such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Annesi’s self-regulation conceptual framework was used as a basis to ground this study. Research explains the importance of practicing self-regulation to increase physical activity. However, there is little research on the practice of self-regulation to increase physical activity and weight …
Implementation Of Developmental Feedback As A Performance Strategy In Small Businesses, Angela Lynette Bradford
Implementation Of Developmental Feedback As A Performance Strategy In Small Businesses, Angela Lynette Bradford
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some small business leaders (SBL) lack developmental feedback strategies to improve employee performance, impacting job satisfaction, engagement, and motivation, and impairing business sustainability. Grounded in the Herzberg two-factor theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore strategies SBLs used to enhance employee performance. Participants comprised five SBLs in Arkansas who implemented strategies to improve employee performance. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and reviews of publicly available organizational documents. Braun and Clark’s approach and Yin’s five-step process were used to conduct thematic analysis. Eight themes emerged: growth opportunities and staff potential; challenges, limitations, and mitigation; workplace culture, …
Middle School Teachers’ Perspectives On Fidelity Implementation Of Read 180, Tommye Lorenda Easterly
Middle School Teachers’ Perspectives On Fidelity Implementation Of Read 180, Tommye Lorenda Easterly
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
READ 180 was adopted by a school district in Southern Alabama (SDSA) in response to students’ low state reading and comprehension scores statewide. However, after years of implementation, it is unclear whether the READ 180 curriculum and the instructional practices characteristics of the READ 180 have been implemented with fidelity across district schools, specifically at middle schools. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore fidelity of implementation of READ 180 instructional practices used by middle school teachers in SDSA. The conceptual framework guiding the study is Carrol et al.’s implementation fidelity theory, which focused on the degree …
Relationship Between Hospital Staff Communication And Hospital Consumer Assessment Of Healthcare Providers And Systems Score, Jesmean Lyons
Relationship Between Hospital Staff Communication And Hospital Consumer Assessment Of Healthcare Providers And Systems Score, Jesmean Lyons
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) require all hospitals in the United States to utilize the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) patient satisfaction survey. The survey stands to impact reimbursement received because it scores the operational and clinical outcomes of a health services provider. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to determine whether there is a significant difference between the 2019 and 2021 (i.e., before and during the COVID-19 pandemic) performance rates for communication with nurses, the responsiveness of hospital staff, and care transition for hospitals in the state of California. The …
Access To Mental Health Services Following A Use-Of-Force Encounter With Police, Justine Olivia Wells Blue
Access To Mental Health Services Following A Use-Of-Force Encounter With Police, Justine Olivia Wells Blue
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
African American males are more likely to be involved in a use-of-force encounter with police yet less likely than their non-Black counterparts to seek mental health services afterwards. Little is known about the perceptions this population has about the ease/difficulty they encounter when attempting to access care following the event. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the perceptions of 11 African American males in north Saint Louis County, Missouri, about the facilitators of and/or barriers to accessing mental health care services after experiencing a use-of-force encounter with police. Participants were chosen using a purposeful sampling strategy. Data …
Predictors Of Paraphrasing Website Use In Undergraduate College Students, Lisa Marie Chervenak
Predictors Of Paraphrasing Website Use In Undergraduate College Students, Lisa Marie Chervenak
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
While instances of cut and paste plagiarism among undergraduate college students has decreased over the past several years, a new form of plagiarism has emerged that often goes undetected by these software systems. Paraphrasing websites allow users to enter information from a source, which the website will then reword, giving the appearance of an original work. When used by undergraduate college students, these students are not only committing plagiarism, but they are also not learning the material or working to develop writing skills. While much research has been conducted on the quality of writing created by paraphrasing websites, little research …
Influence Of Maternal Abandonment, High-Crime Neighborhoods, And Experienced Abuse On Aggressive Assaultive Behavior, Michael David Austin Flood
Influence Of Maternal Abandonment, High-Crime Neighborhoods, And Experienced Abuse On Aggressive Assaultive Behavior, Michael David Austin Flood
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Assault crimes committed by men in the United States need to be studied empirically if a significant reduction in their occurrence is to take place. The purpose of this nonexperimental quantitative study was to examine the relationship between the reported experience of abuse, growing up in a high-crime neighborhood (HCN), and maternal abandonment with regards to individuals incarcerated for crimes that were operationally classified in this study as aggressive assaultive behavior (AAB). The framework that grounded this study was Bronfenbrenner’s ecology of human development and Beck’s perspective on framing, which guided the focus on how an individual frames an experience …
The Lived Experiences Of African Immigrants Accessing Healthcare In The United States, Rachel Yendaogo Kamasse
The Lived Experiences Of African Immigrants Accessing Healthcare In The United States, Rachel Yendaogo Kamasse
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Ethnic and racial disparities in accessing primary healthcare persist for African immigrants in the United States, placing them at a greater risk for adverse health outcomes. This social problem has become more significant since African-born individuals are the fastest-growing immigrant population in America, and many of them experience health threats before their arrival in the United States. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore how African immigrants describe their lived experiences with accessing primary healthcare in the United States. The study was guided by ecological systems theory. Data were collected using in-depth, semistructured interviews lasting approximately 60-90 …
Aging And Depression: Identifying Strategies To Prevent Suicide And Restore Integrity, Nekka A. Herbert
Aging And Depression: Identifying Strategies To Prevent Suicide And Restore Integrity, Nekka A. Herbert
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Researchers have documented a projected increase in the older adult population and a foreseeable increase in older adult suicides associated with shortcomings in the mental health field related to providing adequate mental health treatment to individuals 65 and older. Researchers have concluded that these shortcomings are due to ageism, lack of awareness, lack of knowledge in gerontology, and inadequate training for professionals entering the field. Studies have highlighted the growing number of older adult suicides but have lacked effective treatment strategies to reduce depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts/behaviors, specifically in the older adult male population, which has the highest number …
Strategies To Enhance The Success Of Six Sigma Process Improvement Projects In Nonmanufacturing Environments, Talondis Whisker
Strategies To Enhance The Success Of Six Sigma Process Improvement Projects In Nonmanufacturing Environments, Talondis Whisker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Six Sigma is a fact-based and data-driven methodology for improving products, processes, and services in companies across the world. Many project managers from various industries have tried to implement Six Sigma and have failed, resulting in poor quality of their products, inefficient processes, and cost increases. Grounded in the total quality management framework, the purpose of this qualitative single-case study was to explore strategies that project managers used to implement successful Six Sigma process improvement projects in nonmanufacturing environments. The participants were eight Six Sigma project managers who had experience in enhancing the success rates of Six Sigma process improvement …
Avoidant Attachment, Coping Styles, And Body Image In Adults With Trichophagia And Onychophagia Disorders, Maryam Mehrtash
Avoidant Attachment, Coping Styles, And Body Image In Adults With Trichophagia And Onychophagia Disorders, Maryam Mehrtash
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The purpose of this quantitative research was to study the relationship between avoidant attachment, coping styles, and body image in adults with trichophagia and onychophagia disorders. The repeated failed attempts of patients to reduce or stop their compulsive behavior persist as a significant health concern for clinicians and researchers alike. Previous literature indicated that a lack of recognition of the underlying mental illness in these conditions exists and may be due to the absence of individualized treatment. Attachment theory, proposed in this study, integrates psychosocial and neurobiological factors to examine this study’s therapeutic constructs. Sixty-seven adults with trichophagia (N= 50) …
Experiences Of Early Childhood Leaders In U.S. Nature-Based Learning Programs, Dr. Kristina Henrika Atler
Experiences Of Early Childhood Leaders In U.S. Nature-Based Learning Programs, Dr. Kristina Henrika Atler
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
There are several benefits of nature-based learning (NBL), and participation in NBL supports developmental outcomes, especially in early childhood education; however, there was little research on how to successfully implement NBL. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the experiences of early childhood NBL leaders as they initiated and maintained NBL programs in the United States. The conceptual framework comprised elements of experiential learning theory, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, and place-based learning theory. Data were captured through interviews with 14 early childhood leaders (ECLs), observations of six learning spaces, and site-based document analysis. Data were transcribed, coded, …
Descriptive Study Of Coordination And Treatment In West Virginia’S Behavioral/Mental Health Crisis, Samuel Gordon Weaver
Descriptive Study Of Coordination And Treatment In West Virginia’S Behavioral/Mental Health Crisis, Samuel Gordon Weaver
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
West Virginia’s residents are less likely to have adequate access and effective care coordination when receiving behavioral and mental health treatment as compared to residents of other states. Seeking patterns of relationships can provide administrators with a better understanding of influences that might cause inter and intra-team systemic challenges and how to reorient policies and behaviors to ameliorate micro and macro task failures. The research questions and associated hypotheses involved understanding the nature of associations between three variables - behavioral health treatment status for autism spectrum disorder, behavioral health treatment status for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and professional mental health treatment …
Early Childhood Practitioners' Beliefs Regarding Children's Development And Learning Based On The Curriculum, Karlene Gloria Degrasse-Deslandes
Early Childhood Practitioners' Beliefs Regarding Children's Development And Learning Based On The Curriculum, Karlene Gloria Degrasse-Deslandes
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The Early Childhood Commission (ECC) is an agency of the Ministry of Education and Youth in Jamaica responsible for early childhood development. It has been proposed that Early Childhood Practitioners (ECPs) should engage in more child friendly and age-appropriate teaching practices. This is especially critical as they use the Jamaica Early Childhood Curriculum (JECC). This basic qualitative research was conducted to explore ECPs’ beliefs regarding children’s development and learning and the influence on the implementation of the JECC. The research questions that guided the study address the beliefs of Jamaican ECPs regarding children’s development and learning and the influence of …
Sustaining And Increasing Participation Of Rural Seniors In A Senior Center, Michelle L. Fontaine
Sustaining And Increasing Participation Of Rural Seniors In A Senior Center, Michelle L. Fontaine
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This case study’s objective was to sustain and increase senior participation in senior center activities by examining the rural senior perception of environmental needs and support of a local senior center. Senior centers assist with aging in place well and aid seniors to be socially active within their communities. Much of the literature around senior centers has focused on urban environments and not on the specific needs of the rural senior. In this study, 24 individuals were interviewed. The questions examined the seniors’ perception about the functionality and accessibility of the senior center to meet their physical and social needs …
Influence Of Birthsex On Readmissions Due To Nonadherence To Psychotropic Medications, Moro Osumanu
Influence Of Birthsex On Readmissions Due To Nonadherence To Psychotropic Medications, Moro Osumanu
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Hospital directors at psychiatric hospitals in Ghana are struggling to reduce readmissions that are caused by nonadherence to psychotropic medications. Hospital readmissions and their associated costs have become an increasing concern over the last several years. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the influence of birthsex on readmissions due to nonadherence to psychotropic medications. The Donabedian model was used as the theoretical framework for this study. The research question was developed to determine which birthsex category has the greatest positive influence on readmissions due to nonadherence to psychotropic medications at the psychiatric hospital study site. The …
Relationship Between Knowledge, Years Of Licensure, And Attitudes Of Midwives About Female Genital Mutilation And Its Prevalence Among Their Patients In Bawku, Ghana, Frank Debrah
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is one of the hindrances to girls' development. FGM is often a rite of passage between childhood and adulthood. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the knowledge, years of licensure, and attitudes of midwives regarding FGM and the prevalence of FGM among their patients in Bawku, Ghana. Bronfenbrenner's social ecological model served as the theoretical framework to describe the link between midwives' knowledge, attitude, years of licensure, and FGM prevalence. The knowledge and attitude of midwives were classified as exosystem factors. Hence, their direct interaction with patients is likely to affect the patient's practice of …
Perceptions Of Patient-Healthcare Provider Relationships In The Management Of Type 2 Diabetes, Desiree D. Lacey
Perceptions Of Patient-Healthcare Provider Relationships In The Management Of Type 2 Diabetes, Desiree D. Lacey
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The patient-healthcare provider relationship (PPR) is the foundation of clinical care: it is established as a human relationship and has a profound effect on health outcomes. Though PPR has been studied in multiple health domains, there is very little on its role in managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative research study was to better understand the challenges faced by healthcare providers (HCP) and T2DM patients within the clinical PPR for diabetes selfmanagement. The health belief model served as the theoretical framework and the diabetes self-management education program as the conceptual framework. Participants were recruited …
Socioeconomic Disparity Level And Telehealth Utilization Among Outpatient Healthcare Providers In California, Brittney Goodgame
Socioeconomic Disparity Level And Telehealth Utilization Among Outpatient Healthcare Providers In California, Brittney Goodgame
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The recent expansion of telehealth in the United States has created an opportunity for increased access to care for all patients, especially those with historically limited access. Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, logistic regression analysis was used to determine if there is an association between community socioeconomic disparity level and telehealth utilization by healthcare providers. Secondary datasets were obtained through an independent insurance brokerage based in California. They contained claim level detail of patient visits conducted with outpatient healthcare providers in California. A random sample of 1,000 cases from the dataset were used for the completion of the study. …