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Barbados Students’ Perceptions Regarding Pursuing Tertiary Education, Khaleid Holder Jan 2025

Barbados Students’ Perceptions Regarding Pursuing Tertiary Education, Khaleid Holder

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite the government of Barbados’ 2018 resumption of full payment of undergraduate tuition, enrollment at the lone indigenous tertiary education institution has not fully rebounded to prior levels. Understanding potential students’ decision-making processes regarding their intention to pursue tertiary education may help local tertiary education administrators and policymakers enact interventions to maintain and increase enrollment. Guided by the reasoned action approach, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore Barbadian students’ perceptions about influences on their decision-making regarding their pursuit of tertiary education at the only local university in Barbados. Data were collected using one-on-one, semi-structured interviews from …


Implications Of The Aca On Critical Access Hospitals And Patients’ Responsibility Of Account Balances, Rebecca Yant Kimmelmann Jan 2025

Implications Of The Aca On Critical Access Hospitals And Patients’ Responsibility Of Account Balances, Rebecca Yant Kimmelmann

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Critical access hospitals (CAHs) have a history of closing due to a lack of financial viability, causing U.S. communities to lose support provided from jobs and taxes paid by the hospital, and patients to lose health care access. With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and Patient Protection Act of 2010 (ACA), the expectation was that more people would become insured, but plan copays and deductibles owed by patients increased. The purpose of this study, which was undergirded by von Bertalanffy’s general systems theory, was to explore (a) whether there was a significant correlation between the implementation of the …


Young Adults In Minnesota With Medicaid And Nonurgent Emergency Department Visits, Reynell Y. Turner Jan 2025

Young Adults In Minnesota With Medicaid And Nonurgent Emergency Department Visits, Reynell Y. Turner

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many people entering the emergency department for non-urgent care may not comprehend that this facility is intended for situations requiring immediate attention. The purpose of the qualitative study examined and explored the behaviors and feelings of Medicaid beneficiaries aged 18 to 39 in rural Minnesota that influenced their decisions to visit the emergency department (ED) for non-urgent conditions. The aim was to also acquire insights regarding their feelings toward visiting urgent care as an alternate care option. The theoretical foundation and framework for the study was Kurt Lewin's Field Theory and Behavior Equation. The qualitative research study included semi-structured interviews …


Documentation Challenges And Service Outcomes In Behavioral Health Organizations Serving The Homeless With Mental Illness, Shawlawn L. Freeman-Hicks Jan 2025

Documentation Challenges And Service Outcomes In Behavioral Health Organizations Serving The Homeless With Mental Illness, Shawlawn L. Freeman-Hicks

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Observed inconsistencies in clinical documentation are a problem for a behavioral health organization (BHO) serving homeless individuals with mental illness in the southern United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of inconsistent clinical documentation on patient outcomes within the BHO. The Baldrige Excellence Framework was used to examine organizational leadership, strategy, operations, and compliance practices. The chief executive officer, chief operating officer, and lead psychiatric coordinator were interviewed to assess challenges related to clinical documentation. Archival records were also reviewed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the BHO's documentation processes. Three major themes emerged: (a) …


Young Adults In Minnesota With Medicaid And Nonurgent Emergency Department Visits, Reynell Y. Turner Jan 2025

Young Adults In Minnesota With Medicaid And Nonurgent Emergency Department Visits, Reynell Y. Turner

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many people entering the emergency department for non-urgent care may not comprehend that this facility is intended for situations requiring immediate attention. The purpose of the qualitative study examined and explored the behaviors and feelings of Medicaid beneficiaries aged 18 to 39 in rural Minnesota that influenced their decisions to visit the emergency department (ED) for non-urgent conditions. The aim was to also acquire insights regarding their feelings toward visiting urgent care as an alternate care option. The theoretical foundation and framework for the study was Kurt Lewin's Field Theory and Behavior Equation. The qualitative research study included semi-structured interviews …


Strategies To Implement Performance Management Systems In Jamaica Sufficient To Increase Employee Engagement, Nardiah Natesha Wellington Jan 2025

Strategies To Implement Performance Management Systems In Jamaica Sufficient To Increase Employee Engagement, Nardiah Natesha Wellington

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Performance management system (PMS) implementation presents significant challenges for small business owners in Jamaica, often due to resource constraints and limited expertise. Effective PMS practices, however, are critical for fostering employee engagement, which enhances productivity, retention, and organizational sustainability. Grounded in the job demands-resources (JD-R) model, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies Jamaican small business owners use to implement PMS successfully. The participants included eight small business owners operating for at least 3 years. Data collection included semistructured interviews and reviews of publicly available organizational documents. Through thematic analysis, I identified four key themes: (a) …


Barbados Students’ Perceptions Regarding Pursuing Tertiary Education, Khaleid Holder Jan 2025

Barbados Students’ Perceptions Regarding Pursuing Tertiary Education, Khaleid Holder

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite the government of Barbados’ 2018 resumption of full payment of undergraduate tuition, enrollment at the lone indigenous tertiary education institution has not fully rebounded to prior levels. Understanding potential students’ decision-making processes regarding their intention to pursue tertiary education may help local tertiary education administrators and policymakers enact interventions to maintain and increase enrollment. Guided by the reasoned action approach, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore Barbadian students’ perceptions about influences on their decision-making regarding their pursuit of tertiary education at the only local university in Barbados. Data were collected using one-on-one, semi-structured interviews from …


Elementary Teachers’ Experiences Supporting The Academic Growth And Development Of Students On The Autism Spectrum In Inclusion Classrooms, Erica Williams Harryman Jan 2025

Elementary Teachers’ Experiences Supporting The Academic Growth And Development Of Students On The Autism Spectrum In Inclusion Classrooms, Erica Williams Harryman

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study is that elementary inclusion teachers in urban school districts in a northeastern state in the United States struggle to support the academic growth and development of their students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of these teachers and identify the institutional conditions they perceive as necessary to foster positive academic outcomes for students with ASD, informing the study's two research questions. Framed by Bandura’s social cognitive theory, particularly its principle of triadic reciprocality, the study employed a basic qualitative design. Twelve elementary inclusion teachers participated …


Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline Medication Reconciliation As A Catalyst For Patient Safety And Outcome, Monica Arevalo Jan 2025

Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline Medication Reconciliation As A Catalyst For Patient Safety And Outcome, Monica Arevalo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This doctoral project centered on the development and implementation of a Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) aimed at improving the accuracy of medication reconciliation for patients with complex medication regimens. Medication discrepancies and associated adverse drug events are significant concerns in healthcare, particularly during care transitions. The project addressed the practice-focused question: Will an interprofessional team reach consensus on a plan to standardize and automate the medication reconciliation process? This question highlights the importance of interprofessional collaboration in ensuring patient safety and improving healthcare outcomes. The project’s purpose was to standardize and automate the reconciliation process to reduce discrepancies, improve medication …


Effective Retention Strategies Retail Sector Leaders Use To Reduce Voluntary Employee Turnover, Grace Victoria Carr Jan 2025

Effective Retention Strategies Retail Sector Leaders Use To Reduce Voluntary Employee Turnover, Grace Victoria Carr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Retail business owners who lack effective retention strategies to address voluntary employee turnover may struggle to maintain a stable workforce. The challenges can result in increased hiring and training costs, decreased productivity, and lower employee morale, ultimately jeopardizing the profitability and long-term sustainability of their businesses. Grounded in Herzberg’s two-factor motivation-hygiene theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to identify and explore effective retention strategies some St. Kitts-based retail small business leaders use to reduce voluntary employee turnover. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and a publicly available industry document review that included strategies to reduce high …


Lived Experiences Of Emerging Adults’ Transitioning Back To College Campus After Covid-19., Aleesha Hayes Jan 2025

Lived Experiences Of Emerging Adults’ Transitioning Back To College Campus After Covid-19., Aleesha Hayes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a worldwide shutdown as there were many uncertainties on how to prevent exposure. Emerging adults who were full time students were impacted in a variety of ways, both negatively and positively. There is substantial research on the impact that college students had when transitioning off college campuses. However, there is a lack of literature on the experiences that emerging adults had when transitioning back to college campus after COVID-19. This gap is important because multiple transitions have significant implications for development and well-being. To better understand this, a phenomenological qualitative study was conducted to explore …


Effective Retention Strategies Retail Sector Leaders Use To Reduce Voluntary Employee Turnover, Grace Victoria Carr Jan 2025

Effective Retention Strategies Retail Sector Leaders Use To Reduce Voluntary Employee Turnover, Grace Victoria Carr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Retail business owners who lack effective retention strategies to address voluntary employee turnover may struggle to maintain a stable workforce. The challenges can result in increased hiring and training costs, decreased productivity, and lower employee morale, ultimately jeopardizing the profitability and long-term sustainability of their businesses. Grounded in Herzberg’s two-factor motivation-hygiene theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to identify and explore effective retention strategies some St. Kitts-based retail small business leaders use to reduce voluntary employee turnover. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and a publicly available industry document review that included strategies to reduce high …


Elementary Teachers’ Experiences Supporting The Academic Growth And Development Of Students On The Autism Spectrum In Inclusion Classrooms, Erica Williams Harryman Jan 2025

Elementary Teachers’ Experiences Supporting The Academic Growth And Development Of Students On The Autism Spectrum In Inclusion Classrooms, Erica Williams Harryman

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study is that elementary inclusion teachers in urban school districts in a northeastern state in the United States struggle to support the academic growth and development of their students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of these teachers and identify the institutional conditions they perceive as necessary to foster positive academic outcomes for students with ASD, informing the study's two research questions. Framed by Bandura’s social cognitive theory, particularly its principle of triadic reciprocality, the study employed a basic qualitative design. Twelve elementary inclusion teachers participated …


Relationship Between Racial Trauma, Microaggression, Cultural Coping Behaviors, And Resilience Among Black Counseling Students, Chrismathe Lindsay Jan 2025

Relationship Between Racial Trauma, Microaggression, Cultural Coping Behaviors, And Resilience Among Black Counseling Students, Chrismathe Lindsay

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Black students in counseling programs face many challenges stemming from racial trauma and microaggression; for instance, they are at greater risk for mental health problems and degree incompletion. Grounded in critical race theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlation study was to examine whether racial trauma, the experience of microaggression, and cultural coping behaviors were significant predictors of resilience and whether cultural coping behaviors mediated the relationship between racial trauma, microaggression, and resilience among Black counseling students. A convenience sample was used to anonymously survey 80 Black counseling students. The results of the multiple regression mediation analysis showed a statistically …


Clinical Practice Guideline For Lifestyle Management Of Clients On Second Generation Antipsychotic Medications, Althea G. Andrade Jan 2025

Clinical Practice Guideline For Lifestyle Management Of Clients On Second Generation Antipsychotic Medications, Althea G. Andrade

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are a category of medications principally employed for the treatment of certain mental illnesses. One major downside of the medications is their tendency to induce weight gain, which can result in negative metabolic consequences and raise the likelihood of cardiovascular disease. The clinic setting was focused on the mental health component for the patients on SGAs, and there was little time and ability to address physical health needs, such as weight gain, nutrition, and exercise, which led to comorbidities and possible exacerbation of the mental health issues. Therefore, the purpose of this doctor of nursing practice (DNP) …


Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline Medication Reconciliation As A Catalyst For Patient Safety And Outcome, Monica Arevalo Jan 2025

Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline Medication Reconciliation As A Catalyst For Patient Safety And Outcome, Monica Arevalo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This doctoral project centered on the development and implementation of a Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) aimed at improving the accuracy of medication reconciliation for patients with complex medication regimens. Medication discrepancies and associated adverse drug events are significant concerns in healthcare, particularly during care transitions. The project addressed the practice-focused question: Will an interprofessional team reach consensus on a plan to standardize and automate the medication reconciliation process? This question highlights the importance of interprofessional collaboration in ensuring patient safety and improving healthcare outcomes. The project’s purpose was to standardize and automate the reconciliation process to reduce discrepancies, improve medication …


Familial Income Status, Food Insecurity, And Oral Health In Adolescents In The Prepandemic Era, Gersom I. Jimeenz Jan 2025

Familial Income Status, Food Insecurity, And Oral Health In Adolescents In The Prepandemic Era, Gersom I. Jimeenz

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Oral health and hygiene present a significant public health problem that can cause short- and long-term effects among families with adolescents. This quantitative, correlational research design study aimed to investigate associations between food security (FS) levels and familial income status to oral health and hygiene among adolescents aged 13-19 throughout the United States. This study used the health belief model to determine if the perceived susceptibilities, severities, benefits, and barriers can lead to self-efficacy and cues to action among adolescents who experience varying familial income levels. Controlled variables included age, sex, and race. Data were derived from the National Health …


Lived Experiences Of Emerging Adults’ Transitioning Back To College Campus After Covid-19., Aleesha Hayes Jan 2025

Lived Experiences Of Emerging Adults’ Transitioning Back To College Campus After Covid-19., Aleesha Hayes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a worldwide shutdown as there were many uncertainties on how to prevent exposure. Emerging adults who were full time students were impacted in a variety of ways, both negatively and positively. There is substantial research on the impact that college students had when transitioning off college campuses. However, there is a lack of literature on the experiences that emerging adults had when transitioning back to college campus after COVID-19. This gap is important because multiple transitions have significant implications for development and well-being. To better understand this, a phenomenological qualitative study was conducted to explore …


Relationship Between Racial Trauma, Microaggression, Cultural Coping Behaviors, And Resilience Among Black Counseling Students, Chrismathe Lindsay Jan 2025

Relationship Between Racial Trauma, Microaggression, Cultural Coping Behaviors, And Resilience Among Black Counseling Students, Chrismathe Lindsay

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Black students in counseling programs face many challenges stemming from racial trauma and microaggression; for instance, they are at greater risk for mental health problems and degree incompletion. Grounded in critical race theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlation study was to examine whether racial trauma, the experience of microaggression, and cultural coping behaviors were significant predictors of resilience and whether cultural coping behaviors mediated the relationship between racial trauma, microaggression, and resilience among Black counseling students. A convenience sample was used to anonymously survey 80 Black counseling students. The results of the multiple regression mediation analysis showed a statistically …


Geospatial Analysis Of Social Variables Of The Health Opportunity Index And Stroke Prevalence In Health And Human Services Region 3, Wanderimam R. Tuktur Jan 2025

Geospatial Analysis Of Social Variables Of The Health Opportunity Index And Stroke Prevalence In Health And Human Services Region 3, Wanderimam R. Tuktur

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Disparities exist in stroke prevalence and outcome. There is sparsity of ecological studies at the census tract level that elucidate neighborhood predictors of stroke prevalence in states across U.S. Health and Human Services Region 3 (HHS Region 3: Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia). This study was conducted to explore the geospatial relationship between the 13 indicators of the Health Opportunity Index (HOI) and stroke prevalence at the census tract level in HHS Region 3 using four HOI indicator profiles: (a) neighborhood and built environment profile, (b) social and community context profile, (c) resource profile, …


Clinical Practice Guideline For Lifestyle Management Of Clients On Second Generation Antipsychotic Medications, Althea G. Andrade Jan 2025

Clinical Practice Guideline For Lifestyle Management Of Clients On Second Generation Antipsychotic Medications, Althea G. Andrade

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are a category of medications principally employed for the treatment of certain mental illnesses. One major downside of the medications is their tendency to induce weight gain, which can result in negative metabolic consequences and raise the likelihood of cardiovascular disease. The clinic setting was focused on the mental health component for the patients on SGAs, and there was little time and ability to address physical health needs, such as weight gain, nutrition, and exercise, which led to comorbidities and possible exacerbation of the mental health issues. Therefore, the purpose of this doctor of nursing practice (DNP) …


Familial Income Status, Food Insecurity, And Oral Health In Adolescents In The Prepandemic Era, Gersom I. Jimeenz Jan 2025

Familial Income Status, Food Insecurity, And Oral Health In Adolescents In The Prepandemic Era, Gersom I. Jimeenz

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Oral health and hygiene present a significant public health problem that can cause short- and long-term effects among families with adolescents. This quantitative, correlational research design study aimed to investigate associations between food security (FS) levels and familial income status to oral health and hygiene among adolescents aged 13-19 throughout the United States. This study used the health belief model to determine if the perceived susceptibilities, severities, benefits, and barriers can lead to self-efficacy and cues to action among adolescents who experience varying familial income levels. Controlled variables included age, sex, and race. Data were derived from the National Health …


Factors Associated With Parental Substance Use And Child Welfare In Nevada 2019-2021, Lisa Christine Lee Jan 2025

Factors Associated With Parental Substance Use And Child Welfare In Nevada 2019-2021, Lisa Christine Lee

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Substance use is a growing public health concern that is adversely impacting reproductive-aged individuals and families (Bruzelius & Martins, 2022). Parental substance use is increasingly driving family separation through the child welfare system. Substance use and family separation intersect with trauma and adverse childhood experiences in a variety of ways. Risk factors and race/ethnicity may contribute to family surveillance, bias, and disproportionality in child welfare and impact reunification and cause further trauma. This study explored associations between household characteristics and risk factors and services provided to families with reunification goals for families with child welfare involvement due to substance use …


Human Resource Managers’ Perceptions Of Vocational Readiness Among Post-Secondary School Students In Antigua, Renee J. Smith Jan 2025

Human Resource Managers’ Perceptions Of Vocational Readiness Among Post-Secondary School Students In Antigua, Renee J. Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Vocational readiness for the global workforce requires the development of both academic and nonacademic skills. Antiguan education has focused primarily on the teaching of academic skills. Grounded in Holland’s theory of career choice and Wigfield and Eccles’s interpretation of expectancy-value theory, the purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore perceptions of Human Resource Managers (HRMs) in Antigua on the vocational readiness of post-secondary school graduates. Research questions asked about the perceptions of HRMs in Antigua regarding the vocational readiness of post-secondary school graduates, offerings of tertiary institutions to address the vocational readiness of their students, and the type/quality …


Staff Education Project Assessing Pediatric Sepsis, Michelle Louise James Jan 2025

Staff Education Project Assessing Pediatric Sepsis, Michelle Louise James

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Pediatric sepsis is a leading cause of death globally, affecting over 25 million children annually. In the United States, it results in over 75,000 inpatient admissions and approximately 3.4 million deaths each year. Evidence from multiple studies supported the existing recommendations for early recognition and management of pediatric sepsis, emphasizing that comprehensive vital sign assessments, clinical practice guidelines, standardized protocols, and continuous monitoring align to improve patient outcomes. Three clinical experts reviewed the evidence-based educational program developed for this project. Nineteen participants completed a pre- and post-education program survey assessing their knowledge and perceived competence in early recognition and assessment …


Influence Of Psychological Evaluators’ Demographics, Perceptions Of Bias, And Juvenile Defendants’ Race On Competency Decisions, Elizabeth Zaito Jan 2025

Influence Of Psychological Evaluators’ Demographics, Perceptions Of Bias, And Juvenile Defendants’ Race On Competency Decisions, Elizabeth Zaito

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Recent large-scale studies and reviews have revealed inconsistent findings regarding the role of evaluator characteristics, bias, and characteristics of juveniles in judging competency to stand trial as adults in juvenile cases using Dusky standards. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of psychological evaluators’ education and experience, cognitive bias, and race of juveniles on decisions involving competency to stand trial. The attribution theory was used as the theoretical framework to explain how internal years of education and experience as well as beliefs about bias can influence decision-making. Data were collected from 84 forensic and clinical professionals and …


Factors Associated With Parental Substance Use And Child Welfare In Nevada 2019-2021, Lisa Christine Lee Jan 2025

Factors Associated With Parental Substance Use And Child Welfare In Nevada 2019-2021, Lisa Christine Lee

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Substance use is a growing public health concern that is adversely impacting reproductive-aged individuals and families (Bruzelius & Martins, 2022). Parental substance use is increasingly driving family separation through the child welfare system. Substance use and family separation intersect with trauma and adverse childhood experiences in a variety of ways. Risk factors and race/ethnicity may contribute to family surveillance, bias, and disproportionality in child welfare and impact reunification and cause further trauma. This study explored associations between household characteristics and risk factors and services provided to families with reunification goals for families with child welfare involvement due to substance use …


Influence Of Psychological Evaluators’ Demographics, Perceptions Of Bias, And Juvenile Defendants’ Race On Competency Decisions, Elizabeth Zaito Jan 2025

Influence Of Psychological Evaluators’ Demographics, Perceptions Of Bias, And Juvenile Defendants’ Race On Competency Decisions, Elizabeth Zaito

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Recent large-scale studies and reviews have revealed inconsistent findings regarding the role of evaluator characteristics, bias, and characteristics of juveniles in judging competency to stand trial as adults in juvenile cases using Dusky standards. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of psychological evaluators’ education and experience, cognitive bias, and race of juveniles on decisions involving competency to stand trial. The attribution theory was used as the theoretical framework to explain how internal years of education and experience as well as beliefs about bias can influence decision-making. Data were collected from 84 forensic and clinical professionals and …


Staff Education Project Assessing Pediatric Sepsis, Michelle Louise James Jan 2025

Staff Education Project Assessing Pediatric Sepsis, Michelle Louise James

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Pediatric sepsis is a leading cause of death globally, affecting over 25 million children annually. In the United States, it results in over 75,000 inpatient admissions and approximately 3.4 million deaths each year. Evidence from multiple studies supported the existing recommendations for early recognition and management of pediatric sepsis, emphasizing that comprehensive vital sign assessments, clinical practice guidelines, standardized protocols, and continuous monitoring align to improve patient outcomes. Three clinical experts reviewed the evidence-based educational program developed for this project. Nineteen participants completed a pre- and post-education program survey assessing their knowledge and perceived competence in early recognition and assessment …


Human Resource Managers’ Perceptions Of Vocational Readiness Among Post-Secondary School Students In Antigua, Renee J. Smith Jan 2025

Human Resource Managers’ Perceptions Of Vocational Readiness Among Post-Secondary School Students In Antigua, Renee J. Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Vocational readiness for the global workforce requires the development of both academic and nonacademic skills. Antiguan education has focused primarily on the teaching of academic skills. Grounded in Holland’s theory of career choice and Wigfield and Eccles’s interpretation of expectancy-value theory, the purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore perceptions of Human Resource Managers (HRMs) in Antigua on the vocational readiness of post-secondary school graduates. Research questions asked about the perceptions of HRMs in Antigua regarding the vocational readiness of post-secondary school graduates, offerings of tertiary institutions to address the vocational readiness of their students, and the type/quality …