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Articles 1531 - 1560 of 19539
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Relationship Between Internal Controls, Unfavorable Financial Statement Audit Opinions, And Nonprofit Financial Performance, Gwen Rachel Bedell Gadbois
The Relationship Between Internal Controls, Unfavorable Financial Statement Audit Opinions, And Nonprofit Financial Performance, Gwen Rachel Bedell Gadbois
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Executives of nonprofit organizations face fiscal and operational challenges due to limited resources, threatening long-term viability. Weak internal controls and financial reporting systems can stem unfavorable Single Audit opinions and reduced funding, concerning to auditors and fiscal agencies. Grounded in resource dependency theory, the purpose of this quantitative ex post facto secondary data analysis was to examine whether financial performance differed by audit opinion and internal control indicators among U.S. nonprofits receiving federal aid. Data included 158 U.S. nonprofits that received $750K–$7M in federal aid in 2021 with qualified, adverse, or disclaimer audit opinions. A three-way analysis of variance revealed …
Metabolic Screening In Veterans On Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizer, Joy Nneka Eke
Metabolic Screening In Veterans On Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizer, Joy Nneka Eke
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Summary This Doctor of Nursing Practice project was conducted to examine a quality improvement initiative that sought to address metabolic syndrome screening consistency for veterans on antipsychotic medications at a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs health system located in the Midwest region of the United States. The project centered on whether the quality improvement program assessing compliance with the current metabolic syndrome screening process reflects increased early detection of metabolic syndrome to prevent cardiovascular complications. Data collection involved comprehensive chart reviews of 50 veterans’ records. The data collected were analyzed using a specially designed quality improvement initiative assessment form developed …
Executive Summary: Executive Leadership System Improvement Workplace Violence, Mercedes Ivette Tejada
Executive Summary: Executive Leadership System Improvement Workplace Violence, Mercedes Ivette Tejada
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Introduction This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Executive Leadership Project is focused on the reduction of workplace violence in a critical access hospital using an organized prevention program. Workplace violence in nursing is increasing, exposing the health of staff, patient safety, and quality of care in critical access hospitals. The question of the DNP project is: In nurses (P) in small critical access hospitals, how does implementing a structured workplace violence prevention program (I) compared to having no formal violence prevention strategy (C) impact the occurrence of workplace aggression and perceptions of safety among staff (O)? This practicum project used …
Pet Ownership And Health-Related Quality Of Life Among Middle-Aged Adults, Kristi Martin
Pet Ownership And Health-Related Quality Of Life Among Middle-Aged Adults, Kristi Martin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Pet ownership continues to be part of modern society in the United States. Researchers have explored pet ownership’s impact on chronic diseases and aging populations, but research on health-related quality of life is limited. Grounded in the socioecological model, this quantitative study analyzed data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 10,348) to investigate the impact of pet ownership on health-related quality of life among low-income adults aged 30-50 years. Chi-square tests were performed to analyze the associations between age, income, gender, and race with three health-related quality of life metrics. Results showed no statistically significant …
Elementary School Teachers’ Perspectives On Project-Based Learning Implementation In Commonwealth Of The Northern Mariana Islands, Xiao Tang
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Elementary schools play an essential role in equipping students with 21st-century skills. Project-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered instructional approach that is associated with the development of these skills, yet PBL implementation in elementary schools is not well understood in Saipan, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). The research problem addressed in this study was a lack of understanding of elementary teachers’ practices in implementing PBL in Saipan. Guided by constructivist theory, the purpose of this qualitative study was to examine elementary school teachers’ perspectives on the benefits of PBL, the ease or difficulty when implementing PBL, the …
The Effect Of Gender, Race, And Age On 30-Day Readmission Rates Among Heart Failure Patients In Mississippi, Patricia Ann Mondy
The Effect Of Gender, Race, And Age On 30-Day Readmission Rates Among Heart Failure Patients In Mississippi, Patricia Ann Mondy
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
A sizeable number of U.S. heart failure patients are readmitted within 30 days of hospital discharge. There was a need to explore ways to reduce this number and improve the care of heart failure patients when they are discharged home. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to determine if there is a relationship between age, gender, and race of heart failure patients and 30-day readmissions in the U.S. state of Mississippi in 2019. The dependent variable was heart failure 30-day readmissions, and the independent variables were age, gender, and race. Wagner’s chronic care model was the theoretical framework …
Motivation And Productivity Of Female Employees In China With Scoliosis Pain, Shauna-Kay Reeves
Motivation And Productivity Of Female Employees In China With Scoliosis Pain, Shauna-Kay Reeves
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
A scoliosis diagnosis can impact an individual’s work performance, particularly if there is a lack of proper ergonomics or workplace accommodations that might lead to increased pain and discomfort. Organizational leaders must understand this impact as an indicator of employee motivation and productivity. The purpose of this qualitative, interpretative phenomenological analysis was to explore the lived experience of female employees in China with scoliosis pain and its impact on their motivation and productivity. The theoretical foundations used in this study were the job demands-resources model and the self-determination theory. The participants consisted of eight female employees with scoliosis pain working …
A Cultural Staff Education Project To Improve Hypertension Management In African American Adults, Rosemary Nguatem Folefa Fonya
A Cultural Staff Education Project To Improve Hypertension Management In African American Adults, Rosemary Nguatem Folefa Fonya
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In this evidence-based educational project, I identified the gap in practice with the lack of nurses' knowledge in culturally tailored hypertension management among nurses caring for African American adults at a family nurse practitioner clinic. In this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project, I focused on a staff education initiative to improve nurses' knowledge to reduce disproportionately high rates of hypertension, complications, and mortality due to factors such as limited access to care, medication nonadherence, mistrust of providers, and improve on culturally competent interventions. The guiding practice-focused question was: Does educating nurses on hypertension in the African American population improve …
Preventing Psychotropic Medication Duplication: Improving Communication Between Primary Care And Psychiatric Providers, Linda Nwachuku
Preventing Psychotropic Medication Duplication: Improving Communication Between Primary Care And Psychiatric Providers, Linda Nwachuku
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This project is an education-based initiative designed to address the persistent problem of psychotropic medication duplication in integrated care settings. Duplication occurs when patients receive multiple prescriptions of the same or similar psychotropic drugs. The practice gap exposes patients to adverse drug events, complications of polypharmacy, and reduced adherence, and subjects the providers to liability. The practice-focused question guiding this project is: For primary care and psychiatric providers, will an education program on structured communication and medication reconciliation, compared to current usual practices, increase provider confidence and awareness of the risks of duplication, communication strategies, and increased the use of …
Staff Education To Implement Phq-9 Depression Screening Among Adults, Sharon C. Nwanne-Temple
Staff Education To Implement Phq-9 Depression Screening Among Adults, Sharon C. Nwanne-Temple
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Abstract Depression remains one of the most prevalent and underdiagnosed mental health conditions globally, resulting in substantial morbidity, diminished quality of life, and increased healthcare costs. The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to improve early detection of depression among adults in a primary care setting through a structured staff education program on the use of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) screening tool. A mixed-methods quality improvement design guided implementation over a six-week period with nine clinical staff participants, including nurses, medical assistants, and providers. The educational intervention comprised a PowerPoint presentation, interactive discussion, and post-training …
The Lived Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Black Males Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Gifty A. Acheampong
The Lived Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Black Males Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Gifty A. Acheampong
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global issue that negatively affects humanity. The harmful effects of IPV often result in lifelong consequences for victims. Researchers have consistently identified women and children as the primary victims of IPV, although men can also be affected. The social stigma around men seeking formal help as victims is that they must endure physical, emotional, financial, sexual, and psychological abuse in intimate relationships. Because psychological abuse is the most common form experienced by male IPV victims, there is a higher prevalence of IPV within the Black community. However, research on help-seeking behaviors among Black men …
Effective Change Management Strategies For Minimizing Financial Impact And Operational Disruption, Nhung K. Tran
Effective Change Management Strategies For Minimizing Financial Impact And Operational Disruption, Nhung K. Tran
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Ineffective organizational change strategies represent a persistent challenge for organizations undergoing transitions. Business leaders who must maintain operational stability and safeguard financial performance during periods of change need effective strategies to support successful implementation. Grounded in an 8-step change model, organizational information processing, and stakeholder theories, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify effective change management strategies used by business leaders to minimize financial loss and operational disruptions during transitions. The participants were eleven leaders from nonprofit, higher education, corporate, faith-based, agriculture, and military sectors who had effective change management strategies. Data were collected through …
Coaching Hero: An Investigation Of Psychological Capital In Black Women Entrepreneurs, Deana Diana Kennedy
Coaching Hero: An Investigation Of Psychological Capital In Black Women Entrepreneurs, Deana Diana Kennedy
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The disparity of psychological capital (PsyCap) among diverse cultures and genders in the entrepreneurial area weakens access to the economic and social resources required to develop and sustain entrepreneurial ventures. Black women entrepreneurs continue to lag behind their counterparts in other ethnicities in generating revenue from entrepreneurial efforts, hindering U.S. business maturity. The purpose of this qualitative, constructivist grounded theory study was to explore how coaching facilitates the development of PsyCap among Black women entrepreneurs and the perceived socioeconomic barriers that influence this development. The social cognitive theory and a positive psychology conceptual framework grounded this study. The participants comprised …
Improving Patient Access To Providers By Optimizing Message Center Workflow, Serena Valino
Improving Patient Access To Providers By Optimizing Message Center Workflow, Serena Valino
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This project was an evaluation of a quality improvement initiative that addressed the practice problem of having large volumes of unanswered messages within the patient portal. To increase patient access to the healthcare provider, a literature search was conducted using the practice-focused question: Can standardization of patient portals improve the message turnaround time? In January 2024, a scoping review of nursing message center pools determined 79 pools lacked standardized names and established workflows for 37 ambulatory clinics. Pool names were identified for each clinic and listed using an Excel spreadsheet. Clinic pool members were isolated, and it was determined by …
Divorcees’ Experiences Of Hubristic Pride In Communication In Previous Marital Relationships, Amanda Harms
Divorcees’ Experiences Of Hubristic Pride In Communication In Previous Marital Relationships, Amanda Harms
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Poor communication practices have significantly strained marital relationships, contributing to increased divorce rates in the United States. As a self-conscious emotion, hubristic pride often leads to poor communication, which in turn exacerbates marital discord and contributes to the breakdown of families. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore how divorcees perceive the impact of hubristic pride on communication in their previous marriages. The theoretical framework underpinning this study was Homans’s social exchange theory. Data were obtained from eight divorced participants not actively involved in ongoing custody proceedings through semistructured interviews and analyzed using Saldaña’s descriptive coding methodology. …
Clinical Practice Guideline To Improve Medication Adherence In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd), Leroy Anagho
Clinical Practice Guideline To Improve Medication Adherence In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd), Leroy Anagho
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, and alterations in mood and cognition following exposure to traumatic events. Although evidence-based pharmacotherapy is a cornerstone of PTSD treatment, medication nonadherence remains a pervasive barrier to effective symptom management and functional recovery. The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) aimed at improving medication adherence in adults diagnosed with PTSD in outpatient psychiatric settings. Guided by the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model and appraised through the AGREE II instrument, current …
Experiences Of First-Generation College Students Engaging In Online Learning Amid A Global Pandemic, Anthony Capers Jr
Experiences Of First-Generation College Students Engaging In Online Learning Amid A Global Pandemic, Anthony Capers Jr
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The global pandemic, COVID-19, had an impact on the academic experiences of all college students. First-generation college students who often experience special challenges in adjusting to academia may have faced additional challenges given the transition to online learning. However, there has been little research focused on the impact of COVID on their adjustment to college. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of an unanticipated learning transition among first-generation college students pursuing higher education at a 4-year school, during a global pandemic. The theoretical framework for this study was based on an interactionalist theory focused on the …
Preservice Teachers’ Preconception Of Student Voice In Their Teacher Education, Joan Belfon
Preservice Teachers’ Preconception Of Student Voice In Their Teacher Education, Joan Belfon
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
A 2022 Jamaican education report highlighted that student-centered pedagogy is crucial to educational outcomes. A problem exists in that there is limited research on how student voice practices within student-centered pedagogy are incorporated into teacher training. Before preservice teachers’ praxis can be transformed, greater understanding of their preconceptions about student voice is essential. Guided by conceptual change theory, the purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the preconceptions of preservice teachers in rural central Jamaica about student voice in their teacher education. Eight preservice teachers preparing for the secondary level in three Jamaican higher education institutions were purposefully …
Exploring The Experiences Of Bahamian Men Diagnosed With Hypertension And Medication Adherence, Bianca Edwards
Exploring The Experiences Of Bahamian Men Diagnosed With Hypertension And Medication Adherence, Bianca Edwards
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Hypertension (HTN) is associated with significant health complications, including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and kidney disease. Despite advances in the treatment and management of HTN, a lack of medication adherence contributes to the persistence of HTN-related morbidity and mortality affecting men in The Bahamas. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive phenomenological study, guided by Pender’s health promotion model and Bandura’s social cognitive theory, was to explore the lived experiences of Bahamian men diagnosed with hypertension regarding their adherence to prescribed medications. Using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method, in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 participants. Data were analyzed through repeated …
The Impact Of Machine Learning Security Models On Cloud Data Security, Ali Sanad
The Impact Of Machine Learning Security Models On Cloud Data Security, Ali Sanad
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Abstract Many information technology (IT) leaders face challenges in adopting machine learning (ML) models for cloud infrastructure, despite their potential to enhance data security. The extent to which IT leaders’ perceived security (PeS) and perceived privacy (PeP) influence their intent to adopt ML security models is critical for organizational success. Grounded in the technology acceptance model, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between IT leaders’ PeS and PeP and their intent to adopt ML security models in cloud-based applications. Data were collected from 106 IT professionals in Chicago using a validated instrument. Results from …
Impact Of Community Factors On Naloxone Overdose Reduction In Ohio, Theophilus Oduro Frimpong
Impact Of Community Factors On Naloxone Overdose Reduction In Ohio, Theophilus Oduro Frimpong
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The opioid crisis in Ohio, driven by fentanyl, persists due to inequitable access to naloxone despite its proven effectiveness. This study examined how socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, population density, and hospital availability per capita predicted naloxone overdose reversals (dependent variable) in Ohio. Social-ecological theory guided this quantitative historical correlational analysis of Ohio’s Project DAWN index data (N = 5,280). Inclusion criteria included individuals ages 18 to 65 with naloxone-related overdose reversals (dependent), naloxone distribution (moderator), and community factors (independent). Multiple linear regression results showed that SES (p >.50), race/ethnicity (% White, p = .588; % Black, p = .495; % …
Dating In The Digital Age: The Effects Of Parental Rejection, Rejection Sensitivity, And Self-Esteem Among Gender-Diverse Gen Z, Crystal Currie
Dating In The Digital Age: The Effects Of Parental Rejection, Rejection Sensitivity, And Self-Esteem Among Gender-Diverse Gen Z, Crystal Currie
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Gen Z, the first digital-native cohort, faces unique challenges in forming romantic relationships, including heightened dating anxiety. While there is extensive research with previous generations on dating anxiety, self-esteem, and early rejection, no study has examined parental rejection, self-esteem, and dating anxiety collectively, particularly in consideration of gender diverse individuals and digital dating platform use. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine (a) predictors of dating anxiety and (b) whether parental rejection during childhood and rejection sensitivity influenced dating anxiety, as well as the role of self-esteem in mediating those predictor variables. The conceptual framework was the interpersonal …
Development Of An Evidence-Based Guideline For Nurse-Led Interventions To Improve Medication Adherence In Patients With Severe Mental Illness, Grace Uche Kalu
Development Of An Evidence-Based Guideline For Nurse-Led Interventions To Improve Medication Adherence In Patients With Severe Mental Illness, Grace Uche Kalu
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
I conducted this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project to address medication nonadherence among adults with severe mental illness (SMI) in a psychiatric care setting by developing an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) for nurse-led interventions. The identified practice gap was the absence of a standardized, evidence-informed framework to guide nurses in enhancing pharmacotherapy adherence, which is a critical issue linked to relapse, rehospitalization, and diminished quality of life in this population. This project was guided by the following practice question: Will an evidence-based guideline on nurse-led interventions to improve medication adherence in patients with SMI be approved by a …
Effective Strategies To Address Poor-Quality Suppliers In The Automotive Industry, Virginia May Hartleigh
Effective Strategies To Address Poor-Quality Suppliers In The Automotive Industry, Virginia May Hartleigh
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Poor-quality suppliers present a significant risk and cost liability across the manufacturing industry. Industrial automotive manufacturing leaders are concerned with this challenge because supplier quality directly affects production efficiency and accounts for over 70% of total production costs. Grounded in resource dependence theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore successful strategies supply chain leaders use to identify and address poor-quality suppliers to improve manufacturing processes and achieve cost savings. The participants were six purposefully sampled supply chain leaders in the U.S. industrial automotive sector who were experienced in successful supplier mitigation strategies. Data were collected using …
Organizational Leaders’ Effective Strategies For Using Employee Training To Mitigate Threats To Cybersecurity Compliance, Oluwaseye Adekunle Fadare
Organizational Leaders’ Effective Strategies For Using Employee Training To Mitigate Threats To Cybersecurity Compliance, Oluwaseye Adekunle Fadare
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Organizational leaders increasingly face challenges associated with employee noncompliance with cybersecurity controls, which expose business leaders to reputational and financial risks. Addressing this business problem is critical for cybersecurity leaders and business executives who aim to strengthen digital resilience and sustain profitability. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore effective strategies organizational leaders use to enhance employee cybersecurity compliance through training. The project was grounded in the protection motivation theory and total quality management frameworks, which provide insight into the behavioral and continuous improvement dimensions of cybersecurity management. Six cybersecurity leaders from Nigeria participated in semistructured interviews. …
Multigenerational Teachers And Staff Experiences, Perceptions, And Preferences On Organizational Change Communication In Schools, Chrystal Louise Fields
Multigenerational Teachers And Staff Experiences, Perceptions, And Preferences On Organizational Change Communication In Schools, Chrystal Louise Fields
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Organizational leaders’ failure to adopt effective change communication strategies in schools exacerbates teacher and staff shortages, compounding factors that undermine student outcomes and overall school effectiveness. Multigenerational teachers and staff must understand change communication strategies as a leading indicator of unsuccessful workforce and organizational change in schools. Grounded in social constructivist theory and conceptually informed by Goffman’s frame analysis, the purpose of this qualitative descriptive case study was to explore how multigenerational teachers and staff experience change communication as recipients and agents of change in schools. The participants consisted of 16 multigenerational teachers and staff members across four generations from …
Psychopharmacologic Management Of Serious Mental Illness In State Prisons, Clarel Neuvieme
Psychopharmacologic Management Of Serious Mental Illness In State Prisons, Clarel Neuvieme
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project focused on developing and evaluating an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the psychopharmacologic management of serious mental illness (SMI) in a state correctional health system. The project explored a critical practice gap: the unavailability of standardized, evidence-based prescribing and monitoring protocols for incarcerated individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, or bipolar disorder. The evidence-based project was structured around the central question: “Will an interprofessional team achieve consensus on updating the clinical practice guideline for psychopharmacologic management of serious mental illness in state prisons, thereby improving consistency and quality …
Development Of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines For Monitoring Diabetic Patients Using Smartphone Technology, Ganiyat Funmilayo Efuntoye
Development Of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines For Monitoring Diabetic Patients Using Smartphone Technology, Ganiyat Funmilayo Efuntoye
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In this doctoral project, I developed and validated an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for implementing smartphone technology to monitor diabetic patients in primary care settings with an 80% threshold. The project addressed a critical gap in standardized guidance for diabetes technology integration, which has resulted in inconsistent adoption and suboptimal patient outcomes. A systematic literature review of four major databases yielded 12 high-quality studies representing all evidence levels (I–V) according to the Johns Hopkins evidence-based practice model. Evidence synthesis revealed strong and compelling evidence with consistent results supporting smartphone technology implementation, including HbA1c improvements of 0.4%–0.8%, sustained patient engagement rates …
Streamlining Sepsis Care And Enhancing Antibiotic Administration Efficiency Through Emergency Department Staff Nurse Education, Dafina Jamillah Skinner
Streamlining Sepsis Care And Enhancing Antibiotic Administration Efficiency Through Emergency Department Staff Nurse Education, Dafina Jamillah Skinner
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Sepsis is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires rapid identification and treatment. Delays in administering antibiotics are directly associated with increased mortality, longer hospital stays, and higher complication rates. Without intervention, patients faced preventable harm, and the organization risked continued non-compliance with federal quality measures. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project implemented a structured educational program for emergency department (ED) nurses to improve knowledge of evidence-based sepsis protocols. The practice-focused question asked: For nurses in the ED, will an educational intervention on sepsis recognition and antibiotic stewardship improve knowledge of timely antibiotic administration and blood culture acquisition? Twenty ED …
Effects Of Mental Health Clinician Characteristics And Education On Willingness To Treat Child Problematic Sexual Behavior, Debra Elise Hutchison
Effects Of Mental Health Clinician Characteristics And Education On Willingness To Treat Child Problematic Sexual Behavior, Debra Elise Hutchison
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Children aged 12 and under who exhibit problematic sexual behavior (PSB) often face barriers to care due to clinicians’ limited willingness and effectiveness in treating this population. However, little is known about the factors that influence clinicians’ willingness to provide treatment. Grounded in Bowen’s family systems theory and Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, this study examined how differentiation of self (DoS), sexual intervention self-efficacy (SISE), sexual comfort, and sexual education/training affect clinicians’ willingness to treat child PSB. A quantitative, non-experimental survey design with a convenience sample of 63 clinicians with experience working with children used a multiple linear regression analysis that revealed …