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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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Preferred Social Support Systems Of Black Women With Fibromyalgia Syndrome And Mood Disorders, Briana Beverly Feb 2026

Preferred Social Support Systems Of Black Women With Fibromyalgia Syndrome And Mood Disorders, Briana Beverly

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Black women managing Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) and mood disorders navigate complex health care experiences within systems that often fail to recognize their needs. Health care disparities, cultural expectations, and systemic barriers create distinct interpretive contexts for this population, who often encounter delayed diagnoses, inadequate treatment, and dismissal of their symptoms despite often reporting higher levels of pain severity. Using the biopsychosocial model as a conceptual framework, this qualitative study utilized interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore how Black women make sense of their experiences across physical, psychological, and social dimensions. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with six participants. Key findings …


Colorism And The Black Family: Effects Of Colorist Messages Among Black Women, Carolyn Frink Feb 2026

Colorism And The Black Family: Effects Of Colorist Messages Among Black Women, Carolyn Frink

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem examined in this study is how colorism affects Black families. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the lived experiences of Black women and the colorist messages they received from family members, how those messages were internalized, and the messages perceived effects. The conceptual framework for this study was based on the colorist-historical trauma framework, and data were obtained through individual interviews with Black women ages 22–70, from various socioeconomic backgrounds and selected through purposeful sampling. A multiple case study approach was used to examine similarities and differences among the participants. A thematic analysis was …


The Relative Importance Of Cultural Competence And Compassion Fatigue In Predicting Nurse Prescribing Self-Efficacy, Debarah Lane Jowett-Gordon Feb 2026

The Relative Importance Of Cultural Competence And Compassion Fatigue In Predicting Nurse Prescribing Self-Efficacy, Debarah Lane Jowett-Gordon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

As a result of the growing diversity among citizens requiring medical care, there has been a substantial increase in immigrants globally and in the United States. In the U.S. healthcare system, nurse practitioners (NPs) have been facing increased cultural challenges. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine the relative importance of cultural competence and compassion fatigue in predicting nursing prescribing self-efficacy. Cultural competence served as the theoretical framework, as it focuses on how NPs can effectively communicate with patients from diverse backgrounds by understanding and respecting cultural differences, thereby building trust, improving patient outcomes, and providing quality healthcare. …


School Administrators’ Perspective On Juvenile Delinquency, Ebonee Thomas Feb 2026

School Administrators’ Perspective On Juvenile Delinquency, Ebonee Thomas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of school administrators in Maryland public schools regarding the implementation of discipline policies and their impact on juvenile delinquency. Prompted by rising concerns about delinquent behavior and inconsistent consequences for students, the research investigated how administrators perceive and navigate the challenges of enforcing discipline and the strategies they employ to foster safe, positive school environments. Grounded in defiance theory and social learning theory, the study used open-ended surveys to gather insights from 16 retired and current principals and assistant principals in Maryland public school systems. The findings reveal that while discipline policies provide …


Staff Education To Improve Hygiene In Psychiatric Inpatients With Depression, Daina Aina Adebayo-Lewis Feb 2026

Staff Education To Improve Hygiene In Psychiatric Inpatients With Depression, Daina Aina Adebayo-Lewis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) staff education project was to enhance psychiatric nursing staff's knowledge and attitudes regarding the promotion of hygiene among adult behavioral health inpatients. Hygiene neglect is a widespread concern in psychiatric units as patients often experience psychomotor retardation, hopelessness, and low motivation that hinder self-care. To address this gap, a staff education program was implemented. Staff members (N = 35) participated in live huddle-based education sessions that included case discussions, demonstrations, and reflection exercises. Participants completed pre- and posttests measuring knowledge (10 items) and attitudes (6 Likert-scale items). Following the education, staff …


Relationship Between Transportation Availability And Obstetric Access In Predicting United States Maternal Death Rates, Veronica N. Trueblood Feb 2026

Relationship Between Transportation Availability And Obstetric Access In Predicting United States Maternal Death Rates, Veronica N. Trueblood

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Maternal mortality remains a significant challenge in the United States with substantial variation across counties reflecting differences in health care delivery systems and access to obstetric services. Fragmented obstetric care networks, hospital closures, and geographic barriers to care contribute to delays in prenatal and emergency obstetric services, increasing the risk of preventable maternal deaths. Guided by the social determinants of health (SDOH) framework, this quantitative cross-sectional health services study examined relationships between transportation availability, obstetric care access, and county-level maternal mortality in the United States. A national scope was required to achieve an adequate analytic sample size, as maternal mortality …


Exploring Strategies To Improve Turnover Staffing Shortages And Support For In-Home Family Caregivers, Katrina V. Tate Feb 2026

Exploring Strategies To Improve Turnover Staffing Shortages And Support For In-Home Family Caregivers, Katrina V. Tate

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Home care workers play a vital role in supporting older adults, yet retaining staff in these positions can often be challenging. The purpose and review question for this integrative review concerned the strategies and best practices for home health agencies to retain formal caregivers and implement in-home/informal caregiving as an integral component of the caregiving team. Penchansky and Thomas’s theory of access supported this study by highlighting how the qualities and expectations of home care workers align with their patients. A comprehensive review of the literature resulted in 53 articles, which were screened for quality and relevance. Of these, 24 …


Ethical Decision-Making And Modification Of Service Delivery: Social Workers In Connecticut During Covid, Marie Elana Hollingsworth Feb 2026

Ethical Decision-Making And Modification Of Service Delivery: Social Workers In Connecticut During Covid, Marie Elana Hollingsworth

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Social work professionals often experience demanding and intense situations while facing organizational restructuring during crisis situations. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the viewpoints of frontline social workers regarding their ethical decision-making processes in response to the mandatory modifications of the service delivery protocol during the COVID-19 pandemic. Enck’s biomedical and ethical decision-making framework grounded the study. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with 10 frontline social workers in Connecticut who had been employed with a social service agency for at least 3 years, but no more than ten. Findings from coding and thematic analysis yielded …


Staff Education For Assessment Of Suicidal-Ideation In Patients Admitted With Mental-Illness, Sukhwinder Kaur Sangha Feb 2026

Staff Education For Assessment Of Suicidal-Ideation In Patients Admitted With Mental-Illness, Sukhwinder Kaur Sangha

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quality improvement project was focused on enhancing quality of nursing assessments for suicide risk among adults with psychiatric illnesses at a behavioral healthcare hospital. Inconsistencies involving assessing risks for suicide in patients who were treated in the facility led to inadequate treatment plans and missed opportunities for timely intervention, as well as potential risks for self-harm. Factors that were identified as relating to the gap in practice included inadequate knowledge or understanding of use of evidence-based suicide assessment rating scales, insufficient time that is dedicated to conducting thorough assessments, lack of standardized protocols for reinforcement, and limited resources for …


Strategies Used By Information Technology Business Managers For Improved Competitive Drive In Organizational Culture, Kenechukwu Laura Mukaila-Lawal Feb 2026

Strategies Used By Information Technology Business Managers For Improved Competitive Drive In Organizational Culture, Kenechukwu Laura Mukaila-Lawal

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Poorly managed organizational culture changes can weaken competitive drive in information technology business organizations, limiting their ability to respond effectively to rapid technological advancements. This problem affects information technology business leaders, employees, and organizations operating in competitive markets, as a misaligned culture reduces innovation, employee engagement, and long-term sustainability. Grounded in organizational culture theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore effective strategies that information technology business managers use to improve competitive drive in organizational culture in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. The participants were seven information technology business leaders who devised and implemented strategies to …


Enhancing Patient Safety Through An Educational Intervention On Purposeful Rounding To Reduce Inpatient Falls In A Neuro - Medical Unit, Idiat Oyefunke Falade Feb 2026

Enhancing Patient Safety Through An Educational Intervention On Purposeful Rounding To Reduce Inpatient Falls In A Neuro - Medical Unit, Idiat Oyefunke Falade

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This doctoral staff education project focused on improving purposeful rounding practices among staff and patient outcomes on a neuro-medical unit. The practice problem stemmed from inconsistent rounding behaviors, gaps in staff knowledge of evidence-based fall-prevention strategies, and a persistent pattern of inpatient falls. Patients with neurological conditions face impaired mobility, cognitive changes, and clinical instability, making structured rounds essential to reduce risk. The practice-focused question asked whether an educational intervention targeting the principles and procedures of purposeful rounding could measurably improve staff knowledge, increase their skill, strengthen their commitment with the pain, potty, position, and possession components of rounding and …


The Relative Strength Of Paternal Absence, Strong Black Woman Schema, And Self-Esteem In Predicting Resilience Among Black Women, Aqueelah Wheatley Feb 2026

The Relative Strength Of Paternal Absence, Strong Black Woman Schema, And Self-Esteem In Predicting Resilience Among Black Women, Aqueelah Wheatley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The continued rise in single-mother households within Black communities has led to an increase in hyper-independence among Black women, a phenomenon referred to as the strong Black woman schema. Studies have found an association between hyper-independence (i.e., excessive self-reliance and emotional invulnerability) and absent fathers (i.e., due to incarceration or abandonment), forcing Black women to assume the roles of financial provider, caregiver, and community agent. Though studies have found a link between the strong Black woman and negative health outcomes (e.g., emotional distress), other studies have found that strong Black women characterize themselves as independent, empowered, and content individuals, feelings …


Exploring The Experiences Of Cit Officers And Their Perceptions Of The Programs Effectiveness, Arkeshia Dominique Ware Feb 2026

Exploring The Experiences Of Cit Officers And Their Perceptions Of The Programs Effectiveness, Arkeshia Dominique Ware

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Police officers across the United States frequently respond to individuals experiencing mental health crises, yet many lack specialized training to manage these encounters effectively. The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model was developed to improve law enforcement responses through collaboration with mental health professionals and an emphasis on de-escalation. Although prior research has examined measurable outcomes associated with CIT programs, limited qualitative research has explored CIT-trained officers’ lived experiences and perceptions of effectiveness. The purpose of this qualitative exploratory case study was to examine how CIT-trained officers use their skills to reduce arrest, officer and citizen injury, and use of force …


Strategies To Recruit And Retain Imaging Ancillary Staff For Healthcare Organizations, Stephania Poveromo Feb 2026

Strategies To Recruit And Retain Imaging Ancillary Staff For Healthcare Organizations, Stephania Poveromo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hospitals and healthcare facilities in the United States continue to face persistent shortages of ancillary imaging technologists, creating significant challenges for hospital administrators. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify effective strategies for recruiting and retaining imaging staff in hospitals. The review question concerned what best practices and strategies healthcare administrators can use to improve the recruitment and retention of ancillary imaging staff. The theoretical frameworks for this research, strategic human resource development and Maslow’s theory of human motivation, provided a lens for understanding organizational enhancement and employee engagement, respectively. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, …


Law Enforcement Officers’ Experiences With Secondary Traumatic Stress And Coping While Working With Child Molesters, Aaliyah Blanding Feb 2026

Law Enforcement Officers’ Experiences With Secondary Traumatic Stress And Coping While Working With Child Molesters, Aaliyah Blanding

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study was focused on law enforcement officers’ experiences with secondary traumatic stress and coping while working with child molesters. Lazarus and Folkman’s cognitive model of stress and coping were used to examine how law enforcement officers manage stress, focusing on their cognitive processes and thought patterns. Using a basic qualitative approach, eight law enforcement officers who work with child molesters in the state of South Carolina were interviewed to hear their personal experiences. Interviews were semi-structured interview questions via a video-conferencing platform. The data were analyzed and coded using Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis. The study’s findings confirmed …


Understanding The Lived Experiences Of Mental Health Professionals Providing Animal Assisted Play Therapy® To Adults In An Outpatient Setting, Kelsey Unger Feb 2026

Understanding The Lived Experiences Of Mental Health Professionals Providing Animal Assisted Play Therapy® To Adults In An Outpatient Setting, Kelsey Unger

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Animal Assisted Play Therapy® (AAPT) is a growing therapeutic approach that incorporates a therapy animal into therapy while utilizing the therapeutic powers of play. There is a lack of research on using AAPT with adult clients in an outpatient setting. This needs to be explored so best practices can be developed to ensure that counselors are using AAPT with adults in a safe and ethical manner for both clients and animals. I sought to understand the lived experiences of mental health professionals providing AAPT to adult clients in an outpatient setting through hermeneutic phenomenology. The data were collected through semi-structured …


The Impact Of Cultural Competence On Patient Outcomes In The Bahamas, Erinique Denise E. Ingraham Feb 2026

The Impact Of Cultural Competence On Patient Outcomes In The Bahamas, Erinique Denise E. Ingraham

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In The Bahamas, the quality of care received by culturally diverse patients remains generally poor, highlighting an inability to adapt to the changing climate and adopt culturally responsive practices. The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to examine the relationship between perceived cultural competence of healthcare providers in The Bahamas and its impact on patient outcomes for the non-Bahamian patients they treat. The tripartite model of cultural competence grounded this study. The participants comprised 49 non-Bahamian patients from the public and private sectors. They completed the patient-reported physician cultural competency measure, self-efficacy for managing medications and treatments, and the …


Educator Retention And Director Practices In Early Childhood Education Settings, Katherine Williams Feb 2026

Educator Retention And Director Practices In Early Childhood Education Settings, Katherine Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Early childhood education (ECE) educators leave their profession at a rate 14% higher than K-12 educators, resulting in multisystemic issues that affect children, families, staff, and the ECE industry. Research has shown a connection between leadership practices and ECE educator turnover intentions; however, there is limited research on the relationship between the servant-leadership (SL) practices of ECE directors and ECE educators’ turnover intentions. Grounded in Greenleaf’s theory of servant-leadership, the purpose of this quantitative study was to explore the relationship between ECE director SL practices and its seven dimensions, measured using the SL scale, and ECE educator turnover intentions, measured …


Mitigating Vicarious Traumatization From Exposure To Human Trafficking For Human Services Professionals, Andrea T. Charles-Alleyne Feb 2026

Mitigating Vicarious Traumatization From Exposure To Human Trafficking For Human Services Professionals, Andrea T. Charles-Alleyne

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Human trafficking is a devastating form of exploitation that not only has detrimental impacts to its victims but also the human services practitioners charged with and committed to their service provision. The secondary impact for professionals is not to be underestimated, as repeated exposure to the traumatic experiences of their clients can potentially lead to physical as well as emotional symptoms such as vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, and burnout. Often, practitioners prioritize the needs of their clients with a relentless focus on advocacy and the overall well-being of those they serve. The purpose of this qualitative action research study was …


Improving Medication Adherence Of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics In Schizophrenia Through Staff Education, Rosemary Eboka Feb 2026

Improving Medication Adherence Of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics In Schizophrenia Through Staff Education, Rosemary Eboka

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was developed as a staff education, evidence-based quality improvement project to enhance psychiatric nursing staff’s knowledge of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. The project addressed variability in medication adherence among individuals with schizophrenia, despite evidence that use of LAIs reduces relapses and hospitalization. Nurses play a critical role in medication administration, patient education, and adherence monitoring, underscoring the importance of addressing knowledge gaps. The project question was: Does staff education on LAIs for outpatient psychiatric nursing staff improve nursing knowledge compared to pre- to post-education? The purpose of the project was to assess the …


Assessing The Appropriateness Of Mental Health Patients For Telehealth Care, Jacquelyn Hamed Feb 2026

Assessing The Appropriateness Of Mental Health Patients For Telehealth Care, Jacquelyn Hamed

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project developed an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) to address the inconsistent selection of patients for telepsychiatry services. Using the Johns Hopkins evidence-based practice model and evaluated through the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument, the project translated research findings into a practical tool for improving clinical decision-making. Telepsychiatry has been shown to produce outcomes comparable to in-person care for mild to moderate psychiatric conditions. However, without clear criteria, some patients with complex or high-acuity disorders are inappropriately scheduled for virtual visits, posing safety and quality risks. The CPG …


Secondary Students’ Mental Health And Absenteeism Post-Covid-19: School Social Workers’ Perspectives, Tiffany Hines Sutton Feb 2026

Secondary Students’ Mental Health And Absenteeism Post-Covid-19: School Social Workers’ Perspectives, Tiffany Hines Sutton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

School social workers practice in a post-COVID-19 educational context where anxiety, depression, and emotional dysregulation are closely associated with chronic absenteeism among middle school students. This practice problem is central to clinical social work because distress-based avoidance is often misinterpreted as defiance, resulting in punitive responses that intensify disengagement. The purpose of this doctoral project was to explore how school social workers perceive and respond to the interconnected dynamics of student mental health and chronic absenteeism following COVID-19. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory guided the inquiry. A qualitative descriptive design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 10 middle school social workers …


Financial Stability Success Strategies For Nursing Homes, Jennifer Helene Garrison Feb 2026

Financial Stability Success Strategies For Nursing Homes, Jennifer Helene Garrison

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective regulatory strategies can lead to reduced financial stability. Nursing home leaders who wrestle to improve regulatory practices may find their business facing reduced financial sustainability. Grounded in management by objectives theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore the effective strategies nursing home leaders used to implement regulatory compliance practices that increase financial sustainability. The participants were nine nursing home leaders who had successfully implemented regulatory compliance strategies within their organizations. Data was collected through semistructured interviews, public websites, and current and archival public documents. Through thematic analysis, three themes were identified: …


Enhancing Training For Law Enforcement In Mental Health Responses In The Community, Tiffany Raines Feb 2026

Enhancing Training For Law Enforcement In Mental Health Responses In The Community, Tiffany Raines

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A significant issue in human services practice in Macon, Georgia, is law enforcement officers’ responding to individuals experiencing a mental health crisis in public. Many police officers are not equipped to handle situations involving individuals experiencing mental health events, leading to possible adverse outcomes such as injury, incarceration, or even fatalities. There are increasing rates of mental illness disorders, and therefore, the need for compassionate, informed approaches for human service professionals to respond to those in crisis. More training to improve responses can lead to better outcomes for individuals in crisis, foster community trust in law enforcement, and enhance overall …


Work-Life Balance And Occupational Stress: Moderating Factors Among African American Telecommunication Workers, Robert Charity Feb 2026

Work-Life Balance And Occupational Stress: Moderating Factors Among African American Telecommunication Workers, Robert Charity

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

After the COVID-19 pandemic, remote call center employees faced intensified challenges in maintaining work-life balance (WLB) while experiencing elevated occupational stress (OS) levels. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to investigate the relationship between WLB and OS among African American (AA) call center professionals employed in the telecommunications industry, moderated by resilience (RS), gender, and generational age (GenAge). The theoretical framework included boundary theory, the job demands-control model, and resilience theory. The participants comprised 103 AA telecommunications call center professionals aged 28 to 65 in the southwestern United States. They completed the work-life balance scale, perceived occupational stress …


Experiences Of Loneliness And Belonging Among U.S.-Born Women During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Germany, Anna Sizorina Feb 2026

Experiences Of Loneliness And Belonging Among U.S.-Born Women During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Germany, Anna Sizorina

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Existing literature indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased levels of loneliness, particularly among individuals with transnational ties. Travel and entry bans, along with social distancing, led to separation from family abroad and from people and communities in the countries of new residence. In this qualitative phenomenological study, experiences of loneliness and belonging among U.S.-born women during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany were explored. The transaction theory of stress guided the scientific enquiry, and the evolutionary theory of loneliness served as a conceptual framework for examining loneliness in the given context. Six adult female participants, born in the United …


Staff Education Using A Workplace Violence Reduction Bundle, Julla Panneh Feb 2026

Staff Education Using A Workplace Violence Reduction Bundle, Julla Panneh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) quality improvement project addressed the ongoing issue of workplace violence (WPV) among medical-surgical nurses in an acute care setting. WPV poses significant risks to staff safety, psychological well-being, and the overall care environment. Guided by current evidence and professional guidelines, the project implemented a structured educational intervention focused on the Workplace Violence Reduction Bundle, incorporating the Broset Violence Checklist (BVC) and evidence-based de-escalation strategies. Medical-surgical nursing staff participated in tailored educational sessions; knowledge was assessed through pre- and post-intervention surveys, and program acceptability was evaluated through staff feedback. Data analysis revealed modest improvements in …


Impact Of Workplace Ostracism, Moderated By Personality Traits On Psychological Safety, Aniko Rastovac Feb 2026

Impact Of Workplace Ostracism, Moderated By Personality Traits On Psychological Safety, Aniko Rastovac

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Psychological safety, an essential element for fostering collaboration, trust, and innovation, can be undermined by negative interactions in the workplace. Most importantly, a lack of psychological safety is a barrier to individual and organizational growth, development, and innovation, which is necessary for gaining a competitive organizational advantage. The present study examines the concept of workplace ostracism as a negative interaction in the workplace that affects psychological safety. Using the big five personality traits framework, Edmondson’s (1999) concept of psychological safety, and Tett et al.’s (2021) trait activation theory, this quantitative study examined how individual differences moderate the impact of workplace …


Strategies To Engage Physicians In Reforming Healthcare Administrative Policies And Processes, Sara Hunt Feb 2026

Strategies To Engage Physicians In Reforming Healthcare Administrative Policies And Processes, Sara Hunt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A lack of physician engagement in healthcare reform initiatives is a persistent problem that can negatively affect hospital performance and patient care outcomes. Hospital leaders and healthcare administrators are concerned with low levels of physician engagement because of its association with reduced organizational effectiveness and quality of care. Grounded in the distributed leadership framework, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies hospital leaders used to engage physicians in reforming administrative policies and processes to improve patient service delivery. Semistructured interviews were conducted with five hospital leaders from one hospital in the southeastern United States who …


Staff Education To Nurses To Lmprove Routine Foot Examinations For Diabetic Patients, Sarah Abrefi Feb 2026

Staff Education To Nurses To Lmprove Routine Foot Examinations For Diabetic Patients, Sarah Abrefi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Diabetes-related foot complications remain a significant cause of morbidity, hospitalization, and lower-extremity amputation, despite strong evidence supporting routine preventive assessments. In many outpatient settings, variability in nursing knowledge, skill, and documentation practices contributes to inconsistent implementation of comprehensive diabetic foot examinations. The purpose of this practice-focused quality improvement project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured staff education program designed to improve nurses’ knowledge and competency in performing comprehensive diabetic foot assessments in an outpatient diabetes clinic.A pretest–posttest evaluative design was used to measure changes in knowledge following the educational intervention. Ten registered nurses participated in a structured educational …