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Lived Experiences Of Black African Non-Denominational Pastor’S Perceptions, Attitudes, And Beliefs Of Mental Health, And Their Referral Practice In The United States, Esther Paul
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The high frequency of mental health issues within the Black African Christians communities and the insufficient use of mental health resources, was the driving forces for this study. This qualitative study aimed to explore the attitudes, beliefs, and lived experiences of non-denominational Black African pastors on mental health and identified potential barriers to mental health care and create culturally appropriate solutions by investigating their experiences. The theoretical basis of this study was centered on Goffman’s social stigma theory, which was created by Erwin Goffman, the social identity theory (SIT), and the role identity theory, the latter which served as the …
Understanding The Perspectives Of African American Women Towards Initiating A Fitness Program, Clarissa Sheneka Davis Best
Understanding The Perspectives Of African American Women Towards Initiating A Fitness Program, Clarissa Sheneka Davis Best
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
African American women residing in rural communities have seen substantial increases in preventable diseases resulting from obesity. The research problem addressed in this study surrounded the perspectives that African American women have towards initiating a fitness program. The purpose of this study was to explore those perspectives utilizing a sample population of African American women living in Salisbury, North Carolina. This study embraced the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) created by Prachaseree et al., (2021) and the Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1991) as the conceptual frameworks. Three research questions guiding this study were: What specific barriers do African American …
Respite Care Services And The Experiences Of Unpaid Adult Child Alzheimer’S Caregivers, Juanita Serena Elliott
Respite Care Services And The Experiences Of Unpaid Adult Child Alzheimer’S Caregivers, Juanita Serena Elliott
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Primary unpaid family caregivers of Alzheimer’s care recipients endure physical fatigue, emotional stress, psychological pressures, and health issues that could hinder their capacity to deliver consistent care. Respite care services can help reduce caregiver burden and enhance health outcomes; therefore, examining and evaluating their effectiveness is beneficial in meeting the needs of primary unpaid family caregivers. This study was conducted to address a lack of information in the literature and to evaluate the efficacy of respite care services for primary unpaid family caregivers of Alzheimer’s care recipients in Alaska and their caregivers’ awareness of and motivation to utilize these services …
Disability And Leadership: Barriers And Business Culture Perspectives, Ernest Edward Garrett
Disability And Leadership: Barriers And Business Culture Perspectives, Ernest Edward Garrett
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Persistent disparities in employment rates between people with disabilities (PWDs) and people without disabilities (PWODs) indicate that PWDs continue to face barriers and challenges to employment opportunities. The research problem is the underrepresentation of PWDs in leadership positions within business cultures and persistent barriers and challenges faced by human resource managers (HRMs) and leaders concerning their hiring and retention. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore the varying perspectives of business leaders with disabilities (LWDs) and HRMs concerning the barriers and challenges associated with hiring and retaining PWDs for leadership roles. Critical realism, universal design, and human …
Preschool Teachers’ Perspectives Regarding Children’S Lack Of Social Skills Needed For Success In Preschool And Kindergarten, Janet S. Grigg
Preschool Teachers’ Perspectives Regarding Children’S Lack Of Social Skills Needed For Success In Preschool And Kindergarten, Janet S. Grigg
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed through this study was many preschool students in the United States lack the social skills needed to be successful in kindergarten. The study’s purpose was to explore preschool teachers’ perspective regarding some children’s lack of social skills needed for success in kindergarten and the efforts teachers made to promote development of these skills. Using Flavell’s theoretical framework of metacognition and cognitive monitoring, 2 research questions were developed to address teachers’ perspectives and efforts to improve children’s social skills. Twelve preschool teachers from Louisiana with one to twenty years of experience in early childhood were interviewed via Zoom, …
Strategies Senior Human Resource Leaders Use To Implement Flexible Work Arrangements, Valena R. Bewry
Strategies Senior Human Resource Leaders Use To Implement Flexible Work Arrangements, Valena R. Bewry
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Flexible work arrangements (FWAs) have become increasingly significant in contemporary workplace settings, particularly for their role in enhancing employee morale and promoting work-life balance. Education stakeholders and employees are concerned with the failure to implement FWAs, as it may hinder employee productivity and retention. Grounded in the conceptual framework of Theory Z, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore senior HR leaders’ strategies to implement successful flexible work arrangements for employees. The study involved six educational leaders from the northeastern United States who successfully implemented flexible work arrangements. Data were collected through semi structured interviews and publicly …
Self-Initiated Police Activity, Crime, And Complaints Against Police, Vincent Joseph Schaan
Self-Initiated Police Activity, Crime, And Complaints Against Police, Vincent Joseph Schaan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This quantitative study aimed to examine the statistical relationship between self-initiated police activity, citizen complaints against police officers, sustained findings of misconduct, and crime within three police agencies located in the southwest United States. Prevailing law enforcement perception fueled by protests and riots infers that reducing proactive policing will decrease complaints. Using chi-square and binary logistic regression, this study analyzed 53,585 police and public contacts to answer three core questions. The statistical tests found a statistically significant inverse relationship between self-initiated police activity and complaints against police, with an odds ratio of 2.386 (95% CI: 1.62,3.50; p<.001). The findings indicate that officers who engage in self-initiated police activity have a 35.95% lower statistical probability of facing a citizen complaint. This study also found no statistically significant relationship between actual police misconduct and self-initiated police activity. The findings advocate for evidence-based decision-making based on statistical data, which found a reduced probability of complaints when law enforcement officers initiate public and police interactions. These findings contribute to positive social change by providing critical knowledge and information, and creating the potential for law enforcement officers and agencies to improve their relationships with the public by reducing complaints. Increasing self-initiated police activity provides a gateway to a reduction in crime and fewer complaints against police; therefore, data and information may motivate agencies and officers to increase self-initiated police activity to help reduce complaints and reduce crime.
Effective Strategies For Placing Underrepresented Women In Senior Management Positions: Shared Strategies, George Alexander Pegram Jr.
Effective Strategies For Placing Underrepresented Women In Senior Management Positions: Shared Strategies, George Alexander Pegram Jr.
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Underrepresentation of women in senior management positions within the tech industry poses a significant challenge in terms of organizational equity and effectiveness. Business leaders are concerned with this disparity, as it reflects systemic barriers to women’s advancement. Grounded in the people’s capability maturity model (P-CMM), the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies that senior executives in the Washington, DC tech industry use to promote women to senior management positions. The participants were eight senior women executives purposefully selected for their leadership roles. Data was collected using semistructured interviews. Through thematic analysis, four themes were identified: personalized …
The Relative Strength Of Help-Seeker Stereotype, Help-Seeking Self-Stigma, And Self-Esteem In Predicting Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Help, Souad Torjani Azim
The Relative Strength Of Help-Seeker Stereotype, Help-Seeking Self-Stigma, And Self-Esteem In Predicting Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Help, Souad Torjani Azim
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The increasing prevalence of mental health issues among college students is a critical concern. Disorders such as depression and anxiety are becoming more common, with depression notably a major risk factor for suicide—the second leading cause of death in this age group. Despite this troubling trend, significant barriers to accessing mental health services remain. While research has explored various factors contributing to students’ reluctance, such as stigma, distrust in the mental health system, lack of social support, and mental health literacy, none to date has examined the relative strength of help-seeker stereotype, help-seeking self-stigma, and self-esteem in predicting attitudes toward …
Experiences Of Black Women In Black Colleges Voluntarily Seeking Psychiatric Services, Linda Jarvis Brown
Experiences Of Black Women In Black Colleges Voluntarily Seeking Psychiatric Services, Linda Jarvis Brown
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Black Americans face significant barriers to psychiatric services including a lack of access to culturally competent care. Mental illnesses continue to be the leading causes of disability in the United States. This qualitative phenomenological study, guided by the health belief model, explored the experiences of Black women in Black colleges who voluntarily seek psychiatric services. My study addressed a gap in understanding the facilitators and barriers for Black women voluntarily seeking mental health services. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with nine participants who were Black women attending Black colleges who voluntarily sought psychiatric services. Data analysis was accomplished using …
Leadership Strategies To Enhance Funding Performance In Pre-K -12 Public School Districts, Cynthia W. Williams Jones
Leadership Strategies To Enhance Funding Performance In Pre-K -12 Public School Districts, Cynthia W. Williams Jones
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some school leaders lack strategies to impact educational funding performance in prekindergarten through 12th grade (PK-12) public schools and increase students’ academic achievement and performance. School leaders and policymakers are concerned with improving educational funding, student achievement, and student performance in PK-12 public schools. Grounded in the Baldrige excellence framework, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to identify effective strategies that school leaders use to improve educational funding performance in PK-12 public schools and increase students’ academic achievement and performance. Participants were six PK-12 public school leaders with at least 5 years of leadership experience who had …
Strategies For Reducing Cost Overruns On Government-Funded Infrastructure Projects In Jamaica, Owen Whitely
Strategies For Reducing Cost Overruns On Government-Funded Infrastructure Projects In Jamaica, Owen Whitely
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Cost overruns involving government-funded infrastructure projects have the potential to lead to adverse economic and social outcomes. Project managers and government administrators are concerned with cost overruns as they often lead to delays, resource misallocation, and decreased public trust. Grounded in the theory of constraints, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies project managers use to reduce cost overruns for government-funded infrastructure projects in Jamaica. Participants were five project managers working on large-scale infrastructure projects with experience effectively mitigating cost overruns in Jamaica. Data were collected through in-depth semistructured interviews, government documents, and public records. Five …
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Rural Women Of Color Seeking Police Intervention During An Intimate Partner Violence Crisis, Michelle Angelica Perez
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Rural Women Of Color Seeking Police Intervention During An Intimate Partner Violence Crisis, Michelle Angelica Perez
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Exploring the lived experiences of rural women of color in the United States who seek police intervention during an intimate partner violence crisis is a necessity. In rural regions, many African American and Caribbean Blacks in rural communities endure physical assaults perpetrated by their partners throughout their lives. IPV among women of color, especially the obstacles that they face in requesting police intervention. The findings of this research study provide valuable insights that can support the establishment of intervention centers for rural women of color by involving key stakeholders, such as police departments in these regions. This study used semi-structured …
The Mediating Role Of Intellectual Humility On The Relationship Between Perspective-Taking And Affective Polarization, Daniel Smith
The Mediating Role Of Intellectual Humility On The Relationship Between Perspective-Taking And Affective Polarization, Daniel Smith
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Affective polarization, a phenomenon characterized by animosity between opposing political parties, has emerged as a growing and intractable problem in the United States. Affective polarization threatens American democracy, as polarized citizens become increasingly unwilling to trust cross-partisans, hold their political leaders accountable, or support the results of free and fair elections. While prior research has investigated the mitigating effect of intellectual humility and perspective-taking on affective polarization, researchers have yet to investigate whether intellectual humility and perspective-taking work synergistically to mitigate affective polarization. Informed by social identity theory, this quantitative study determined if intellectual humility mediated the relationship between perspective-taking …
California Prison Reentry Service Providers’ Views On Rehabilitation And Its Impact On Recidivism, Kimberly A. Clisbee
California Prison Reentry Service Providers’ Views On Rehabilitation And Its Impact On Recidivism, Kimberly A. Clisbee
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This qualitative review used a convergent-parallel design to explore the perspectives of prison administrators and nonprofit reentry program providers regarding inmate rehabilitation iii and reentry services. In 2021, 76,000 inmates were pardoned due to changes in California legislation (Fritz, 2024, p. 1 ). According to a 2024 report, 89,898 inmates are residing in California State prisons- 119% over capacity (Morris, 2024, p. 1 ). This study investigated two key aspects: (1) What rehabilitation and reintegration services are offered to inmates in the California State prison system, and are these services provided upon release? 2. Are inmates required to participate in …
Public Relations As An Approach For Smes To Improve Business Sustainability, Nikkia Tene Mcclain
Public Relations As An Approach For Smes To Improve Business Sustainability, Nikkia Tene Mcclain
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often lack dedicated public relations (PR) departments, limiting their ability to build brand identity, and gain market share compared to larger firms with greater resources. Small business owners need PR departments to improve their competitive positioning to satisfy buyers. stay competitive to maintain and increase employment, and satisfy customers. Grounded in the dynamic capability theory, this qualitative multiple case study explored how the development and strategic implementation of PR functions can provide SMEs with a competitive advantage. Participants included seven SME owners in fashion, real estate, beauty, business, technology, and retail, each with experience in …
Clinical Practice Guideline For Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus And Lupus Nephritis, Seleaina A. Thomas
Clinical Practice Guideline For Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus And Lupus Nephritis, Seleaina A. Thomas
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Summary This project addressed the critical practice problem of delayed and inaccurate diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly among marginalized populations. These diagnostic challenges have been recognized globally, with international research highlighting inconsistencies in care and the absence of standardized guidelines. Implementing inclusive and equitable clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) that consider social determinants of health, political determinants of health and actively involve diverse populations in research can play a crucial role in reducing racial disparities and improve outcomes for all lupus patients. Thus, the development of a CPG focused on …
Strategic Planning Processes For Profitability And Sustainability Of Small Restaurants In Alberta, Olufemi Oluwasanu Baiyewun
Strategic Planning Processes For Profitability And Sustainability Of Small Restaurants In Alberta, Olufemi Oluwasanu Baiyewun
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some small restaurant managers struggle to develop and implement strategic planning processes to achieve profitability and sustainability. As customer attendance declines, these managers face economic challenges and reduced daily sales, often stemming from inadequate strategic planning that could support sustained profitability and long-term success. Grounded in resource-based view theory and dynamic capability theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore the successful strategic planning processes that small restaurant business managers in Alberta, Canada, use to achieve profitability and sustainability beyond 5 years. The participants were six small restaurant managers who successfully implemented strategic planning processes to …
Business Sustainability Strategies Used By Small- And Medium-Sized Enterprise Owners In The Nigerian Hotel Industry, Victor Robert Uko
Business Sustainability Strategies Used By Small- And Medium-Sized Enterprise Owners In The Nigerian Hotel Industry, Victor Robert Uko
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners in the hotel industry face survival challenges during economic downturns, such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the 2016 oil glut crisis. SME hotel owners are concerned about addressing these challenges to ensure profitability and sustainability amid economic crises. Grounded in the resource-based view theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies SME hotel owners used to maintain business success amid economic crises. The participants were six SME hotel owners in Nigeria who had implemented strategies to remain profitable and sustainable. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and a …
Race, Resources, And American Adolescents’ Mental Health During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chineze Nkemeh
Race, Resources, And American Adolescents’ Mental Health During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chineze Nkemeh
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
During the COVID-19 pandemic, African American adolescents experienced reduced access to needed resources and may have suffered poorer mental health outcomes as a result. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the association between race and the availability of mental health resources, food, medical health resources and mental health outcomes among African American adolescents in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to their White counterparts. The theoretical framework that grounded this study was the Socio Ecological Model. Secondary data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey database were analyzed. These …
Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder
Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem this quantitative study addressed was police officers’ willingness to use organizational help-seeking interventions and rely on organizational support to mitigate operational and organizational stress. Previous literature discussed how officers engaged in different maladaptive coping behaviors as a result of work related stressor or low well-being, divorce, depression, prescription drug abuse, alcoholism, and suicide. The purpose of this quantitative correlational cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and well-being among law enforcement agents and examine agents’ willingness to use organizational-based intervention services. The organizational support theory and the social exchange theory provided the theoretical framework for …
Social-Emotional Learning (Sel) Support Through Social Work Case Management In K-12 Schools, Dina Michelle Garrett-Parker
Social-Emotional Learning (Sel) Support Through Social Work Case Management In K-12 Schools, Dina Michelle Garrett-Parker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Existing research revealed that K-12, school-based social work clinicians were utilized in various ways to support students' social-emotional learning (SEL) needs in public K-12 schools in the United States. However, there was a gap in knowledge about the unique approaches K-12 school-based social work clinicians employed to address the SEL needs of non-at-risk students. This basic qualitative study explored how K-12 school-based social work clinicians used empowerment case management practices to address the SEL needs of non-at-risk students. The theoretical framework grounding this study was empowerment theory. Using purposive sampling, semistructured interviews were conducted with five K-12 school-based social work …
Teacher Perceptions On The Low Enrollment Of Students Of Color In High School Computer Science, Wiley J. Cruse, Jr.
Teacher Perceptions On The Low Enrollment Of Students Of Color In High School Computer Science, Wiley J. Cruse, Jr.
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The rapid evolution of computer science (CS) as an integral part of K-12 public education in the United States has highlighted significant equity and diversity issues. Guided by critical race theory and community cultural wealth, this basic qualitative study explored high school CS teachers’ perceptions of the challenges and opportunities related to recruiting, retaining, and ensuring the success of students of color. Thematic analysis of data collected using semistructured interviews with 12 high school CS teachers revealed key challenges, including curriculum rigidity, funding inequities, and lack of administrative support. Participants reported that systemic barriers limit access to CS education for …
Strategies To Eliminate Counterfeit Medications In The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain, Clarence Edward Mosby
Strategies To Eliminate Counterfeit Medications In The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain, Clarence Edward Mosby
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Counterfeiting and drug diversion in the U.S. supply chain is a business problem that results in medication shortages for many ill patients. Successful strategies to augment the distribution of pedigree pharmaceuticals and reduce supply chain medication shortages are important to community pharmacists. Grounded in the theory of constraints as the conceptual framework, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to explore the strategies that pharmacists use to detect and reduce the dispensing of counterfeit medicines. The participants were 6 pharmacists in the Northeastern United States. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and publicly available documents. Through thematic analysis, …
Asian American Pacific Islander Representation In Middle School Social Studies, Erin Dorothy Mccarthy
Asian American Pacific Islander Representation In Middle School Social Studies, Erin Dorothy Mccarthy
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
According to recent studies, Asian American history has been misrepresented or omitted from the overall narrative of American history in standards, textbooks, and curricula. The problem was that Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) perspectives were missing and underrepresented in the middle school social studies curriculum in Wisconsin. Framed by Ladson-Billings’ culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP), the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore how middle school social studies teachers integrated the voices of AAPI identities into the curriculum. The research questions probed how middle school teachers met state statutes on including multicultural voices and how they included AAPI perspectives …
Examining How Self-Advocacy Skills Are Taught To Students With Exceptionalities, Pamela Kay Choate
Examining How Self-Advocacy Skills Are Taught To Students With Exceptionalities, Pamela Kay Choate
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Students with mild to moderate exceptionalities often do not receive adequate instruction in self-advocacy skills during their elementary or middle school years. The specific problem addressed in this study was that many teachers at the research setting are not teaching the four component skills of self-advocacy to students with mild to moderate exceptionalities. Grounded by the theory of self-advocacy, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the strategies used and the barriers faced by teachers who are not teaching the four component skills of self-advocacy to students with mild to moderate exceptionalities. Four elementary and five middle …
Relationship Between Length Of Stay And Unplanned Readmissions For Adolescent Medicaid Beneficiaries In Mental Health, Rhona Rebecca Waugh
Relationship Between Length Of Stay And Unplanned Readmissions For Adolescent Medicaid Beneficiaries In Mental Health, Rhona Rebecca Waugh
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Using national cross-sectional data sets and explanatory variables from CMS, the purpose of this study was to analyze identified adolescents on Medicaid from 2019 to 2021, to determine the interaction of length of stay (LOS) on the frequency of unplanned 30-day readmissions. Students with mental disorders are the most susceptible population during enrollment in healthcare facilities, which is why LOS and readmissions represent one of the most critical points in supporting these learners. This study established the association between LOS and the increased proportion of 30-day readmissions among consumers under Medicaid with mental health conditions in the adolescence stage. To …
Perspectives On Compassion Fatigue And Self-Regulation Among Social Workers In Patient Care During Covid-19, Roberta Johnson Wright
Perspectives On Compassion Fatigue And Self-Regulation Among Social Workers In Patient Care During Covid-19, Roberta Johnson Wright
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, social workers in patient care have faced significant emotional and psychological challenges, including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, and burnout. This study explores the perceptions of social workers working in patient care during the pandemic, specifically examining how compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma contribute to burnout. By focusing on their experiences, the research emphasizes the vulnerabilities social workers encounter as they support populations during these challenging times. The study is grounded in job demands-resources theory to help explain how the demands of social work roles impact mental health and well-being. To gather in-depth data, …
Exploring The Underutilization Of Ai In Courtroom Decision-Making Processes, Dominique Lashaun Hilliard
Exploring The Underutilization Of Ai In Courtroom Decision-Making Processes, Dominique Lashaun Hilliard
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The underutilization of AI in Texas state courtrooms challenges judicial efficiency, fairness, and transparency. Despite AI’s potential to enhance evidence management and decision-making, its adoption remains limited. Legal professionals and information technology (IT) managers stress the need for strategies to address these barriers and promote equitable justice. The purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study, which was grounded in the technology acceptance model, diffusion of innovation theory, and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, was to explore strategies IT managers use to implement AI in criminal justice information systems. Semi-structured interviews and organizational documents provided data for thematic analysis, …
Impact Of Nursing Home Staff Hours And Administrator Turnover On Quality Of Care Post-Covid-19 Pandemic In Texas, Kendra King
Impact Of Nursing Home Staff Hours And Administrator Turnover On Quality Of Care Post-Covid-19 Pandemic In Texas, Kendra King
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Nursing facilities experienced heightened unfavorable outcomes related to quality of care and staffing patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental, retrospective study was to determine if there was a relationship between nursing home administrator turnover, total nurse staffing (i.e., LPN, RN, and nurse aides) hours per resident per day, and the quality of care as measured by the Long Stay Quality Measure (LSQM) rating in Texas after the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023. The Donabedian model, using the elements of structure, process, and outcomes, served as the theoretical framework for this study. Structure was represented by the …