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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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Pet Ownership And Health-Related Quality Of Life Among Middle-Aged Adults, Kristi Martin Dec 2025

Pet Ownership And Health-Related Quality Of Life Among Middle-Aged Adults, Kristi Martin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Pet ownership continues to be part of modern society in the United States. Researchers have explored pet ownership’s impact on chronic diseases and aging populations, but research on health-related quality of life is limited. Grounded in the socioecological model, this quantitative study analyzed data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 10,348) to investigate the impact of pet ownership on health-related quality of life among low-income adults aged 30-50 years. Chi-square tests were performed to analyze the associations between age, income, gender, and race with three health-related quality of life metrics. Results showed no statistically significant …


The Lived Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Black Males Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Gifty A. Acheampong Dec 2025

The Lived Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Black Males Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Gifty A. Acheampong

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global issue that negatively affects humanity. The harmful effects of IPV often result in lifelong consequences for victims. Researchers have consistently identified women and children as the primary victims of IPV, although men can also be affected. The social stigma around men seeking formal help as victims is that they must endure physical, emotional, financial, sexual, and psychological abuse in intimate relationships. Because psychological abuse is the most common form experienced by male IPV victims, there is a higher prevalence of IPV within the Black community. However, research on help-seeking behaviors among Black men …


Coaching Hero: An Investigation Of Psychological Capital In Black Women Entrepreneurs, Deana Diana Kennedy Dec 2025

Coaching Hero: An Investigation Of Psychological Capital In Black Women Entrepreneurs, Deana Diana Kennedy

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The disparity of psychological capital (PsyCap) among diverse cultures and genders in the entrepreneurial area weakens access to the economic and social resources required to develop and sustain entrepreneurial ventures. Black women entrepreneurs continue to lag behind their counterparts in other ethnicities in generating revenue from entrepreneurial efforts, hindering U.S. business maturity. The purpose of this qualitative, constructivist grounded theory study was to explore how coaching facilitates the development of PsyCap among Black women entrepreneurs and the perceived socioeconomic barriers that influence this development. The social cognitive theory and a positive psychology conceptual framework grounded this study. The participants comprised …


Metabolic Screening In Veterans On Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizer, Joy Nneka Eke Dec 2025

Metabolic Screening In Veterans On Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizer, Joy Nneka Eke

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Summary This Doctor of Nursing Practice project was conducted to examine a quality improvement initiative that sought to address metabolic syndrome screening consistency for veterans on antipsychotic medications at a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs health system located in the Midwest region of the United States. The project centered on whether the quality improvement program assessing compliance with the current metabolic syndrome screening process reflects increased early detection of metabolic syndrome to prevent cardiovascular complications. Data collection involved comprehensive chart reviews of 50 veterans’ records. The data collected were analyzed using a specially designed quality improvement initiative assessment form developed …


Effective Strategies To Address Poor-Quality Suppliers In The Automotive Industry, Virginia May Hartleigh Nov 2025

Effective Strategies To Address Poor-Quality Suppliers In The Automotive Industry, Virginia May Hartleigh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Poor-quality suppliers present a significant risk and cost liability across the manufacturing industry. Industrial automotive manufacturing leaders are concerned with this challenge because supplier quality directly affects production efficiency and accounts for over 70% of total production costs. Grounded in resource dependence theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore successful strategies supply chain leaders use to identify and address poor-quality suppliers to improve manufacturing processes and achieve cost savings. The participants were six purposefully sampled supply chain leaders in the U.S. industrial automotive sector who were experienced in successful supplier mitigation strategies. Data were collected using …


Divorcees’ Experiences Of Hubristic Pride In Communication In Previous Marital Relationships, Amanda Harms Nov 2025

Divorcees’ Experiences Of Hubristic Pride In Communication In Previous Marital Relationships, Amanda Harms

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Poor communication practices have significantly strained marital relationships, contributing to increased divorce rates in the United States. As a self-conscious emotion, hubristic pride often leads to poor communication, which in turn exacerbates marital discord and contributes to the breakdown of families. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore how divorcees perceive the impact of hubristic pride on communication in their previous marriages. The theoretical framework underpinning this study was Homans’s social exchange theory. Data were obtained from eight divorced participants not actively involved in ongoing custody proceedings through semistructured interviews and analyzed using Saldaña’s descriptive coding methodology. …


Clinical Practice Guideline To Improve Medication Adherence In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd), Leroy Anagho Nov 2025

Clinical Practice Guideline To Improve Medication Adherence In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd), Leroy Anagho

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, and alterations in mood and cognition following exposure to traumatic events. Although evidence-based pharmacotherapy is a cornerstone of PTSD treatment, medication nonadherence remains a pervasive barrier to effective symptom management and functional recovery. The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) aimed at improving medication adherence in adults diagnosed with PTSD in outpatient psychiatric settings. Guided by the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model and appraised through the AGREE II instrument, current …


Preservice Teachers’ Preconception Of Student Voice In Their Teacher Education, Joan Belfon Nov 2025

Preservice Teachers’ Preconception Of Student Voice In Their Teacher Education, Joan Belfon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A 2022 Jamaican education report highlighted that student-centered pedagogy is crucial to educational outcomes. A problem exists in that there is limited research on how student voice practices within student-centered pedagogy are incorporated into teacher training. Before preservice teachers’ praxis can be transformed, greater understanding of their preconceptions about student voice is essential. Guided by conceptual change theory, the purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the preconceptions of preservice teachers in rural central Jamaica about student voice in their teacher education. Eight preservice teachers preparing for the secondary level in three Jamaican higher education institutions were purposefully …


Organizational Leaders’ Effective Strategies For Using Employee Training To Mitigate Threats To Cybersecurity Compliance, Oluwaseye Adekunle Fadare Nov 2025

Organizational Leaders’ Effective Strategies For Using Employee Training To Mitigate Threats To Cybersecurity Compliance, Oluwaseye Adekunle Fadare

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Organizational leaders increasingly face challenges associated with employee noncompliance with cybersecurity controls, which expose business leaders to reputational and financial risks. Addressing this business problem is critical for cybersecurity leaders and business executives who aim to strengthen digital resilience and sustain profitability. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore effective strategies organizational leaders use to enhance employee cybersecurity compliance through training. The project was grounded in the protection motivation theory and total quality management frameworks, which provide insight into the behavioral and continuous improvement dimensions of cybersecurity management. Six cybersecurity leaders from Nigeria participated in semistructured interviews. …


Experiences Of First-Generation College Students Engaging In Online Learning Amid A Global Pandemic, Anthony Capers Jr Nov 2025

Experiences Of First-Generation College Students Engaging In Online Learning Amid A Global Pandemic, Anthony Capers Jr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The global pandemic, COVID-19, had an impact on the academic experiences of all college students. First-generation college students who often experience special challenges in adjusting to academia may have faced additional challenges given the transition to online learning. However, there has been little research focused on the impact of COVID on their adjustment to college. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of an unanticipated learning transition among first-generation college students pursuing higher education at a 4-year school, during a global pandemic. The theoretical framework for this study was based on an interactionalist theory focused on the …


Exploring The Experiences Of Bahamian Men Diagnosed With Hypertension And Medication Adherence, Bianca Edwards Nov 2025

Exploring The Experiences Of Bahamian Men Diagnosed With Hypertension And Medication Adherence, Bianca Edwards

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hypertension (HTN) is associated with significant health complications, including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and kidney disease. Despite advances in the treatment and management of HTN, a lack of medication adherence contributes to the persistence of HTN-related morbidity and mortality affecting men in The Bahamas. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive phenomenological study, guided by Pender’s health promotion model and Bandura’s social cognitive theory, was to explore the lived experiences of Bahamian men diagnosed with hypertension regarding their adherence to prescribed medications. Using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method, in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 participants. Data were analyzed through repeated …


Dating In The Digital Age: The Effects Of Parental Rejection, Rejection Sensitivity, And Self-Esteem Among Gender-Diverse Gen Z, Crystal Currie Nov 2025

Dating In The Digital Age: The Effects Of Parental Rejection, Rejection Sensitivity, And Self-Esteem Among Gender-Diverse Gen Z, Crystal Currie

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Gen Z, the first digital-native cohort, faces unique challenges in forming romantic relationships, including heightened dating anxiety. While there is extensive research with previous generations on dating anxiety, self-esteem, and early rejection, no study has examined parental rejection, self-esteem, and dating anxiety collectively, particularly in consideration of gender diverse individuals and digital dating platform use. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine (a) predictors of dating anxiety and (b) whether parental rejection during childhood and rejection sensitivity influenced dating anxiety, as well as the role of self-esteem in mediating those predictor variables. The conceptual framework was the interpersonal …


Development Of An Evidence-Based Guideline For Nurse-Led Interventions To Improve Medication Adherence In Patients With Severe Mental Illness, Grace Uche Kalu Nov 2025

Development Of An Evidence-Based Guideline For Nurse-Led Interventions To Improve Medication Adherence In Patients With Severe Mental Illness, Grace Uche Kalu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

I conducted this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project to address medication nonadherence among adults with severe mental illness (SMI) in a psychiatric care setting by developing an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) for nurse-led interventions. The identified practice gap was the absence of a standardized, evidence-informed framework to guide nurses in enhancing pharmacotherapy adherence, which is a critical issue linked to relapse, rehospitalization, and diminished quality of life in this population. This project was guided by the following practice question: Will an evidence-based guideline on nurse-led interventions to improve medication adherence in patients with SMI be approved by a …


Impact Of Community Factors On Naloxone Overdose Reduction In Ohio, Theophilus Oduro Frimpong Nov 2025

Impact Of Community Factors On Naloxone Overdose Reduction In Ohio, Theophilus Oduro Frimpong

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The opioid crisis in Ohio, driven by fentanyl, persists due to inequitable access to naloxone despite its proven effectiveness. This study examined how socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, population density, and hospital availability per capita predicted naloxone overdose reversals (dependent variable) in Ohio. Social-ecological theory guided this quantitative historical correlational analysis of Ohio’s Project DAWN index data (N = 5,280). Inclusion criteria included individuals ages 18 to 65 with naloxone-related overdose reversals (dependent), naloxone distribution (moderator), and community factors (independent). Multiple linear regression results showed that SES (p >.50), race/ethnicity (% White, p = .588; % Black, p = .495; % …


Multigenerational Teachers And Staff Experiences, Perceptions, And Preferences On Organizational Change Communication In Schools, Chrystal Louise Fields Nov 2025

Multigenerational Teachers And Staff Experiences, Perceptions, And Preferences On Organizational Change Communication In Schools, Chrystal Louise Fields

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Organizational leaders’ failure to adopt effective change communication strategies in schools exacerbates teacher and staff shortages, compounding factors that undermine student outcomes and overall school effectiveness. Multigenerational teachers and staff must understand change communication strategies as a leading indicator of unsuccessful workforce and organizational change in schools. Grounded in social constructivist theory and conceptually informed by Goffman’s frame analysis, the purpose of this qualitative descriptive case study was to explore how multigenerational teachers and staff experience change communication as recipients and agents of change in schools. The participants consisted of 16 multigenerational teachers and staff members across four generations from …


Effects Of Mental Health Clinician Characteristics And Education On Willingness To Treat Child Problematic Sexual Behavior, Debra Elise Hutchison Nov 2025

Effects Of Mental Health Clinician Characteristics And Education On Willingness To Treat Child Problematic Sexual Behavior, Debra Elise Hutchison

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Children aged 12 and under who exhibit problematic sexual behavior (PSB) often face barriers to care due to clinicians’ limited willingness and effectiveness in treating this population. However, little is known about the factors that influence clinicians’ willingness to provide treatment. Grounded in Bowen’s family systems theory and Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, this study examined how differentiation of self (DoS), sexual intervention self-efficacy (SISE), sexual comfort, and sexual education/training affect clinicians’ willingness to treat child PSB. A quantitative, non-experimental survey design with a convenience sample of 63 clinicians with experience working with children used a multiple linear regression analysis that revealed …


Nursing Faculty Demographics, Attitude, Knowledge, And Integration Of Complementary And Alternative Medicine In Nursing Curriculum, Patricia L. Balistreri Nov 2025

Nursing Faculty Demographics, Attitude, Knowledge, And Integration Of Complementary And Alternative Medicine In Nursing Curriculum, Patricia L. Balistreri

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nurses have demonstrated positive attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM); however, additional education is limited in nursing programs to prepare them to discuss and educate patients about these practices. Nursing faculty play a significant role in educating, mentoring, and influencing students’ knowledge levels and attitudes toward CAM. The purpose of this quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study, guided by the CAM healthcare model, was to examine relationships among nursing faculty demographics, CAM knowledge, attitudes, and curriculum integration. The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use of CAM survey was administered to 111 nursing faculty across multiple programs. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression …


The Experience Of Black Mothers Preparing Their Black Sons For Race-Related Risks, Yamilka Torres Nov 2025

The Experience Of Black Mothers Preparing Their Black Sons For Race-Related Risks, Yamilka Torres

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite progress in addressing racism in the United States, its effects remain deeply entrenched, particularly for Black families. Research on Black parenting shows that parents adapt their strategies to protect children from criminalization, discussing violence, providing safety within the home, and limiting exposure to unsafe environments while also managing their own stress. Yet limited attention has been given to how Black mothers prepare their sons for race-related risks within the modern sociopolitical climate shaped by the #BlackLivesMatter movement. The purpose of this basic qualitative research study was to explore how Black mothers prepare their Black sons for race-related risks. Carter’s …


Differential Substance Use Screening Approaches Among Medical Providers Based On Pregnancy Status, Ericka L. Suarez-Vella Nov 2025

Differential Substance Use Screening Approaches Among Medical Providers Based On Pregnancy Status, Ericka L. Suarez-Vella

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Exploring medical providers’ role in relation to pregnant individuals who use substances is critical. Understanding how screening practices and provider biases influence addiction treatment referrals based on pregnancy status can help address several key issues, including potential disparities resulting from provider bias. It can ensure fair referral practices, promote equitable access to treatment, and ensure timely intervention resulting in better health outcomes. It can influence changes to policy and procedure among healthcare and judicial establishments, ultimately improving the relationship between providers and patients. The purpose of this study was to explore how medical providers’ screening practices of substance use in …


Gender As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Crisis Call Responding And Police Job Satisfaction, Krystal Fuller Nov 2025

Gender As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Crisis Call Responding And Police Job Satisfaction, Krystal Fuller

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quantitative study was conducted to investigate the relationship between crisis call responding and job satisfaction among police officers and whether gender moderates this relationship. With crisis helpline calls rising over the past decade, officers face increasing emotional labor demands, particularly female officers in male-dominated environments. While past research has explored stress and gender differences in law enforcement, few studies have examined their interaction. Using the job demands-resources model and gender role congruity theory, this study employed a correlational design with simple linear regression and Hayes’ PROCESS macro to test moderation effects. Participants included 78 police officers from central Texas …


The Underrepresentation Of African American Officers In A Large Midwestern Correctional System, Julius Oben Eyong Nov 2025

The Underrepresentation Of African American Officers In A Large Midwestern Correctional System, Julius Oben Eyong

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The correctional population in the United States remains high despite the implementation of various measures to reduce crime and recidivism. The primary goal of correctional establishments is to reduce recidivism and crime through effective rehabilitation programs. The role of the correctional officer is crucial in the rehabilitation process because they are the heartbeat of a prison. However, low staffing levels have a negative impact on the role of corrections officers. There is a gap in the relevant literature on the low staffing levels of African American correctional officers. This qualitative research, through the phenomenological approach, focused on the correctional culture …


Humor As A Predictor Of Life Satisfaction And Burnout Among Firefighters, Kayla Marie Kovach Nov 2025

Humor As A Predictor Of Life Satisfaction And Burnout Among Firefighters, Kayla Marie Kovach

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Notwithstanding knowledge of the high stress levels experienced by firefighters, little is known about their coping strategies as compared with the general population. To address this gap, the differences in humor styles between firefighters and nonfirefighters in the prediction of life satisfaction and burnout were assessed. The study was grounded in the PERMA theory of well-being and the job demands-resources theory. A cross-sectional, correlational survey research design was used to assess if there are differences between firefighters and nonfirefighters in the types of humor (i.e., self-enhancing, affiliative, aggressive, and self-defeating) used and in the prediction of burnout and life satisfaction …


Parents’ Sustained Recovery From Substance Use During The Coronavirus Pandemic, Amanda Antis Nov 2025

Parents’ Sustained Recovery From Substance Use During The Coronavirus Pandemic, Amanda Antis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Parents in recovery from substance abuse rely on social support and programs to maintain their sobriety consistently. However, specific programs crucial for their social and mental well-being, such as most 12-step groups and recovery centers, were shut down during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite some research on the impact of substance abuse during the pandemic, little attention has been given to sustained recovery. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to explore how parents maintained recovery from substance use amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Schlossberg’s transition process model served as the theoretical framework for this study. Semistructured interviews with nine …


Burnout And Perceived Organizational Support Among Female Healthcare Social Workers, Shukundala Clark Champion Nov 2025

Burnout And Perceived Organizational Support Among Female Healthcare Social Workers, Shukundala Clark Champion

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Healthcare social workers experience elevated levels of burnout, or psychological distress resulting from a prolonged mismatch between the individual and their work environment. The problem addressed in this generic qualitative study is that female healthcare social workers experience elevated rates of burnout but may not receive adequate perceived organizational support (POS) to help ameliorate burnout. This study concentrated on female healthcare social workers' descriptions and experiences of burnout and POS. The guiding theoretical framework for this study is the perceived organizational support theory (POST). The study was conducted with 14 female healthcare social workers working in various healthcare settings in …


Hospice Clinical Social Workers’ Perceptions On Reducing Burnout Through Empowerment And Self-Care Practices, Chasity Johnson Nov 2025

Hospice Clinical Social Workers’ Perceptions On Reducing Burnout Through Empowerment And Self-Care Practices, Chasity Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Burnout is common among hospice clinical social workers due to the emotionally demanding nature of the profession and heavy caseloads. This study explored how hospice clinical social workers perceive the role of empowerment and self-care practices in reducing burnout. The qualitative design used semi-structured interviews with ten hospice clinical social workers. Thematic analysis identified five categories: indicators of burnout, team-based/relational support, systemic and workload pressures, organizational culture, and values and professional identity. The themes that emerged from the five categories were emotional, physical, and professional; interdisciplinary support and supervisory support; workload and organizational demands; organizational challenges and policy limitations; workplace …


Enhancing Antitrafficking Initiatives Through An Interagency Collaboration Framework, Robert Louis Baxter Nov 2025

Enhancing Antitrafficking Initiatives Through An Interagency Collaboration Framework, Robert Louis Baxter

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The challenges individual agencies face in addressing the complex issue of human trafficking and how interagency collaboration can strengthen survivor-centered support are largely unknown. Organizations often lack formal alliances that combine expertise and resources to deliver more comprehensive care. The absence of such partnerships represents a missed opportunity to provide the essential services necessary for survivors’ recovery, empowerment, and social reintegration. The purpose of the study was to use interagency collaboration to address the question: How can education, law enforcement, public health, and community-based organizations assess the barriers and benefits of interagency collaboration to create a more seamless support network …


Effective Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies For Catalyzing Employees’ Satisfaction In The Retail Industry To Reduce Turnover, Alberto Madureira Poxes Jr. Nov 2025

Effective Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies For Catalyzing Employees’ Satisfaction In The Retail Industry To Reduce Turnover, Alberto Madureira Poxes Jr.

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Abstract A lack of effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies among corporate leaders can contribute negatively to their efforts to catalyze employees' satisfaction to reduce turnover. Corporate leaders can help their organization by adopting CSR strategies to increase employees' satisfaction to reduce turnover. Based on the transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore effective CSR strategies retail leaders use to catalyze employees' satisfaction to reduce turnover.Based on the functional areas of leadership, the participants selected for this studywere eight first- and second-level managers in the sports retail industry in the Midwest United States who …


Staff Education On Understanding Nurse Burnout, Kathlyn Tracy Mcglynn Nov 2025

Staff Education On Understanding Nurse Burnout, Kathlyn Tracy Mcglynn

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Summary This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was a staff education program on nurse burnout, which remains a pressing issue in healthcare. Burnout is marked by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a diminished sense of personal achievement. Addressing burnout within the nursing profession is important because burnout leads to job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and turnover. The project was guided by two practice-focused questions: Will there be a change in knowledge from pre- to posttest after participating in an educational program on nurse burnout? Will the objectives of the educational program be met relative to the curriculum presented? Therefore, the purpose of …


The Impact Of Covid-19 Related Virtual Learning On Parents Raising Children With Learning Disabilities, Ty'sheka Ne'cole Lambert Nov 2025

The Impact Of Covid-19 Related Virtual Learning On Parents Raising Children With Learning Disabilities, Ty'sheka Ne'cole Lambert

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic caused major disruptions in education as schools abruptly closed and students transitioned to virtual learning. This shift placed significant strain on parents, especially those raising children with learning disabilities who required consistent accommodations and support. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore parents’ perceptions of how COVID-19–related virtual learning affected their children’s academic performance, emotional well-being, and daily functioning. Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, the study examined how family, school, and community systems shaped these experiences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 parents of children with learning disabilities. Using Braun and Clarke’s (2013) six-step …


Attitudes Of African American Police Officers Towards Violent Police Encounters In An Urban Environment, Larry Ernest Jackson Jr Nov 2025

Attitudes Of African American Police Officers Towards Violent Police Encounters In An Urban Environment, Larry Ernest Jackson Jr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The research problem for this study is why confrontations between urban police and citizens are becoming increasingly violent. The purpose of this study was to examine the continued rise of violent police encounters between urban police and urban citizens. To provide a proper perspective on this phenomenon, the core research question was how African American officers born and raised in urban environments who have since become police officers in those same settings feel about the violence between these two groups. The theoretical framework used to understand the relationship between the two groups was the social learning theory. As part of …