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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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Effective Strategies For Deterring Unethical Behavior In U.S. Financial Institutions, Samuel Akinlade Sanni Jul 2025

Effective Strategies For Deterring Unethical Behavior In U.S. Financial Institutions, Samuel Akinlade Sanni

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Unethical employee behavior in U.S. financial institutions continues to erode organizational trust and firms’ brand reputation. Leaders of financial institutions are concerned that unethical employee behavior can negatively impact firms’ profitability, competitiveness, and sustainability. Grounded in Kaptein’s corporate ethics virtue (CEV) model, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to explore how organizational ethical cultures influence employees’ behaviors. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with a sample of eight leaders in New York financial institutions, with a minimum of 5 years of successful experience in building a positive ethical environment, and by analyzing publicly available documents to support …


Association Between Sociocultural Factors, Obesity, And Depression In The Hispanic/Latino Population, Maia Junco Jul 2025

Association Between Sociocultural Factors, Obesity, And Depression In The Hispanic/Latino Population, Maia Junco

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The increasing prevalence of obesity and mental health disparities among Hispanic/Latino populations in the United States underscores the need to understand how sociocultural factors shape physical and psychological health. The purpose of this study was to examine how acculturation, diet quality, and fiber intake affect BMI and depressive symptoms over time. The study was guided by acculturation theory and the biopsychosocial model. The study used longitudinal secondary data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) with a sample of N=8,816, including adults who completed examination visits, 1 (2008–2011) and 2 (2014–2017). Path analysis was conducted to assess direct …


Intrinsic Motivation Teaching Experiences Of Middle School Educators 4 Years After The Pandemic, Carmy Aristor Jul 2025

Intrinsic Motivation Teaching Experiences Of Middle School Educators 4 Years After The Pandemic, Carmy Aristor

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the educational landscape, significantly impacting middle school educators’ intrinsic motivation to teach. While research has extensively addressed the immediate impacts of the pandemic on education, there remains a gap in understanding how middle school educators make sense of their intrinsic motivation teaching experiences 4 years after the pandemic. Grounded in intrinsic motivation as the conceptual framework supported by the self-determination theory (SDT), the purpose of this qualitative study was to gain an understanding of the intrinsic motivation teaching experiences of middle school educators 4 years after the pandemic. The central research question examined the lived …


African American Women’S Lived Experiences Of Adultification Bias And Emotional Well-Being, Carolyn Lovette Lanier Jul 2025

African American Women’S Lived Experiences Of Adultification Bias And Emotional Well-Being, Carolyn Lovette Lanier

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While existing studies have explored the manifestations of adultification bias in various contexts, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding research on the emotional well-being of African American women who have navigated this bias. The purpose of this study was to understand how adultification bias manifests in the lives of African American women, to illuminate the nuances of how adultification bias unfolds in the lives of African American women, and to examine its presence within their emotional realms. The theoretical frameworks of adultification bias and emotional well-being ground the study. The key research questions centered on the specific …


Relationship Between Participation In Employee Wellness Programs And Health-Related Quality Of Life Among Health Care Workers, Ana Williams Jul 2025

Relationship Between Participation In Employee Wellness Programs And Health-Related Quality Of Life Among Health Care Workers, Ana Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee wellness programs are available in many health care organizations but remain underutilized by health care workers. Low employee participation in these wellness programs can negatively impact employees’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which, in turn, may adversely influence patient care and overall health outcomes. Despite this, little is known about which factors, such as perceived barriers and benefits, job category, or work shift, are associated with participation. This study addressed that gap by exploring how these variables relate to employee engagement in wellness programs and their potential impact on HRQoL. Guided by the health belief model, this study examined …


Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services Among Young African American Same-Sex-Oriented Men, Anthony Earl Fox Jul 2025

Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services Among Young African American Same-Sex-Oriented Men, Anthony Earl Fox

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In 2018 suicide was the second leading cause of death for young people between the ages of 15 and 24 (CDC, 2018). Suicide and other factors like HIV, depression, and oppression may serve as barriers to seeking counseling among African American same-sex-oriented men ages 18-26. Due to a previous gap in the literature regarding barriers to seeking counseling, this study may support counselors in finding ways to address the disparity in counseling utilization among this population. Grounded in queer and social identity theories, the purpose of this quantitative study was to examine if adverse childhood experiences, current civic unrest, HIV, …


Union Employees’ Perceptions And Lived Experiences Of Organizational Culture And Job Satisfaction In Michigan Manufacturing Organizations, Angela Wantuck Jul 2025

Union Employees’ Perceptions And Lived Experiences Of Organizational Culture And Job Satisfaction In Michigan Manufacturing Organizations, Angela Wantuck

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Manufacturing organizational cultures steeped in tradition, corporate loyalty, and paternalistic values have experienced a decrease in union employee engagement and organizational satisfaction. Manufacturing leaders are concerned with this decrease as a primary indicator of employee walkouts or union strikes, impeding the manufacturing process, and affecting market share, profitability, and local economies. The purpose of this qualitative hermeneutic phenomenology study was to explore the union employees’ perceptions and lived experiences of organizational culture and job satisfaction in Michigan manufacturing organizations. Shaped by Schein’s organizational culture theory, the research question queried the perceptions of the union-represented employees as a subculture in the …


Quantifying The Economic Burden Of Cancer In California Using Advanced Analytics, Terence Casey Kelley Jul 2025

Quantifying The Economic Burden Of Cancer In California Using Advanced Analytics, Terence Casey Kelley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Cancer imposes a significant and multifaceted economic burden on California’s health care system and communities. Despite extensive national data, California-specific cost analyses have been outdated and limited. This study quantified California’s cancer-care burden through a quantitative, cross-sectional design grounded in the cost-of-illness framework and human-capital theory. A retrospective modeling approach used 2015–2023 data from the California Cancer Registry, National Cancer Institute, National Program of Cancer Registries, and California’s all-payer claims database. California’s economic burden from cancer was estimated using a meta-analysis of national cost data, which was then applied to state-specific cancer incidence, prevalence, and mortality through a multicriteria decision …


Lived Experiences Of Leader Development And Action Inquiry In For-Profit Social Entrepreneurs, Kymm J. Nelsen Jul 2025

Lived Experiences Of Leader Development And Action Inquiry In For-Profit Social Entrepreneurs, Kymm J. Nelsen

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

For-profit social enterprises (FPSEs) represent a growing response to urgent social and environmental challenges. Yet little is known about how their leaders develop internal capacities to navigate the tensions of hybrid business models. This interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) explored the lived experiences of FPSE leaders, focusing on meaning-making, developmental action inquiry, and leader evolution within profit- and mission-driven contexts. Rooted in ego development theory, developmental action inquiry, and the action logic framework, the study examined intrapersonal and systemic aspects of growth. Eleven U.S.-based FPSE leaders with at least 3 years leading a mission-driven enterprise and 5 years of total leadership …


Effective Strategies To Reduce Silo Culture To Increase Financial Performance In Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations, Pedro E. Mendez Jul 2025

Effective Strategies To Reduce Silo Culture To Increase Financial Performance In Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations, Pedro E. Mendez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Silo culture in nonprofit healthcare organizations hinders knowledge sharing and communication, which can negatively affect financial performance. This issue is particularly important for healthcare leaders and policymakers seeking to enhance organizational efficiency and improve patient care quality. Grounded in the competing values framework, the purpose of this qualitative, pragmatic research project was to explore the effective strategies used by nonprofit healthcare human resources (HR) leaders to reduce silo culture and enhance financial performance. The participants included six HR executives at the vice president level or higher from nonprofit healthcare systems with more than 5,000 employees in the Southeastern United States. …


The Covid-19 Lockdown And Diabetes Self-Management In Esan Northeast Area Of Edo State, Esther Ehivbaun Rapu Jul 2025

The Covid-19 Lockdown And Diabetes Self-Management In Esan Northeast Area Of Edo State, Esther Ehivbaun Rapu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 lockdown impacted chronic diseases care globally, but there is limited research on how individuals in rural Nigerian communities managed diabetes during this period. This qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of self-management with diabetes during the COVID-19 lockdown among adults in Esan Northeast. The socioecological model (SEM) served as the guiding conceptual framework, allowing for the exploration of the impact of individual, interpersonal, community, and institutional factors on self-care behaviors. The research explored how cultural, social and economic factors impacted how adults with diabetes in Esan Northeast managed their condition during the COVID-19 lockdown. Semi-structured interviews via …


Association Between Homelessness And Maternal Health Outcomes Among Non-Hispanic Black Women In Georgia, Miranda Weaver Jul 2025

Association Between Homelessness And Maternal Health Outcomes Among Non-Hispanic Black Women In Georgia, Miranda Weaver

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Maternal health disparities among homeless non-Hispanic Black women in Georgia represent a critical public health concern, driven by inequitable access to care and elevated risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study examined how homelessness influences perinatal care utilization (timing and frequency of prenatal visits and postpartum checkups) and pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes, hypertension, and depression), and whether these associations differ by geographic context (urban versus rural). Grounded in the Social Determinants of Health framework, the study used a quantitative cross-sectional design, analyzing secondary data (n = 1,540; weighted ≈ 203,571) from Phase 8 (2017–2021) of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring …


Enhancing Onboarding And Role Transition For Advanced Practice Clinicians Through The Development Of A Structured Mentorship Program, Christina Sternesky Jul 2025

Enhancing Onboarding And Role Transition For Advanced Practice Clinicians Through The Development Of A Structured Mentorship Program, Christina Sternesky

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The assimilation of advanced practice clinicians (APCs), nurse practitioners, and physician assistants into healthcare systems is significantly dependent on the quality of their onboarding experience and the availability of a structured mentorship program. Without mentorship programs, APCs often experience job dissatisfaction, reduced confidence, undefined role clarity, and increased burnout. In this quality improvement Doctor of Nursing Practice project, I conducted a comprehensive assessment of the needs of APCs and subsequently developed a structured, evidence-based mentorship program. The program, approved by an expert panel, was designed to support the onboarding of APCS, their role transition, and ongoing professional development within a …


Teachers' Perspectives On Teacher Retention In Early Childhood Programs, Christopher Lavon Curry Jul 2025

Teachers' Perspectives On Teacher Retention In Early Childhood Programs, Christopher Lavon Curry

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In a Midwestern state, teacher shortages have intensified the retention challenges of prekindergarten and kindergarten (PreK–K) teachers in early childhood (EC) programs. The problem addressed in this study was the retention of PreK–K teachers in EC programs and schools at the local level. Grounded in dual-factor and coping-competence- context theories, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore teachers’ perspectives of the factors affecting the retention of PreK–K teachers in EC programs at the local level. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 12 PreK–K teachers in a Midwestern state, who had a minimum of 3 years of …


Parole/Probation Officers’ Perspective On Understanding Crime Among Liberian Immigrant Youths In Southwest Philadelphia, Jamil J. Morris Jul 2025

Parole/Probation Officers’ Perspective On Understanding Crime Among Liberian Immigrant Youths In Southwest Philadelphia, Jamil J. Morris

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This research explored challenges of crime and delinquency among Liberian immigrant youth in Southwest Philadelphia, focusing on the social and structural factors that influence their lived experiences. Utilizing qualitative in-depth interviews with 17 juvenile parole/probation officers of Liberian immigrant youths, the purpose of this study was to uncover the underlying reasons that lead Liberian immigrant youth to engage in crime and delinquency, and how they cope with the obstacles they encounter. Employing social disorganization theory, differential association theory, and subcultural theory, the study underscored the impact of neighborhood instability, peer influences, and differing value systems on understanding the youths’ criminal …


Perspectives And Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Incarcerated Youth In Florida, Rose-Lissa Meline Regnier Jul 2025

Perspectives And Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Incarcerated Youth In Florida, Rose-Lissa Meline Regnier

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study explored the experiences and perceptions of social workers, human services professionals, and mental health counselors, psychologists, or psychiatrists who treat youth with mental health issues within the criminal justice system in Florida. Using a qualitative research method, this study was framed by relational theory. Ten participants were interviewed regarding the perspectives, challenges, successes of clinicians and how they incorporate the needs and perceptions of youth into their treatment approaches. After coding and thematic analysis, five key themes emerged from the data. First, systemic challenges and inefficiencies in service delivery were evident, highlighting gaps in execution, resource shortages, and …


Oncology Nurse Self-Assessment Of Caring Behaviors Following Telehealth And In-Person Visits, Maryann Connor Jul 2025

Oncology Nurse Self-Assessment Of Caring Behaviors Following Telehealth And In-Person Visits, Maryann Connor

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Oncology nurses coordinate care, ensure the safe administration of treatments, manage symptoms, and support those newly diagnosed with cancer. Traditionally, oncology care included in-person visits, but the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telehealth, transforming how oncology care is delivered. The purposes of this study, guided by Watson’ theory of human caring, were to determine (a) if there is a difference in oncology RNs’ self-assessments of applying caring behaviors during in-person visits compared to oncology RNs’ self-assessments of applying caring behaviors of telehealth visits with newly diagnosed cancer patients, and (b) if there is a difference in self-assessment of caring …


Reasons For Former Teachers To Change Employment Or To Depart The Profession, Vicki Renfroe Jul 2025

Reasons For Former Teachers To Change Employment Or To Depart The Profession, Vicki Renfroe

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Teacher turnover adversely affects students’ academic performance and the educational community. The problem that was addressed through study is the approximately 18% teacher turnover at a local Title I school district in southeast Texas. This purpose of this study was to explore why teachers within a local souteast Texas Title I school district left their positions. The conceptual framework was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The study was guided by a research question centered on recurring reasons for teachers considering retiring, leaving the profession, or changing locations. A basic qualitative study employing semistructured interviews with 14 former teachers who had left …


Predicting Dietary Behavior In Obese Adult Diabetics Using Social Cognitive Theory, Precious Mueller Jul 2025

Predicting Dietary Behavior In Obese Adult Diabetics Using Social Cognitive Theory, Precious Mueller

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Predicting Dietary Behavior in Obese Adult Diabetics Using Social Cognitive Theory by Precious Mueller MA, University of Phoenix, 2009 BS, University of Iowa, 2006 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University November 2024 “ Diabetes mellitus Type II is a prevalent and serious condition affecting millions globally, particularly among obese adults. The association between dietary behaviors and diabetes management is critical, as it directly impacts health outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals. This study aims to identify the determinants of dietary behaviors that influence Type II …


Unintentional Drowning In Florida: An Analysis Of Demographic And Water Type Associations Among Youth And Young Adults, Michelle Sterling Jul 2025

Unintentional Drowning In Florida: An Analysis Of Demographic And Water Type Associations Among Youth And Young Adults, Michelle Sterling

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Unintentional drowning is a leading cause of preventable injury fatalities among youth and young adults in the United States. Despite the preventability, drowning continues to affect specific populations disproportionately. Limited research has examined demographic and environmental factors that contribute to drowning fatalities among individuals aged 5 to 25 years old in Florida. Understanding these patterns is key to informing targeted prevention strategies. This quantitative, retrospective study explored the relationship between demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, race, and ethnicity), environmental context (i.e., water type), and drowning fatalities of 5- to 25-year-olds in Florida from 2018 to 2022. Data for this study, which …


Improving Staff Knowledge Of Insulin Protocols, Farzana Dalal Jul 2025

Improving Staff Knowledge Of Insulin Protocols, Farzana Dalal

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A midwestern inpatient hospital experienced a rise in insulin-induced hypoglycemic events on an acute medical-surgical floor as evidenced by 6-23 incidences per month between September 2024 to February 2025. A gap in practice revealed deficiencies in knowledge on the use of insulin protocols, which led to the project question addressing if nursing education on the use of insulin protocols would improve nursing staff knowledge as measured by pre- and post-educational surveys, thus resulting in decreased hypoglycemic events. This educational project utilized the ADDIE pedagogy, the John Hopkins evidence-based practice (JHEBP) model, and the Walden University's DNP Project Process Guide. This …


Type Of Intimate Partner Violence And Association With Perpetrator Demographics, Katrisha Williams Jul 2025

Type Of Intimate Partner Violence And Association With Perpetrator Demographics, Katrisha Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health concern because of its long-term impact on health and well-being with 1 in 4 American women experiencing some form of IPV. To help understand how age, gender, and race of both, the perpetrator and victim, impact the type of IPV, multiple regression analysis was performed with secondary data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey (N=541). This study used Raewyn Connell’s Theory of Masculinity as a conceptual framework. This theory states that males have a need to show dominance, strength, and suppress emotion, which can inform patterns of violence in …


Psychotropic Medication Nonadherence Among Psychiatric Patients Using Motivational Interviewing, Kate Ananga Pabai Jul 2025

Psychotropic Medication Nonadherence Among Psychiatric Patients Using Motivational Interviewing, Kate Ananga Pabai

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This educational intervention involved enhancing knowledge and competency of nursing staff in terms of application of motivational interviewing (MI) techniques to improve adherence to prescribed psychotropic medications among patients with mental health conditions. The project met criteria for a staff education initiative, directly addressing the ongoing issue of psychotropic medication nonadherence, a prevalent and pressing challenge at the project site. Clinicians observed frequent missed doses and treatment discontinuation, leading to symptom relapse, emergency room visits, and avoidable hospital admissions. These outcomes emphasized the need for a targeted intervention to support frontline nursing staff. The practice-focused question guiding the project was: …


Exploring Reciprocal Determinism, Behavior Capability, Observational Learning, And Self-Efficacy On Protective Behaviors For African American Millennial Women With Cardiovascular Disease And Depression, Ja’Sent Angelic Brown Jul 2025

Exploring Reciprocal Determinism, Behavior Capability, Observational Learning, And Self-Efficacy On Protective Behaviors For African American Millennial Women With Cardiovascular Disease And Depression, Ja’Sent Angelic Brown

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Cardiovascular disease plays a significant role in the number of death and disabilities around the world. While there have been marginal gains in positive health outcomes for women who suffer from cardiovascular disease, African American women continue to fall behind compared to their White counterparts. There is a comorbidity of cardiovascular disease and depression in older African American women. The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain an in-depth understanding of how the comorbidity of cardiovascular disease and depression uniquely present in young African American women, how these two diseases influence cardiovascular health protective factors, and how components of …


An Explanation Of African American Males' Experiences And Decisions In The Pursuit Of Doctoral Degrees, Vincent L. Tucker Jul 2025

An Explanation Of African American Males' Experiences And Decisions In The Pursuit Of Doctoral Degrees, Vincent L. Tucker

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There was a limited understanding of the lived experiences of African American males who had completed their doctoral degrees, which could provide solutions to the barriers faced by those did not complete the doctoral program. Elements of critical race theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory, and Herzberg’s theory of motivation were combined into a single conceptual framework to understand the barriers experienced by African American men that prevented them from pursuing and completing doctoral programs. The data analysis process included a pre-coding exercise conducted after data collection to identify patterns or commonalities between the two sets of data. The results from this …


Parents’ Experiences With Their Child’S Psychotherapy And Mental Illness, Valerie Marsman Jul 2025

Parents’ Experiences With Their Child’S Psychotherapy And Mental Illness, Valerie Marsman

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Low parental engagement—especially among fathers and ethnic minority groups like Latinx parents—in child psychotherapy increases the risk of treatment dropout, behavioral issues, and poorer outcomes, contributing to persistent disparities. More research was needed on perceptual barriers and facilitators to parental engagement such as attitudes, beliefs, and expectations. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of parents’ experiences with their child’s psychotherapy and mental illness to facilitate parental engagement in services that support the child. An interpretative phenomenological approach and multiperspectival focus group design were used to illuminate each participant’s voice and explore overarching themes. Hill’s theory …


Expatriate Educators' Perspectives Of Transformational Leadership Practices In International Schools In Kuwait, Stacey Howe Jul 2025

Expatriate Educators' Perspectives Of Transformational Leadership Practices In International Schools In Kuwait, Stacey Howe

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Effective leadership is crucial for educational success, yet its definition varies across cultures, which may cause communication issues, especially in culturally diverse environments like international schools. The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore differing perceptions of transformational leadership (TL) between 68 expatriate teachers and 27 administrators, representing response rates of 22% and 47%, respectively, in three Kuwait international schools. Grounded in Bass's TL theory, the Global Transformational Leadership survey, an anonymous online survey with each of seven leadership domains represented by one item, was used in the study. Data collected on a 5-point frequency scale were analyzed using …


Kenyan Perspectives Of Trauma: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study On The Lived Experiences Of Helping Professionals, Megan Flinn Jul 2025

Kenyan Perspectives Of Trauma: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study On The Lived Experiences Of Helping Professionals, Megan Flinn

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This research addresses the critical gap in counseling literature regarding multicultural and trauma-informed training, particularly relevant given Kenya’s documented trauma and limited mental health resources, highlighting the need for incorporating lived experiences into research to equip counselors for increasingly globalized practice. The present hermeneutic phenomenological study aims to fill a gap in the literature by exploring the lived experiences of Kenyan helping professionals as they care for survivors of trauma in their country of origin. A previous data set was used, consisting of interviews from four Kenyan helping professionals in 2019, all whom worked actively with survivors of trauma at …


School Counselors’ Perceptions On Providing Mental Health Services In Schools, Kimberly Davis Jul 2025

School Counselors’ Perceptions On Providing Mental Health Services In Schools, Kimberly Davis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The increasing prevalence of mental health concerns among students in the United States has amplified the demand for comprehensive school-based mental health services. School counselors are often positioned as frontline providers of this support, yet research suggests they face numerous systemic and role-related challenges. This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted to explore school counselors’ perceptions of their roles in providing mental health services, the barriers they encounter, and the ways in which self-efficacy is shaped by these experiences. Ten school counselors from diverse school settings participated in semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed five central themes: (a) roles and responsibilities, (b) …


The Physical Characteristics Linked To The Perception Of Criminality Of Female Offenders, Jennifer Anne Chapman Jul 2025

The Physical Characteristics Linked To The Perception Of Criminality Of Female Offenders, Jennifer Anne Chapman

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Gender disparities can be seen throughout the criminal justice system, where females are seen as weak and incapable of causing harm. This quantitative study sought to add to the existing research regarding physical characteristics linked to criminality. The labeling theory explains how physical characteristics labeled as deviant can alter a person’s perception when deciding whether an individual is violent. The research questions explored the physical characteristics linked to the perception of violent female offenders as well as the relationship between the gender of the participant and their ability to successfully identify a violent female offender. A mixture of statistical designs …