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Predictors Of Mortality In African Americans With Alzheimer’S Disease-Related Dementias, Latrice Camille Noonan
Predictors Of Mortality In African Americans With Alzheimer’S Disease-Related Dementias, Latrice Camille Noonan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Alzheimer’s disease-related dementia (ADRD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. There is a need to identify the link between modifiable risk factors and the association with ADRD mortality. This study addresses the disproportionately high burden of ADRD among African Americans, aiming to inform targeted prevention strategies and promote health equity. In this study, the longitudinal relationship between ADRD mortality and the presences of diabetes, smoking, and obesity among older African Americans residing in the United States was examined, while controlling for age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. The biopsychosocial model served as the theoretical framework for this study. The …
Substance Use Disorder Civil Commitment And Association With Post-Commitment Treatment Retention Among Adult Women, Lydie Ultimo
Substance Use Disorder Civil Commitment And Association With Post-Commitment Treatment Retention Among Adult Women, Lydie Ultimo
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The effects of substance abuse are a public health challenge, as evidenced by the prevalence of drug-related overdoses since the year 2000. Involuntary civil commitment (ICC) denotes a legal basis to mandate treatment for people at imminent risk of harm due to substance use disorders (SUD). Grounded on the transtheoretical model stages of change, this quantitative retrospective cohort study analyzed the relationship between mental disorder history, medication for addiction treatment (MAT), and voluntary retention in SUD treatment post-ICC, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, drugs used, housing status, and Department of Children and Families services. Secondary data from the Massachusetts Department of …
Staff Education To Increase Knowledge And Awareness Of Hand Hygiene, Karamjeet Kaur
Staff Education To Increase Knowledge And Awareness Of Hand Hygiene, Karamjeet Kaur
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant concern in healthcare, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Despite the effectiveness of hand hygiene in preventing HAIs, compliance among healthcare providers remains suboptimal. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project aimed to evaluate whether an educational intervention could improve healthcare professionals’ knowledge and awareness of hand hygiene practices in a clinical setting. A convenience sample of 11 participants attended a 10-day educational intervention. Participants completed pretests and posttests to measure knowledge and awareness. The mean pretest score for knowledge was 8.73 (SD = 1.19), while the mean posttest score was 10.00 …
Clinical Practice Guideline End Of Shift Handover Toolkit, Sasha Samaroo-Burgos
Clinical Practice Guideline End Of Shift Handover Toolkit, Sasha Samaroo-Burgos
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The DNP project is a Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) to guide nurses in performing end-of-shift reports at a Medical Center in the West Indies. The gap in practice identified is that nurses perform end-of-shift reporting without using a standardized document. This affects patient safety because the absence of a structured handover process disrupts the continuity of patient care and the transmission of vital patient data. The nurse administrator and general manager reported that many adverse events at the facility were related to miscommunication of information among nurses. The purpose of the project was to develop a CPG that nurses will …
The Perceptions Of Law Enforcement Officers In Combating Carjacking And Auto Theft During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Daniel L. Gray
The Perceptions Of Law Enforcement Officers In Combating Carjacking And Auto Theft During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Daniel L. Gray
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore law enforcement officers’ perceptions in combating carjacking and auto theft during the COVID-19 pandemic in the southeast region of Louisiana. The framework selected to guide the study was the crime pattern theory by Brangtingham and Brangtinham. Using the purposive sampling method and snowballing sampling method, 10 active law enforcement officers were recruited from agencies across the Southeast region of Louisiana until data saturation occurred. The research questions focused on perceptions of law enforcement officers in combating carjacking and auto theft during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies used and preparedness to combat carjacking …
The Perceptions Of Law Enforcement Officers In Combating Carjacking And Auto Theft During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Daniel L. Gray
The Perceptions Of Law Enforcement Officers In Combating Carjacking And Auto Theft During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Daniel L. Gray
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore law enforcement officers’ perceptions in combating carjacking and auto theft during the COVID-19 pandemic in the southeast region of Louisiana. The framework selected to guide the study was the crime pattern theory by Brangtingham and Brangtinham. Using the purposive sampling method and snowballing sampling method, 10 active law enforcement officers were recruited from agencies across the Southeast region of Louisiana until data saturation occurred. The research questions focused on perceptions of law enforcement officers in combating carjacking and auto theft during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies used and preparedness to combat carjacking …
The Perceptions Of Law Enforcement Officers In Combating Carjacking And Auto Theft During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Daniel L. Gray
The Perceptions Of Law Enforcement Officers In Combating Carjacking And Auto Theft During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Daniel L. Gray
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore law enforcement officers’ perceptions in combating carjacking and auto theft during the COVID-19 pandemic in the southeast region of Louisiana. The framework selected to guide the study was the crime pattern theory by Brangtingham and Brangtinham. Using the purposive sampling method and snowballing sampling method, 10 active law enforcement officers were recruited from agencies across the Southeast region of Louisiana until data saturation occurred. The research questions focused on perceptions of law enforcement officers in combating carjacking and auto theft during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies used and preparedness to combat carjacking …
Closing The Gaps: Optimizing Emergency Department Protocols For Vaping-Related Respiratory Illnesses, Dominique Roy
Closing The Gaps: Optimizing Emergency Department Protocols For Vaping-Related Respiratory Illnesses, Dominique Roy
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The rising prevalence of vaping-related illnesses poses significant challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. Hospitals increasingly encounter patients with symptoms related to vaping, such as respiratory issues and lung injuries, which strain emergency departments (EDs). Addressing these challenges requires the development and implementation of effective standard operating procedures (SOPs) to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of vaping-related illnesses. This integrative review examined how SOPs can enhance clinical practices within hospitals by identifying gaps in current approaches and providing recommendations to improve patient care. The review, analyzing literature from 2016 to 2023, highlighted several important themes, including the necessity of standardized protocols …
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Kindergarten Through Grade 12 Education Leaders’ With Digital Transformation Strategies During And Post Covid-19, Vilma Tannisha Ramirez
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Kindergarten Through Grade 12 Education Leaders’ With Digital Transformation Strategies During And Post Covid-19, Vilma Tannisha Ramirez
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The rapid spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in March 2020 had a profound impact on global kindergarten through Grade 12 (K–12) education, causing significant disruption to the learning environment and compelling many education leaders to immediately embrace emergency remote learning measures. There was a gap in knowledge of education leaders’ lived experiences of this transformation. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of U.S. K–12 education leaders in creating digital transformation strategies during the wake and aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The conceptual framework consisted of Trist and Bamforth’s sociotechnical subsystem theory and Wade’s …
Staff Education To Nurses Of Five Departments Performing Point-Of-Use Treatment, Natalia G. Nunez
Staff Education To Nurses Of Five Departments Performing Point-Of-Use Treatment, Natalia G. Nunez
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Staff Education to Nurses of Five Departments Performing Point-of-Use Treatment by Natalia G. Nunez MPH, Walden University, 2019 BS, Florida International University, 2011 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University November 2024 Point-of-use treatment (POU) treatment is the first step of sterilization, and it is critical for staff performing this process to undergo proper education and training as noted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Performing proper POU treatment reduces the risk of infections in patients and extends the life of the instruments and devices. A …
The Lived Experience Of Psychological Suffering In Animal/Environmental Activists, Pamela Jimenez
The Lived Experience Of Psychological Suffering In Animal/Environmental Activists, Pamela Jimenez
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Animal agriculture, the second-largest contributor to climate change, poses serious risks to human and global health. Animal/environmental activists work to reduce these risks but often face verbal ridicule and physical violence; however, little is known about the psychological suffering experienced by this group. This interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) aimed to explore the experience of psychological suffering in animal/environmental activists committed to ending exploitative animal agriculture and environmental activities. Ecopsychological theory and psychological constructs, such as eco-anxiety, eco-grief, and vicarious trauma, comprised the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 18 animal/environmental activists, incorporating participant-selected photographs …
Relationship Between Depression And Stress On Accessing Recovery Capital Among Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder, Deana Luciano
Relationship Between Depression And Stress On Accessing Recovery Capital Among Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder, Deana Luciano
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This study addresses the critical need to understand how mental health challenges and external stressors affect long-term recovery from an Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). Grounded in the Recovery Capital Framework, this study analyzed the relationship between depression, stressful life events, and recovery capital (RC) among individuals in recovery from severe OUD. Utilizing a quantitative nonexperimental survey design, data were collected from a purposive sample of 107 adults aged 18 and older who had been in recovery for at least 2 years. Participants completed surveys assessing depression, life stressors, and their RC through established instruments including the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, …
Pneumonia Pathway’S Effectiveness In Decreasing Length Of Stay In An Acute Care, Marie Carline Hollant
Pneumonia Pathway’S Effectiveness In Decreasing Length Of Stay In An Acute Care, Marie Carline Hollant
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be detrimental to patient outcomes. One major challenge affecting care for CAP is hospital length of stay (HLOS), which is associated with multiple factors, mainly comorbid conditions. One way to improve the efficiency of CAP hospital care is the implementation of pneumonia clinical pathways to ensure effectiveness in application of pneumonia treatment and care. This project evaluated the effectiveness of using pneumonia pathways by evaluating HLOS before and after the health care staff in the project site implemented pneumonia pathways. Use of the pneumonia pathways in the project site started in 2021, but there had not …
Pneumonia Pathway’S Effectiveness In Decreasing Length Of Stay In An Acute Care, Marie Carline Hollant
Pneumonia Pathway’S Effectiveness In Decreasing Length Of Stay In An Acute Care, Marie Carline Hollant
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be detrimental to patient outcomes. One major challenge affecting care for CAP is hospital length of stay (HLOS), which is associated with multiple factors, mainly comorbid conditions. One way to improve the efficiency of CAP hospital care is the implementation of pneumonia clinical pathways to ensure effectiveness in application of pneumonia treatment and care. This project evaluated the effectiveness of using pneumonia pathways by evaluating HLOS before and after the health care staff in the project site implemented pneumonia pathways. Use of the pneumonia pathways in the project site started in 2021, but there had not …
Impact Of Drinking Water And Sanitation Facilities On Child Mortality In Sierra Leone, Christie Ben-Carew
Impact Of Drinking Water And Sanitation Facilities On Child Mortality In Sierra Leone, Christie Ben-Carew
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are viewed as key contributors to the high rates of under-5 child deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. In one of the countries in the region, Sierra Leone, there was an absence of studies on the potential impacts of WASH on child mortality. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine how variables related to access to toilet facilities and safe drinking water in rural and urban areas of Sierra Leone impact child mortality. Secondary data from the United Nations Children's Fund 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (N = 18,006) were analyzed as part of this …
Pneumonia Pathway’S Effectiveness In Decreasing Length Of Stay In An Acute Care, Marie Carline Hollant
Pneumonia Pathway’S Effectiveness In Decreasing Length Of Stay In An Acute Care, Marie Carline Hollant
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be detrimental to patient outcomes. One major challenge affecting care for CAP is hospital length of stay (HLOS), which is associated with multiple factors, mainly comorbid conditions. One way to improve the efficiency of CAP hospital care is the implementation of pneumonia clinical pathways to ensure effectiveness in application of pneumonia treatment and care. This project evaluated the effectiveness of using pneumonia pathways by evaluating HLOS before and after the health care staff in the project site implemented pneumonia pathways. Use of the pneumonia pathways in the project site started in 2021, but there had not …
Marijuana Legalization And Opioid Use Disorder In Ontario, Canada, From 2015 To 2021, Luke Ome Agada
Marijuana Legalization And Opioid Use Disorder In Ontario, Canada, From 2015 To 2021, Luke Ome Agada
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This study examined the trends in opioid-related hospitalizations and deaths in Ontario, Canada, from 2015, to 2021, with a particular focus on the periods before and after cannabis legalization. The social problem addressed was the ongoing opioid crisis, exacerbated by rising opioid-related health issues. Grounded in the harm reduction theory, this research explored whether cannabis legalization could serve as a substitute to mitigate opioid use disorder. Data were extracted from the Discharge Database, Emergency Department Database, National Ambulatory Care Reporting System, and Hospital Morbidity Database. Analysis using the generalized estimation equation (GEE) method revealed a significant increase in opioid-related hospitalizations, …
Improving Volunteers' Safety During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Dr. Laquetta Postell
Improving Volunteers' Safety During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Dr. Laquetta Postell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The onset of COVID-19 presented multiple challenges to both governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The selected study site is a nonprofit organization located in a major Southern US City. This organization shelters homeless men. The organization depended on volunteers' assistance in offering short-term and long-term solutions to provide clothing, cleaning, and shelter for homeless men. The organization was facing new challenges due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, the complexities of the social, political, and economic challenges for volunteers during the pandemic were well explored. The nonprofit organization’s challenges were examined and recommendations to help the organization …
College Readiness In Career And Technical Education Instruction During The Pandemic, Kenyetta A. Kendrick
College Readiness In Career And Technical Education Instruction During The Pandemic, Kenyetta A. Kendrick
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
College and career readiness (CCR) has become a priority in national education policy, leading to changes to CCR standards, practices, and measurements. In response to the COVID pandemic, school closings altered student engagement in career and technical education (CTE) courses. CTE teachers played a crucial role in providing CCR support to students by looking for ways to better align curriculum and engagement for successful transitions from high school to college. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to examine how teachers’ implementation of college and career instruction in CTE courses was influenced by the pandemic. Conley’s college readiness framework …
The Impact Of Covid-19 Response Measures On The Mental Health And Well-Being Of Teachers At Predominately Black Schools, Llewellyn Cooper
The Impact Of Covid-19 Response Measures On The Mental Health And Well-Being Of Teachers At Predominately Black Schools, Llewellyn Cooper
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teachers in predominately Black schools had limited access to mental health resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore how the response to COVID-19 affected the mental health and well-being (MHWB) of teachers at predominately Black schools during the pandemic to gain an in-depth understanding of their experiences regarding MHWB. The study participants were eight teachers at various schools in the state of Alabama. The goal was to understand how teachers experienced MHWB support during the COVID-19 pandemic, how teachers’ MHWB were affected when there were rapid adjustments to curricula changes, and how …
The Perspective Of Formerly Incarcerated African American Men During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Iyesha Shauntae' Franklin
The Perspective Of Formerly Incarcerated African American Men During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Iyesha Shauntae' Franklin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The confluence of two devastating circumstances—the COVID-19 pandemic and the crowded, insalubrious living conditions in American jails as a result of mass incarceration, brought about an epidemic of an unprecedented magnitude. The large jail population, highly susceptible to infections due to overcrowded conditions, experienced exponential spread of the virus. While earlier research examined unhealthy situations related to the prison environment and their effects on inmates, the focus of such studies was not typically major crises or disease outbreaks in prisons. This qualitative phenomenological study used 10 participants located in the southeastern United States as a case study to better understand …
Relationship Between Shortage Of Nursing Staff And Covid-19 Mortality And Infection In Rural And Urban Nursing Homes In The State Of Minnesota, Annam Asif Inayatullah
Relationship Between Shortage Of Nursing Staff And Covid-19 Mortality And Infection In Rural And Urban Nursing Homes In The State Of Minnesota, Annam Asif Inayatullah
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The COVID-19 pandemic posed challenges for nursing homes in the United States, including those in Minnesota, due to shortages of nursing staff and the impact on resident care quality. This study aimed to assess the relationship between nursing staff shortages and COVID-19 mortality and infections among nursing home residents in Minnesota. The analysis used data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services public database, considering rural and urban locations. The independent variables were nursing staff shortages, and the dependent variables were COVID-19 total resident deaths and COVID-19 total resident infections in nursing homes in Minnesota. Following the Donabedian theory, …
Health Risk Factors Of Female African American Informal Caregivers For Alzheimer’S Disease Patients In Low-Income Communities, Rosaline Elaine Elliott
Health Risk Factors Of Female African American Informal Caregivers For Alzheimer’S Disease Patients In Low-Income Communities, Rosaline Elaine Elliott
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
By 2050, 152 million people worldwide, primarily low-income populations, will have Alzheimer's disease (AD). African American (AA) women informal caregivers are primary caregivers in low-income neighborhoods, and they suffer from burnout and poor health, including physical and mental fatigue, despair, anxiety, hypertension, and stressors that can lead to heart attacks, strokes, or premature mortality. The Informal Caregiver Integrative Model (ICIM) theoretical framework was used to survey 120 participants using SurveyMonkey was administered to collect data for this cross-sectional quantitative study. The multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed caregiving appraisal had no significant impact on burnout. A higher quality of the caregiver-care …
Effects Of The Covid-19 Vaccine Mandate On Healthcare Workers’ Decisions To Refuse Vaccination And Quit Their Jobs From Canadian Hospitals, Henry Bwang Ewane
Effects Of The Covid-19 Vaccine Mandate On Healthcare Workers’ Decisions To Refuse Vaccination And Quit Their Jobs From Canadian Hospitals, Henry Bwang Ewane
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
COVID-19 vaccine uptake and compliance implementation challenges exist among some Canadian healthcare workers (HCWs), including hospital administrators, despite free vaccination as a preventive measure to control the spread. Earlier studies have examined COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and refusal among Canadian HCWs, but not how the -19 vaccine and vaccine mandates may have influenced their decisions to refuse vaccination and quit their jobs. This qualitative phenomenological study involved exploring how Canadian hospital HCWs’ lived experiences with the COVID-19 vaccine and vaccine mandates affected their decisions to refuse COVID-19 vaccination and quit their jobs. The theory of reasoned action was used to guide …
Type D Personality, Stressful Lifestyle, Coping Styles, And Social Support In Military Undergraduates, Thomas Richard Rabon
Type D Personality, Stressful Lifestyle, Coping Styles, And Social Support In Military Undergraduates, Thomas Richard Rabon
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Type D personality, characterized by negative affectivity and social inhibition, has been shown to predict the prognosis of patients with heart disease. Type D personality has also been shown to have health-compromising effects on patients with other diseases and on the physical and psychological health of otherwise healthy individuals in the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which a problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, dysfunctional or maladaptive coping, perceived stressful lifestyle, and perceived level of social support predict Type D personality in 203 individuals who maintain the dual roles of an active-duty enlisted member …
Behavioral Health Care Leaders Initiatives And Challenges Faced When Combating Homelessness After Covid-19, Alimatu Sadia Nuhu
Behavioral Health Care Leaders Initiatives And Challenges Faced When Combating Homelessness After Covid-19, Alimatu Sadia Nuhu
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This qualitative study was an investigation of the initiatives and challenges faced by behavioral health leaders at Organization X, the largest behavioral health organization in the Southcentral United States, in combating post-COVID-19 homelessness. With a focus on the organization’s housing and homelessness division, the study was an exploration of the dynamic landscape of behavioral health in the pandemic’s aftermath. Primary data were gathered through semistructured interviews with key organizational leaders, complemented by secondary data from Organization X’s website, literature, and testimonials. Thematic analysis revealed interconnected themes, emphasizing the holistic nature of addressing homelessness. The digital aspect emerged as crucial, highlighting …
A Staff Education Program On Managing Covid-19 In A Correctional Setting, Mary Catherine Knight
A Staff Education Program On Managing Covid-19 In A Correctional Setting, Mary Catherine Knight
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The medical departments of many correctional facilities were unprepared to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. The practice problem identified for this doctorate of nursing practice (DNP) project was the lack of knowledge of health staff on managing incarcerated individuals' care during a pandemic. The primary purpose of the project was to develop, implement, and evaluate a staff education program on evidence-based interventions for preventing and managing a pandemic in a correctional facility. This project was guided by David Kolb's experiential learning theory and the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The practice setting was a local detention center in …
The Influence Of Individual Characteristics On Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing In Puerto Rico, Jose Au Lay
The Influence Of Individual Characteristics On Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing In Puerto Rico, Jose Au Lay
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In 2016, there were 17,072 people living with HIV in Puerto Rico. Most HIV cases were among men, with the primary mode of transmission identified as men who have sex with other men followed by heterosexual contact. Among women, heterosexual contact was the primary mode of HIV transmission. The rise in the numbers of individuals infected with HIV through heterosexual contact suggest the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors including multiple sexual partners and unprotected vaginal and anal sex. Guided by the health belief model, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the likelihood of HIV testing …
The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Depression And Anxiety Among Idaho Adults, Melissa Marie Henbest
The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Depression And Anxiety Among Idaho Adults, Melissa Marie Henbest
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic had negative repercussions on the mental health of U.S. citizens. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on depression and anxiety on a population aged 18 years and older. Using a quantitative correlational repeated design, archival data were analyzed to evaluate the change in depression (as measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and anxiety (as measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7]) indices from a non-pandemic year (2019) to the 1st pandemic year (2020) among patients of an outpatient community health care center. The study took into …
Impact Of Covid-19 On Hospital Expenses Of Diabetes And Obesity Patients In Rural Eastern North Carolina, Courtney Battle-Bradley
Impact Of Covid-19 On Hospital Expenses Of Diabetes And Obesity Patients In Rural Eastern North Carolina, Courtney Battle-Bradley
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Multiple chronic conditions have caused a significant increase in hospital expenses. Diabetes and obesity have been identified as variables that negatively impact patient outcomes, but hospital expenses for diabetes and obesity patients who had and did not have COVID-19 had not been explored. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to compare the difference in hospital expenses, if any, of diabetes and obesity patients with and without COVID-19 at a North Carolina rural health care center. The study’s design was a correlational analysis using simple linear regression guided by Andersen’s behavioral model of health service utilization. The dependent variable …