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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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Staff Education To Improve Antipsychotic Medication Adherence, Okikiola Oluwabunmi Ogunbunmi Feb 2026

Staff Education To Improve Antipsychotic Medication Adherence, Okikiola Oluwabunmi Ogunbunmi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Non-adherence to antipsychotic medication among patients with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses is a critical issue, contributing to high rates of relapse, rehospitalization, and increased healthcare costs. Despite the necessity of these treatments, patients often struggle with compliance due to lack of insight, side effects, or complex regimens. The project aimed to evaluate how structured staff education interventions increase knowledge and confidence among healthcare providers, regarding medication adherence strategies, including the use of Long Acting Injectable (LAI) antipsychotics and the “teach-back” methods. Staff education programs typically utilize evidence-based tools, pre-and post-intervention assessments, and training sessions to enhance knowledge on …


Experiences Of Care-Seeking Parents With Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder In India, Yash Navnit Patel Feb 2026

Experiences Of Care-Seeking Parents With Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder In India, Yash Navnit Patel

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately 18 million individuals in India, yet the factors influencing parental care-seeking behavior were not well understood. Guided by the health belief model, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore how parents’ perceived severity of a child’s symptoms, parental beliefs about the causes of autism, and perceived mental and physical health outcomes of caregiving influence parents’ intention to seek services for children aged 1–10 years diagnosed with ASD in India. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with 10 mothers of autistic children. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis. …


Preventing Burnout In School-Based Behavioral Health Clinicians: Organizational Strategies For Mitigating Work-Related Mental Health Impairment, Virginia W. Lee Feb 2026

Preventing Burnout In School-Based Behavioral Health Clinicians: Organizational Strategies For Mitigating Work-Related Mental Health Impairment, Virginia W. Lee

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This is a qualitative case study on Organization X that used the Baldrige Framework to investigate employee burnout, a growing concern associated with staff turnover, reduced job satisfaction, depression, and disengagement. The goal was to examine how organizational leaders assess the effectiveness of burnout prevention strategies, identify organizational factors and leadership practices that either mitigate or increase burnout, and discover key factors that contribute to burnout. Semi-structured interviews, guided by the Baldrige Framework, were conducted with three leaders at Organization X. The themes resulting from interviews included burnout, open-ended communication, team cohesion, real-time protection, ethical leadership and authenticity, restoring norms, …


Impact Of Incentive Policies On Mathematics And Science Teachers’ Retention In Guyana’S Rural Secondary Schools, Verna Adrian Feb 2026

Impact Of Incentive Policies On Mathematics And Science Teachers’ Retention In Guyana’S Rural Secondary Schools, Verna Adrian

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Research on teacher retention in rural areas highlights persistent challenges, including geographic isolation, limited resources, and inadequate support. Studies have shown that financial incentives are critical for sustaining teacher retention, but a gap in the literature exists as to what specific non-financial challenges may also be important in influencing teachers’ long-term commitment. To address the social problem of teacher retention in rural secondary schools in Guyana, this study assessed the effectiveness of incentive policies in retaining teachers across four selected regions facing unique challenges. Data were collected through semi structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The purpose of this …


Proposal For An Intensive Outpatient Program, Dorcas Olatokunbo Ogundemuren Feb 2026

Proposal For An Intensive Outpatient Program, Dorcas Olatokunbo Ogundemuren

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) executive leadership systems improvement program presents the design of an evidence-based intensive outpatient program (IOP) in a community psychiatric clinic in the central region area of Maryland, to address the practice problem of fragmented transitions from inpatient psychiatry to routine outpatient services. This practice gap contributes to avoidable 30-day readmissions and prolonged emergency department boarding. The guiding practice question was as follows: In behavioral health organizations, how does a leadership-driven IOP implementation affect care transitions, staff engagement, and protocol adherence compared with existing discharge workflows? Local organizational indicators reveal elevated psychiatric readmission rates and …


Early Childhood Teachers’ Experiences Establishing Positive School-Home Relationships, Jayme Michelle Doyle Feb 2026

Early Childhood Teachers’ Experiences Establishing Positive School-Home Relationships, Jayme Michelle Doyle

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem in this study was that at Windland Elementary School (WES; pseudonym) early childhood teachers experienced a 16% decrease in parent satisfaction with the school's ability to eliminate or reduce barriers to parent engagement. Framed by six types of activities that encompass family engagement from Epstein et al., the purpose of this study was to explore early childhood teachers' experiences in establishing and maintaining school-home relationships at WES. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 10 Kindergarten through Grade 3 teachers who had at least 3 years’ teaching experience at WES. Thematic analysis using open coding yielded four key …


Incarceration’S Impact On Young Adults’ Psychological Development, Well-Being, And Reintegration Into Society, Monica Murrell Feb 2026

Incarceration’S Impact On Young Adults’ Psychological Development, Well-Being, And Reintegration Into Society, Monica Murrell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative phenomenological study explored how individuals who experienced incarceration during emerging adulthood understood and made meaning of their developmental, emotional, and psychosocial experiences. Emerging adulthood, defined as ages seventeen through twenty-five, is a critical developmental stage, and incarceration during this period may disrupt identity formation and emotional maturation. The purpose of the study was to examine the perspectives and coping mechanisms of individuals incarcerated during this stage to better understand how early adult imprisonment shapes trauma responses, identity development, and reintegration. Social learning theory served as the conceptual framework. Data was collected through interviews with six formerly incarcerated adults …


Challenges To Completion Of Workforce Adult Education Classes Among New Americans, Damon Grew Peter Syphers-Wilkins Feb 2026

Challenges To Completion Of Workforce Adult Education Classes Among New Americans, Damon Grew Peter Syphers-Wilkins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem which was addressed through this study was New American groups face challenges in the completion of workforce adult education classes. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore New Americans’ challenges, needs, and cultural challenges to complete workforce adult education classes. The conceptual frameworks that guided this study were Knowles’ model of andragogy and Wlodkowski and Ginsberg’s motivational framework for culturally responsive teaching. Freire’s pedagogy of hope can inform future research focused on strengthening the model of andragogy and the motivational framework for culturally responsive teaching. For this phenomenological design, 10 semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with …


The Perspective Of Rural Secondary Vocational Education Instructors On Employability Skills, Unqualified Advancement, And Expulsion To Reduce Delinquency And Justice System Contact, Stacy Lynn Feb 2026

The Perspective Of Rural Secondary Vocational Education Instructors On Employability Skills, Unqualified Advancement, And Expulsion To Reduce Delinquency And Justice System Contact, Stacy Lynn

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In this study, the problem in Tennessee and across the United States where the skills of employability, which are used in the reduction of recidivism, are not being emphasized at the secondary level to prevent delinquency and initial justice system contact was highlighted. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspective of rural secondary vocational educators on student unqualified advancement, expulsion, and program employability skills of students participating in vocational education, referencing the reduction of delinquency and justice system contact. Bandura’s social learning theory and subsequent social cognitive theory were the theoretical frameworks for thematic analysis using interpretative …


Emotion Regulation And Stress In Adult Learning Through Social Media Platforms, Jennifer Irocky Feb 2026

Emotion Regulation And Stress In Adult Learning Through Social Media Platforms, Jennifer Irocky

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Social media platforms have become significant contexts for informal learning among adults, offering access to information and peer exchange outside of formal educational settings. These platforms are also emotionally complex environments in which stress and emotion regulation may shape learning outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study was to examine the relationship between social media use and informal learning in adults, with perceived stress and emotion regulation examined as moderating variables. Secondary data from the Stress in America: The State of Our Nation, 2007–2018 surveys were analyzed, using binary logistic regression with moderation while controlling for age, gender, and …


Perceived Retirement Preparedness Of Gen X Women Participating In Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plans, Tammie Moore Parran Feb 2026

Perceived Retirement Preparedness Of Gen X Women Participating In Employer-Sponsored Retirement Plans, Tammie Moore Parran

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

As Generation X (GenX) women near full retirement age, concerns about retirement preparedness have increased due to limited time to save and greater dependence on employer-sponsored retirement plans. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore Gen X women’s perceptions of their retirement preparedness and to identify themes that influence effective retirement planning. Life cycle theory, the theory of reasoned action, and vested interest theory ground the conceptual framework for this study, which together explain how individuals anticipate future needs and engage in intentional financial behaviors. The study primarily focused on participants’ perceptions of retirement preparedness and …


Middle School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Integrating Technology Into Facilitating Learning In Georgia, Monia Gibbs Thomas Feb 2026

Middle School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Integrating Technology Into Facilitating Learning In Georgia, Monia Gibbs Thomas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study is that middle school teachers in Georgia Middle School Districts (GMSD, a pseudonym) face challenges integrating technology into their teaching. Guided by Mishra and Koehler’s technological pedagogical content knowledge framework, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore teachers' perceptions of successes, challenges, and support needed to effectively integrate technology into their teaching at GMSD. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 middle school teachers who were purposively selected by emailing all GMSD teachers. Through Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis, the following themes emerged: GMSD teachers have (1) no …


Staff Education To Reduce The Incidence Of Bias In Managing Patients With Opioid Use Disorder In A Rehabilitation Center, Almarie Alison Mclaren Feb 2026

Staff Education To Reduce The Incidence Of Bias In Managing Patients With Opioid Use Disorder In A Rehabilitation Center, Almarie Alison Mclaren

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project addressed stigma and implicit bias toward individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) within a rehabilitation subacute care setting. OUD remains a significant public health concern and at the project site, inconsistent staff education was identified as a practice gap requiring intervention. The purpose of this practice-focused DNP project was to evaluate the impact of a structured staff education intervention on healthcare staff knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in caring for patients with OUD. The project was guided by a thorough evidence search. The project was implemented using brief, unit-based educational sessions delivered to interdisciplinary …


Staff Education Project Staff Education To Improve Tobacco-Use Screening And Referral For Patients Without A Primary Care Provide, Candra Rich Feb 2026

Staff Education Project Staff Education To Improve Tobacco-Use Screening And Referral For Patients Without A Primary Care Provide, Candra Rich

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This project is a quality improvement initiative conducted in a rural clinic in South Carolina, focused on staff education and implementation of practices to improve tobacco use screening and referral for patients without a primary care provider. The practice problem is inconsistent screening for tobacco use and identification of patients without a primary care provider, resulting in missed opportunities for prevention and continuity of care. Addressing this issue is vital, as nurses play a key role in health promotion and connecting patients to smoking cessation resources. The practice-focused question of the DNP project asks whether empowering clinic nurses and advanced …


Relationship Between Perceived Leadership Styles And Millennial Membership Growth In Nonprofit Churches, Larry Latham Feb 2026

Relationship Between Perceived Leadership Styles And Millennial Membership Growth In Nonprofit Churches, Larry Latham

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite the widespread decline in church membership and attendance among all mainline denominations, there was a particular concern about retaining the millennial generation. Church leaders need to understand this concern as a key indicator of millennial retention in nonprofit churches. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between millennial membership growth and perceived leadership styles, including authoritative, partnership, democratic, team oriented, relationship oriented, serving, people oriented, task oriented, and goal oriented leadership. The social exchange theory and resource-based view theory grounded this study. The archival data from 2011 to 2022 comprised 17,012 Millennial participants from 665 …


Lived Experiences Of Law Enforcement Officers Assigned To Co-Response Teams Responding To Mental Health Crises, Roxanne Miller Jan 2026

Lived Experiences Of Law Enforcement Officers Assigned To Co-Response Teams Responding To Mental Health Crises, Roxanne Miller

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Law enforcement officers are increasingly called upon to respond to mental health crises, yet their experiences as members of co-response teams (CRTs) remain underexplored. This study was conducted to address that gap by examining the lived experiences of officers assigned to CRTs that pair specially trained officers with mental health clinicians to respond jointly to calls involving individuals in crisis. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to describe how officers experience CRT work and how it shapes their perceptions, practices, and professional identity. The study was guided by Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional theory of stress, appraisal, and coping, …


Investigating Sex Offenders’ Experience Of Being Registered As A Sex Offender, Stacey Mitchell-Swingle Jan 2026

Investigating Sex Offenders’ Experience Of Being Registered As A Sex Offender, Stacey Mitchell-Swingle

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In society, sex offenders are subject to unforeseen consequences of the sex offender registry. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how the sex offender registry contributes to the mental distress of registered sex offenders and their concerns about recidivism. This study addressed a gap in understanding the sex offender registry experiences from the offender’s perspective. The research question addressed how adult male registrants describe their experiences of mental distress associated with registration and how they perceive registration as shaping their risk of reoffending. The theoretical framework was John Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming theory, with a specific focus on …


Graduates’ Perceptions Of Their High School Career Technical Education Work-Based Learning Experiences, Cheryline M. Hewitt Jan 2026

Graduates’ Perceptions Of Their High School Career Technical Education Work-Based Learning Experiences, Cheryline M. Hewitt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Little is known about how career and technical education (CTE) work-based learning (WBL) programs support student academic achievement and workforce outcomes. Guided by Kolb’s experiential learning theory, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore high school graduates’ perceptions of their CTE WBL experiences and to identify how completing a CTE WBL program supported and hindered their academic and workforce achievement. Ten graduates of CTE WBL programs were recruited via postsecondary CTE school outreach, Facebook, and LinkedIn groups and participated in a semistructured interview. Thematic analysis using open coding was conducted. The data analysis resulted in three identified …


Teacher Perspectives Of Their Challenges In Supporting K-3 Students In Mathematics Proficiency, Jasmine Chanel Mills Jan 2026

Teacher Perspectives Of Their Challenges In Supporting K-3 Students In Mathematics Proficiency, Jasmine Chanel Mills

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem for this study was that mathematics preparation for students in K–3 classrooms often does not lead to mathematics proficiency for third grade students. Guided by Wigfield’s expectancy value theory, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore teachers’ perspectives of children’s expectations and values related to mathematics and challenges teachers describe in supporting children’s mathematics achievement. Data were collected through 12 semistructured interviews with K–3 teachers in in a public school district in the eastern United States. Thematic analysis using open coding resulted in six themes which indicated that teacher beliefs and expectations are associated with mathematics …


Clinical Practice Guidelines For Suicide Risk Assessment, Jelitta Cleatus Jan 2026

Clinical Practice Guidelines For Suicide Risk Assessment, Jelitta Cleatus

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In this doctoral project, I developed a clinical practice guideline (CPG) to address the lack of a standardized suicide risk assessment protocol at a Texas mental health clinic. At project initiation, suicide risk assessment at the facility was inconsistent due to the absence of a CPG. The guideline incorporated the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), a validated instrument that improved early detection of suicidal ideation and behaviors, which were often under recognized in older adults. This inconsistency led to the following clinical question, Does the evidence support the development of a CPG for assessing suicide risk among high-risk patients using …


Improving Early Detection Of Lung Cancer In Underserved Primary Care Settings, Trent Arden Goode, Ii Jan 2026

Improving Early Detection Of Lung Cancer In Underserved Primary Care Settings, Trent Arden Goode, Ii

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States, with underserved populations experiencing higher rates of late-stage diagnosis and preventable death. Despite established screening guidelines, adherence within primary care remains inconsistent, particularly in safety-net settings, reflecting a healthcare administration problem driven by organizational structures and care processes. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify administrative interventions that improve primary care provider adherence to lung cancer screening referral guidelines in safety-net healthcare settings. Guided by the Donabedian Quality Framework, a systematic integrative review was conducted to examine how healthcare structures and processes influence screening implementation. …


Staff Education To Use The Teach-Back Method Toward Increasing Adherence To Medications In A Mental Health Clinic, Yanysel Gonzalez Torres Jan 2026

Staff Education To Use The Teach-Back Method Toward Increasing Adherence To Medications In A Mental Health Clinic, Yanysel Gonzalez Torres

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A staff development project was conducted at a mental health clinic to improve medication adherence among patients. The intervention was an evidence-based presentation on the teach-back method for staff members to educate them about the importance of using the teach-back method for patient teaching to increase medication adherence among mental health patients. The gap identified by leadership was that staff members are often unaware of strategies for patient education designed to ensure that patients take their medications as prescribed by the provider. The project was conducted over a period of 4 weeks, with sessions held 3 days per week, taking …


Self-Stigma Of Seeking Help, Psychological Safety, And Employee Assistance Program Use In Nurses, Latisha Lenee Marshall Jan 2026

Self-Stigma Of Seeking Help, Psychological Safety, And Employee Assistance Program Use In Nurses, Latisha Lenee Marshall

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee assistance programs (EAPs) remain underutilized across various U.S. work sectors, including nursing. There are several barriers that impede nurses from using EAP services, including self-stigma of seeking help (SSOSH) and psychological safety (PS). The purposes of this study, which used the health promotion model as its theoretical framework, were to determine (a) if there was a difference in the level of SSOSH in nurses who have used EAPs and those who have not used EAPs, (b) if there was a difference in the level of PS in nurses who have used EAPs and nurses who have not used EAPs, …


Predicting Perceived Immigrant Threat To National Identity Based On Christian Nationalism, White Racial Centrality, And Social Dominance Orientation, Anna Caroline Kinney Jan 2026

Predicting Perceived Immigrant Threat To National Identity Based On Christian Nationalism, White Racial Centrality, And Social Dominance Orientation, Anna Caroline Kinney

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Immigrants remain frequent targets of anti-immigrant hate speech, often amplified by right-wing media. Demographic factors such as Christian nationalism (i.e., the desire to preserve Christian symbols, beliefs, and policies preserved as the established religion of the United States), White racial centrality (i.e., an automatic association between the self and the White ingroup), and social dominance orientation (i.e., support for group-based hierarchies and inequality) significantly shape perceptions of immigrants as a threat to national identity. Although prior research has examined these factors independently, their relative importance in predicting perceived immigrant threat remains limited. Informed by intergroup threat theory, this quantitative study …


Reflective Parenting, Psychological Needs, And Parental Interpretation Of Children’S Negative Emotions, Julia Pappas Jan 2026

Reflective Parenting, Psychological Needs, And Parental Interpretation Of Children’S Negative Emotions, Julia Pappas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Parents’ ability to understand and respond effectively to children’s negative emotions plays a critical role in children’s emotional development and regulation. However, it remains unclear whether parents interpret negative emotions as potential signals of underlying psychological needs. Based in the conceptual framework of parental reflective functioning and basic psychological needs theory, and grounded in interpretivist- constructivist paradigm, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to examine how parents interpret children’s negative emotions and how their meaning-making processes relate to basic psychological needs. Semistructured interviews were conducted with parents of children between ages 3 and 9 years old (N = …


Caribbean Early Childhood Educators, Primary Educators, And Student Teachers' Perceptions Of Visual Literacy And Visual Images Across The Curriculum, Monica Yvonne Hines-Graham Jan 2026

Caribbean Early Childhood Educators, Primary Educators, And Student Teachers' Perceptions Of Visual Literacy And Visual Images Across The Curriculum, Monica Yvonne Hines-Graham

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study is the gap in knowledge about the integration and evaluation of visual literacy and visual images across the curriculum of early childhood educators, primary educators, and student teachers, despite it being a requirement for teachers in the Caribbean education system. Grounded in Hall and Hord’s concerns-based adoption model, the purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of early childhood educators, primary educators, and student teachers with the integration and evaluation of visual literacy and visual images across the curriculum. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews with 12 participants from …


Strategies To Reduce The Physician Documentation Burden In Adult Primary Care, Glenda Cascalla Jan 2026

Strategies To Reduce The Physician Documentation Burden In Adult Primary Care, Glenda Cascalla

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Primary care physicians face high rates of burnout, with electronic health record (EHR) documentation identified ass a significant contributing factor. EHR systems consume substantial physician time, diverting attention from meaningful patient interactions toward administrative tasks and increasing documentation burden. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate best practices for minimizing the documentation burden on primary care providers. The review question centered on how best practices can be implemented by healthcare administrators to reduce the physician documentation burden in primary care. This integrative review used the sociotechnical systems theory framework to identify and evaluate effective strategies to alleviate …


Implementing Emotional Intelligence To Enhance Leadership Abilities In A Skilled Nursing Home, Nkechi Amaechina Jan 2026

Implementing Emotional Intelligence To Enhance Leadership Abilities In A Skilled Nursing Home, Nkechi Amaechina

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

To meet dynamic changes in healthcare, effective leadership is necessary. A major problem with effective leadership is the lack of emotional intelligence (EI). The purpose of this integrative review is to identify strategies that enhance skilled nursing home leadership abilities using EI. The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory was used, supported by Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS)Theory. LMX theory explains that leaders-members relationships affect an organization while CAS theory describes healthcare industry as ever-changing. The review question (RQ) that guided this integrative review is: what best EI strategies can be implemented to enhance leadership abilities in a skilled nursing home? Twenty-six articles …


Students’ Perceptions Of The Use Of Technology In Rural Elementary Schools, Evadney Moncrieffe - Jumpp Jan 2026

Students’ Perceptions Of The Use Of Technology In Rural Elementary Schools, Evadney Moncrieffe - Jumpp

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Rapid technological advancements have transformed educational experiences, optimizing learning outcomes while providing interesting experiences to learners and educators. More insight was needed on how students perceive learning via technology, as this information can shape how teachers implement technology, especially in rural elementary schools. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the perceptions of students in rural areas between Grades 1–5 regarding the increased use of technology education. The research questions concerned how students in rural elementary schools perceive (a) the use of technology in education and (b) the quality of the teaching–learning process when using or mediating technological …


Perspectives Of Current And Former Kindergarten Teachers Regarding The Role Of Play-Based Learning Practices, Breann Nicole Crocker Jan 2026

Perspectives Of Current And Former Kindergarten Teachers Regarding The Role Of Play-Based Learning Practices, Breann Nicole Crocker

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The increase in standards-based curriculum in kindergarten has led to uncertainty about the use play-based learning to teach to benchmark standards. The problem that was addressed through this study is that the role of play-based learning in the study state new kindergarten (SSNK) curriculum to teach benchmark standards has not been evaluated. Grounded in Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore kindergarten teachers’ perspectives of the role of play-based learning practices in teaching to state learning benchmarks after being trained in (SSNK) curriculum. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with eight kindergarten …