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Describing The Creation Of Physician Burnout Prevention Efforts: A Phenomenological Investigation, Amy Cowan
Describing The Creation Of Physician Burnout Prevention Efforts: A Phenomenological Investigation, Amy Cowan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Despite physician burnout being a recognized problem, no single, successful, clear strategy has been developed to lessen this issue. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the motivations underlying the development of responses to physician burnout by their creators and the factors that influenced their decision-making in creating these responses. A purposeful sample of 17 creators of physician burnout and suicide prevention strategies in the United States was selected based on Moustakas’s conventions for conducting a qualitative descriptive phenomenological study. Notwithstanding this sample, data collection continued until saturation was achieved. The qualitative data were collected using semi-structured …
Single Custodial Fathers And The Challenges To Receiving Services, Oriesha Anyah Peña
Single Custodial Fathers And The Challenges To Receiving Services, Oriesha Anyah Peña
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Single fathers are an increasing population in the United States and worldwide. However, the literature and programs that guide human services professionals supporting single fathers’ parenting experience are limited in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. There is a need to further study the varied challenges these fathers experience so that professionals in social support organizations and agencies can implement appropriate services, support, programs, and resources into practice and ensure access to support their families and parenting. This qualitative study includes a force field analysis as part of a formative program needs assessment to explore human services professionals' perceptions of service needs, …
Justice-Involved Adults’ Perspectives On Multidisciplinary Treatment Teams During Community Re-Entry, Monique D. Brown Wellons
Justice-Involved Adults’ Perspectives On Multidisciplinary Treatment Teams During Community Re-Entry, Monique D. Brown Wellons
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Adults with mental illnesses have been disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system, often due to limited access to timely mental health treatment and fragmented community-based support. When continuity of care was inadequate, justice involvement frequently replaced coordinated interventions designed to promote stabilization and recovery. This qualitative study was guided by the sequential intercept model and the risk-need-responsivity model to examine how multidisciplinary treatment teams influenced rehabilitation and reoffending outcomes among formerly incarcerated adults diagnosed with mental illness. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with justice-involved adults who described their experiences with multidisciplinary support during their reentry process and analyzed …
Implementation Of Sustainable Development Goals In Higher Education, Adam Mehmet Kilic
Implementation Of Sustainable Development Goals In Higher Education, Adam Mehmet Kilic
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study is that higher education institutions play a critical role in advancing the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs), yet limited research offers guidance on how institutions can implement the SDGs through systems-oriented strategic planning. Guided by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and Senge’s systems thinking, the purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the integration of SDGs into its policies and practices to inform effective, transformative approaches at a private Texas university. For this case study design, data were collected through 11 semistructured interviews, a focus group with five administrators and faculty, and …
Psychologists’ And Psychiatrists’ Views On Criminal Behavior, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, And Federally Sentenced Indigenous Women In The Prairie Region And British Columbia, Rina Asghar
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The overrepresentation of federally sentenced Indigenous women in Canada reflects longstanding structural and systemic injustices within the criminal justice system. Constituting approximately 5% of the female population, Indigenous female offenders are disproportionately represented, especially in maximum security facilities and structured intervention units. This qualitative study examined psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ perspectives on the potential role of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) related neurocognitive impairments in increasing justice system involvement among Indigenous women in Western Canada. Guided by the multidimensional Indigenous developmental framework, which integrates historical trauma theory and attachment theory, nine psychologists and one psychiatrist were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. The …
Ethical Leadership And Funding Strategies In Nonprofit Organizations, George Edward Walker
Ethical Leadership And Funding Strategies In Nonprofit Organizations, George Edward Walker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
A lack of effective funding strategies can negatively affect nonprofit program sustainability and growth. Nonprofit leaders are concerned with inadequate funding practices as they lessen organizational sustainability, donor trust, and reliable program delivery. Grounded in deontological ethical theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore funding strategies nonprofit leaders use to expand and sustain programs and services. The participants were eight nonprofit leaders from the West Coast of the United States with 10+ years of leadership experience. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and peer-reviewed journals. Through thematic analysis, five themes were identified: (a) research and data …
Enhancing Staff Knowledge And Confidence In Depression Screening Using The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Melkamzer Chari
Enhancing Staff Knowledge And Confidence In Depression Screening Using The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Melkamzer Chari
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Depression is a serious public health concern affecting over 280 million people globally and leading to significant morbidity and mortality if left undetected and untreated. At the local organization, leadership identified inconsistent depression screening as a practice problem among nursing staff. Thus, the purpose of this doctor in nursing practice (DNP) project was to determine if an educational intervention focused on depression, the importance of depression screening, and the use of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) increased knowledge and confidence among nursing staff working in a local organization. Fifteen participants volunteered to participate in the project. The average age was …
Relationships Between Resource Utilization And Relapse In Rural Areas, Shane Sneddon
Relationships Between Resource Utilization And Relapse In Rural Areas, Shane Sneddon
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
In the United States, over 100,000 deaths were attributed to drug overdose in 2021. Relapse rates are higher in rural communities than in urban communities due to sociocultural barriers such as employment, limited entrainment activities, and peer pressure during social events. Previous research did not indicate whether the increase or decrease of Daily Living Assessment (DLA-20) scores have a correlation between community resource utilization and relapse. Using systems theory as the research lens, this study examined the correlation between use of community engagement resources and relapse as manifested by scores on the DLA-20. Data were collected from 100 individuals enrolled …
Internal Family Systems Therapy For Trauma Recovery And Addiction In Sexual And Gender Minorities, Walter Saunders
Internal Family Systems Therapy For Trauma Recovery And Addiction In Sexual And Gender Minorities, Walter Saunders
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Sexual and gender minorities (SGM) experience disproportionately high rates of substance use disorders linked to trauma exposure, minority stress, and barriers to affirming behavioral health care. Although trauma-informed approaches have expanded, little is known about how SGM individuals experience and make meaning of their engagement in internal family systems (IFS) therapy for trauma and addiction. Guided by Schwartz’s theory of the multiplicity of the mind and minority stress theory, the purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore how SGM individuals describe and interpret their engagement in IFS therapy within the context of trauma and addiction. Interpretative phenomenological analysis …
Child Protection Workers’ Perceptions Of Burnout And Work Dissatisfaction, Ashley-Camille Jackson
Child Protection Workers’ Perceptions Of Burnout And Work Dissatisfaction, Ashley-Camille Jackson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Child protection workers work in a stressful and demanding occupation, subject to high staff turnover and inexperienced staff. This situation has created problems for child protection workers in doing their jobs effectively—for example, handling their daily tasks and caseload—leading to potential burnout and work dissatisfaction. Existing literature has explained how burnout begins to develop as a response to chronic exposure to job-related stressors, to a point of emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment. Researchers have found that work-related conditions have contributed to the development of burnout, especially when attempting to define how one could be overworked and how much labor …
Leadership Strategies Nonprofit Leaders Use To Motivate Employees, Clara Dube
Leadership Strategies Nonprofit Leaders Use To Motivate Employees, Clara Dube
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Unmotivated nonprofit organization (NPO) employees threaten NPO mission fulfillment. NPO leaders are concerned with poor employee motivation as it negatively correlates with organizational performance. Grounded in the integration of self-determination theory and Vroom’s expectancy theory, the purpose of this qualitative single-case study was to explore the leadership strategies that some NPO leaders use to motivate employees. The targeted population was five leaders of an NPO in the Tigray region of Ethiopia who implemented successful leadership strategies to motivate employees. The participants comprised five leaders, purposively selected from an Ethiopian NPO, who had demonstrated the ability to motivate their employees. Data …
Lived Experiences Of Texas Construction Workers Reporting Near Misses On Their Jobsite, Joaquin Manuel Diaz
Lived Experiences Of Texas Construction Workers Reporting Near Misses On Their Jobsite, Joaquin Manuel Diaz
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Near miss incidents in the construction industry, when reported, serve as critical indicators of safety performance. When reported, organizations can identify hazards early and reduce the incidence of injuries and illnesses. Limited research exists on how construction workers perceive near miss incidents and how they are influenced to report them. Semi-structured audio-recorded interviews with 15 Texas-based construction workers in three cities about their lived experiences with near-miss reporting were conducted between July 18 and August 22, 2025. Data were organized using NVivo software and analyzed according to the phenomenological procedures outlined by Burns et al. and the qualitative analysis guidance …
Former Foster Youth Lack The Understanding And Training In How To Access Medical And Preventative Care Benefits, Gloria Harrison
Former Foster Youth Lack The Understanding And Training In How To Access Medical And Preventative Care Benefits, Gloria Harrison
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The purpose of this qualitative action research study was to explore Dallas, Texas, human services professionals’ perceptions of the services that former foster youth need to ensure that they have access to medical and preventative care benefits when they age out of the system. The conceptual framework of Aday and Andersen’s health behavior model provided a structure for the lack of medical care access, the need for improvement, and the desire to use services for various marginalized at-risk populations. The action research design was chosen to help solve real-life healthcare problems that directly affect participants within their community. A purposeful …
Perceived Black Maternal Narcissism And Their Daughters’ Delinquency: Chronicles From A Daughter’S Interpretation, Nzinga Cates
Perceived Black Maternal Narcissism And Their Daughters’ Delinquency: Chronicles From A Daughter’S Interpretation, Nzinga Cates
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This qualitative study examined the intricate dynamics between perceived Black narcissistic mothers and their daughters, particularly regarding potential delinquent behaviors exhibited by the daughters. By utilizing in-depth interviews with seven participants, I sought to uncover the psychological and relational factors contributing to these behaviors’ development. Thematic analysis indicated that daughters of narcissistic mothers often endure emotional neglect, manipulation, and lack of healthy role modeling. This can result in feelings of inadequacy and rebellion. Themes of identity confusion, low self-esteem, and desire for autonomy surfaced as significant contributors to the daughters’ engagement in delinquent activities. The study underscored the importance of …
Moderating Effects Of Leadership Style And Organizational Culture On Information Technology Involvement, Erick Dyson
Moderating Effects Of Leadership Style And Organizational Culture On Information Technology Involvement, Erick Dyson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This quantitative correlational study investigated the relationships among leadership styles, organizational culture, information technology involvement (INV), IT adoption intention (ITA), and knowledge-sharing intention (KSI) among managerial staff in educational institutions in the northeastern United States. Grounded in the technology acceptance model (TAM) and knowledge management theory, the study utilized survey responses from 141 participants in supervisory roles. Regression analyses revealed that INV significantly predicted ITA (F = 31.725, p < .001), accounting for 17.7% of the variance. However, ITA demonstrated a statistically significant but inverse relationship with KSI (F = 7.995, p < .001), indicating that greater ITA was associated with lower KSI. Hierarchical regression showed that the inclusion of leadership styles and organizational cultures improved model fit, with the final model explaining 53.3% of the variance in KSI. Charismatic, transformational, and transactional leadership styles moderated the ITA and KSI relationship, while servant and transactional leadership directly predicted KSI. Among cultural types, hierarchy and market cultures moderated the ITA and KSI relationship, while adhocracy, hierarchy, and market cultures directly predicted KSI. Seventeen significant two-factor interactions were identified, highlighting the complex interplay of leadership and culture. Reliability analyses confirmed acceptable internal consistency (α = .71 -.85), and regression diagnostics indicted no assumption violations. These findings challenge traditional TAM assumptions and emphasize the need for context-aware strategies integrating leadership and culture to enhance knowledge sharing in digitally transforming institutions.
Human Resource Management Practices’ Impact On Employee Retention, Regina Gregory
Human Resource Management Practices’ Impact On Employee Retention, Regina Gregory
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some human resource managers (HRMs) in small- to medium-sized manufacturing industries lack effective strategies to retain employees. Organizational leaders are concerned that the lack of effective strategies to retain employees negatively affects organizational sustainability and profitability. Grounded in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore effective strategies that seven HRMs in small- to medium-sized manufacturing industries used to retain employees for more than 5 years. The participants were seven leaders from various HRM roles within the manufacturing industry who have implemented effective employee retention strategies. Data were collected using semistructured interviews …
Exploring The Perceptions Of Religious Trauma Among Former Members Of The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints Who Identify As A Sexual Minority, Samuel Clemens
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This qualitative study explored the perceived experiences of religious trauma among formerly active members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) who identify as sexual minorities. Religious trauma, characterized by psychological, emotional, and social harm, arises from interactions with religious institutions and teachings. For sexual minorities within the LDS Church, strict adherence to heteronormative principles and rigid gender roles often results in identity suppression, emotional distress, and social isolation. Utilizing a generic qualitative inquiry approach, this study investigated how participants interpret their experiences of religious trauma and its perceived effects on their lives. Twelve participants aged 20–74 …
High School Teachers’ Perspectives Of Middle School Biomedical Science Career Exploration Programs, Stephanie Gurule-Leyba
High School Teachers’ Perspectives Of Middle School Biomedical Science Career Exploration Programs, Stephanie Gurule-Leyba
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Biomedical sciences (BMS) are a common career pathway for U.S. Hispanic high school students interested in pursuing healthcare careers. Little was known about how middle school career exploration programs in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics motivate Hispanic students to continue pursuing BMS careers. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore high school teachers’ perspectives of how middle school BMS career exploration programs can motivate Hispanic students’ interest in BMS careers. The study was grounded in Keller’s attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction motivation model. Thirteen high school BMS teachers, who have taught or are currently teaching the PLTW …
Staff Education On Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Identification And Referral Using The Vanderbilt Assessment Scale, Edith Nkeze
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Staff Education on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Identification and Referral Using the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale
Exploring Effective Retention Strategies Of Skilled And Productive Personnel In The Healthcare Industry, Joshua Emmanuel Banks
Exploring Effective Retention Strategies Of Skilled And Productive Personnel In The Healthcare Industry, Joshua Emmanuel Banks
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Employee retention remains a significant challenge for healthcare organizations. Healthcare human resource (HR) managers are concerned about high turnover because it increases staffing costs, disrupts continuity of care, and threatens patient safety and workforce stability. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore strategies that healthcare HR managers use to retain skilled and productive employees to ensure continuity of care, patient safety, and overall organizational success. The participants were seven HR managers from the healthcare industry in Virginia; West Virginia; Washington, DC; and Maryland who retained skilled and productive employees to ensure …
The Relationship Between Police Encounters And Anxiety Levels Among Urban Black Males Aged 18–40, Wilbert Smith
The Relationship Between Police Encounters And Anxiety Levels Among Urban Black Males Aged 18–40, Wilbert Smith
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational study examined the relationship between police encounter characteristics and anxiety symptoms among urban Black males aged 18–40 in the United States. Although prior research has documented racial disparities in police contact and adverse mental health outcomes, limited empirical work has examined how multiple dimensions of police encounters jointly relate to anxiety within this population. Guided by Critical Race Theory, the study assessed whether the frequency, severity, and perceived fairness of police encounters were associated with self-reported anxiety symptoms. Data were collected from 138 self-identified urban Black males using a nonprobability, self-selected sampling approach. Participants completed an …
Third-Grade Teachers’ Experiences When Implementing Technology Tools To Enhance Literacy Instruction, Sherry Ann Kim Marie Meeks
Third-Grade Teachers’ Experiences When Implementing Technology Tools To Enhance Literacy Instruction, Sherry Ann Kim Marie Meeks
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study was that third-grade teachers had challenges fostering students’ use of technology during instruction to increase literacy proficiency at rural schools in the western Caribbean. Grounded in Siemens’s connectivism theory, the purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of third-grade teachers when using technology to improve students’ literacy proficiency levels. Data were collected from 14 third-grade teachers from regional primary schools who had in-depth knowledge about integrating technology into third-grade instruction. Thematic analysis using open coding yielded six themes: teachers (1) believe technology plays an important role in preparing third-grade students …
Barriers And Incentives For Smartphone Mhealth Adoption Among Health Care Providers In Central And Southern Appalachia, Temitope S. Ajagbe
Barriers And Incentives For Smartphone Mhealth Adoption Among Health Care Providers In Central And Southern Appalachia, Temitope S. Ajagbe
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Rural Appalachian communities in the United States experience disproportionately high chronic disease burden. Mobile health (mHealth) technology adoption among providers remains low despite potential to improve care access. Understanding adoption factors is critical for addressing health inequities. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to examine whether diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory attributes predict current mHealth adoption among health care professionals involved in rural Appalachian primary care delivery and whether structural constraints moderate these relationships. Despite extensive DOI validation in well-resourced settings, its applicability to severely resource-constrained contexts remained empirically uncertain. Data from 100 health care professionals across eight …
Black Women’S Critical And Racial Literacy Practices In Higher Education, Cherita Harrell
Black Women’S Critical And Racial Literacy Practices In Higher Education, Cherita Harrell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed through this study was the limited understanding of how Black female college students experienced critical and racial literacy practices within college-level reading and writing courses, particularly within dominant literacy frameworks that privileged White, Eurocentric norms of language, knowledge, expression, and representation. Grounded in Luke’s critical literacy and Sealey-Ruiz’s racial literacy frameworks, the purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how Black female college students described their experiences in reading and writing courses, including how dominant literacy frameworks influenced their engagement in ways that limited expression, created barriers to participation, and shaped their academic experiences and personal …
The Lived Experiences Of Visually Impaired Professionals, Robert Anthony Hoyt
The Lived Experiences Of Visually Impaired Professionals, Robert Anthony Hoyt
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of visually impaired professionals (VIPs) as they navigate workplace inclusion, identity, and systemic accessibility. Drawing on Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological psychological method, the study analyzed in-depth interviews with eleven purposefully selected participants across diverse professions. The research aimed to address a gap in disability studies by centering on the psychological meanings embedded in the narratives of VIPs; voices that are often underrepresented in organizational research. Through rigorous thematic analysis, three essential themes emerged: (1) the silent erasure of competence, reflecting the emotional labor required to assert professional legitimacy in ableist environments; (2) resilience …
Staff Education On Phq-9 To Improve Depression Screening And Patient Outcomes, Ahmad Ghandour
Staff Education On Phq-9 To Improve Depression Screening And Patient Outcomes, Ahmad Ghandour
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Depression is a prevalent mental health condition that significantly affects patient quality of life and healthcare utilization. Clinical guidelines recommend routine depression screening in adults when appropriate systems for follow-up and treatment are in place. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a validated instrument used to identify depressive symptoms and assess severity in outpatient settings. Despite national recommendations supporting routine depression screening using the PHQ-9, a significant practice gap remains in the consistent administration, accurate scoring, and proper documentation of the tool in outpatient. Research indicated that variability in screening practices is frequently associated with inadequate staff training and lack …
Staff Education For Hypertension Diagnosis, Management, And Treatment, Philomena Ifeyinwa Chinemelu
Staff Education For Hypertension Diagnosis, Management, And Treatment, Philomena Ifeyinwa Chinemelu
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Hypertension (HTN) is a significant public health concern, and educating nursing staff is crucial to improving patient outcomes and supporting public health initiatives. This staff education project focused on improving the quality of hypertension management by empowering nurses to provide evidence-based, patient-centered care. The practice-focused question is as follows: Will HTN education improve staff knowledge of HTN diagnosis, treatment, and management? I employed a quantitative pre-test/post-test design to measure changes in staff (n = 10) knowledge before and after training. Descriptive statistics measure knowledge gain and the effectiveness of educational strategies. The pre-test percentage of correct answers improved from 79% …
Staff Education To Reduce Compassion Fatigue In Acute Care Staff Nurses, Kamala C. Mcgee
Staff Education To Reduce Compassion Fatigue In Acute Care Staff Nurses, Kamala C. Mcgee
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Compassion fatigue (CF), burnout, and moral distress are common in high-acuity nursing environments, yet nurses are rarely taught how to recognize or manage these challenges. The guiding question for this staff education project was about whether education focused on CF and mindfulness-based coping strategies would improve nurses’ knowledge and attitudes in an acute care VA medical center. Posteducation results (n = 20) showed meaningful, statistically significant improvements. Familiarity with CF increased from baseline (M = 2.35; SD = 1.04) to post implementation (M = 3.75; SD = .91), t(19) = −5.085, p < .001. Confidence in recognizing CF in oneself improved from baseline (M = 2.6; SD = .875) to post implementation (M = 3.60; SD = .821), p = .004. Confidence in recognizing CF in colleagues increased from baseline (M = 2.40; SD = .821) to postimplementation (M = 3.15; SD = .671), p = .012. Agreement that seeking help is a sign of weakness decreased from baseline (M = 2.00; SD = .503) to postimplementation (M = 1.40; SD = .951), p = .024. Although perceptions of organizational support did not change, nurses reported greater use of mindfulness, peer support, and boundary setting, supporting nurse wellbeing and psychological safety. Several recommendations emerge from this project. CF education should be integrated into routine staff development, annual competencies, and onboarding for new nurses. By reducing stigma around seeking help and promoting peer awareness, this work supports fostering a workplace culture where all nurses feel safe, supported, and valued, a positive social change.
Understanding The Lived Experiences Of Black Males Successfully Reintegrating Post Incarceration, Ashley Smith
Understanding The Lived Experiences Of Black Males Successfully Reintegrating Post Incarceration, Ashley Smith
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Black males remain incarcerated at higher rates than any other race. Those individuals trying to reintegrate into society face many challenges with little mental and emotional rehabilitation support. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenology study was to improve the understanding of what contributes to successful reintegration and the mental health and emotional needs of formerly incarcerated Black males. Critical race theory (CRT) was used as a secondary lens to examine how race, systemic racism, and structural inequities shaped participants' experiences. This study examined the following research question: What are the experiences of Black males who were previously incarcerated and have …
Strategies For Reducing Fraud In Corporate Organizations, Tarshall Horton Mccauley
Strategies For Reducing Fraud In Corporate Organizations, Tarshall Horton Mccauley
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Financial statement fraud has been a persistent problem that poses risks to corporations globally. Business leaders are concerned about financial statement fraud due to its potential to weaken financial stability, erode stakeholder confidence, and create conditions that may lead to significant financial distress or organizational collapse. Grounded in the fraud triangle theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research was to explore internal control strategies corporate leaders use to reduce financial statement fraud risk. The participants were 11 financial leaders in North Carolina, the District of Columbia, and Virginia who practiced effective internal controls to minimize financial fraud. Data …