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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Practice Patterns And Medical Provider Perceptions Of Ketamine In The Treatment Of Psychiatric Disorders: A Nationwide Survey, Amna M. Aslam
Practice Patterns And Medical Provider Perceptions Of Ketamine In The Treatment Of Psychiatric Disorders: A Nationwide Survey, Amna M. Aslam
Theses and Dissertations
Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) significantly impacts society, with a prevalence of 8.4% in the U.S., highlighting the need for effective treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Ketamine, while not FDA-approved for TRD, shows promise in treating mental health disorders and is used in specialized clinics, though evidence of effectiveness is scarce. Objectives: This study investigates the use of off-label ketamine for TRD and other disorders, focusing on ketamine clinic operations where the drug is administered, treatment methods, patient characteristics, and ketamine's impact on psychiatric care, from providers' perspectives. Methods: The survey was distributed to over 1,000 ketamine providers across the …
Using The Theory Of Planned Behavior To Explore College Students’ Perceptions Towards Understanding Their Health Insurance, Ariba Sheikh
Using The Theory Of Planned Behavior To Explore College Students’ Perceptions Towards Understanding Their Health Insurance, Ariba Sheikh
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore college students’ perceptions towards understanding their health insurance. Specific objectives were to explore students’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control toward understanding their health insurance, and to examine how these three factors impact students’ intention to seek health insurance information. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 400 participants using a paper and pencil survey method. Study participants consisted of undergraduate students at St. John’s University who were capable of reading and understanding English. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as the conceptual framework. Descriptive statistics were performed …
Change In Rape Myth Acceptance As A Function Of Sexual Assault Experiences: A Prospective Analysis, Danielle Suzanne Citera
Change In Rape Myth Acceptance As A Function Of Sexual Assault Experiences: A Prospective Analysis, Danielle Suzanne Citera
Theses and Dissertations
In the United States, one in five women reports experiencing sexual assault while in college. Rape myths, or stereotypical beliefs that serve to blame survivors (i.e., “She Asked For It” and “She Lied”) and exonerate sexual assault perpetrators (“He Didn’t Mean To”), may influence how women conceptualize their own sexual assault experiences and relatedly, their post-assault functioning. Several demographic characteristics, including race and ethnicity, generational status, education level, sexual orientation, and religiosity, have been found to be associated with rape myth acceptance (RMA). Researchers have reported mixed findings, however, regarding the association between sexual assault history and RMA. This study …
Development Of A Repeatable Overnight Memory Task To Study The Effect Of Nocturnal Seizures On Memory, Nahal Destiny Heydari
Development Of A Repeatable Overnight Memory Task To Study The Effect Of Nocturnal Seizures On Memory, Nahal Destiny Heydari
Theses and Dissertations
Memory impairment is a common comorbidity of epilepsy, particularly in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) for whom the hippocampus and surrounding memory-dependent regions are directly involved in seizure activity. Sleep is known to facilitate memory consolidation processes; however, whether, or the extent to which, nocturnal seizures disrupt memory processes in TLE is unknown. Investigating the effect of nocturnal seizures on memory requires a task designed to assess memory in the morning for material learned the evening before a period of sleep, ideally over multiple days. Accordingly, we have created a psychometrically sound, word paired-associates (WPA) memory task with five …
Coping With The Covid-19 Pandemic: Examining Meaning-Making In A Socioecological Framework, Emilia Eva Mikrut
Coping With The Covid-19 Pandemic: Examining Meaning-Making In A Socioecological Framework, Emilia Eva Mikrut
Theses and Dissertations
During 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged as a threatening, unpredictable, and uncontrollable stressor. Meaning-making, or one’s ability to make sense of a stressful life event, integrate the event into one’s narrative of the world and meaning in life, and accordingly revise life goals, is a salient intrapsychic process contributing to psychological adjustment in the face of very stressful or traumatic experiences such as chronic health issues, interpersonal grief, and natural and man-made disasters. Early findings provide evidence for the critical role of meaning-making in coping with stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Though meaning-making is a universal process, one’s capacity …
Association Between Caregiver And Child Symptom Change In Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Tohar Scheininger
Association Between Caregiver And Child Symptom Change In Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Tohar Scheininger
Theses and Dissertations
Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is one of the most empirically supported interventions for treating children’s posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and other behavior problems. Caregivers are involved in treatment and improve in their own symptoms during TF-CBT. Research suggests that caregivers’ and children’s outcomes may be interrelated in trauma-focused interventions, and that children’s posttraumatic stress is mediated by decreases in caregivers internalizing symptomatology. There are numerous limitations to existing literature, including the limited direction of the mediations and the consideration of only internalizing symptoms in mediations. This study aimed to prospectively examine how changes in caregivers’ negative affectivity mediate changes in …
Paresthesia Due To Peripheral Neuropathy: Anxiety And Wellbeing, Nikolas Cirillo
Paresthesia Due To Peripheral Neuropathy: Anxiety And Wellbeing, Nikolas Cirillo
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: Neuropathic pain has been linked with mental health concerns such as anxiety and wellbeing, but specific symptoms of neuropathic pain have had much less attention than the construct as a whole. Paresthesia, meaning “abnormal sensation” (tingling, numbness, pins and needles, impaired sensation, and itching) is a neuropathic pain symptom. Tissue compression is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy (PN) as well as paresthesia. This study aimed to test the following hypotheses: (1) if paresthesia due to PN is positively correlated with anxiety, negatively correlated with wellbeing, and if (2) anxiety and (3) wellbeing varied significantly by level of …
Pharmacokinetic Modeling Of Metonitazene And Isotonitazene Using In Vitro And In Vivo Models And Comparison To Human Postmortem Casework, Justine P. Sorrentino
Pharmacokinetic Modeling Of Metonitazene And Isotonitazene Using In Vitro And In Vivo Models And Comparison To Human Postmortem Casework, Justine P. Sorrentino
Theses and Dissertations
Metonitazene and isotonitazene are two benzimidazole opioids that are contributing to the opioid crisis nationwide. Limited pharmacokinetic data has been published on these nitazene compounds, therefore this study sought to determine if these two structurally similar opioids would have comparable half-lives and clearance utilizing in vitro and in vivo models. Using the data determined in the pharmacokinetic study, and by testing human postmortem cases, this study aimed to inform interpretation of these drugs detected in human casework. Sample analysis for all aspects of the study was performed utilizing LC/MS/MS. In vitro pharmacokinetics of both drugs were examined using a human …
Narrative Language Development In Deaf Children As Assessed Through American Sign Language: A Comparative Analysis Utilizing Retells And Original Stories, Cathy Milliren
Theses and Dissertations
Despite advances in hearing technology, legislative changes, and instructional strategies, Deaf/Hard of Hearing (D/HH) students continue to demonstrate language delays on standard assessments. Although there are assessments that evaluate a child’s American Sign Language (ASL) proficiency, research thus far has assessed the language structure of D/HH students through their use of English not ASL. Through a convergent mixed methods study, the Narrative Scoring Scheme (NSS) was used to compare the scores of D/HH fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students with their hearing peers to compare their story structure with original stories and retells. Using t tests and multiple linear regression analyses, …
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Increases Kidney Toxicity In Rats Exposed To Ochratoxin A, Belkys Gonzalez
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Increases Kidney Toxicity In Rats Exposed To Ochratoxin A, Belkys Gonzalez
Theses and Dissertations
Due to the rising occurrence of diabetes in the population and the prevalence of OTA exposure via ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs, there is a need to assess the possible renal interaction of a diabetic disease state in concurrence with OTA exposure. Sprague Dawley rats were treated with streptozotocin to induce experimental diabetes and then orally exposed to 0.5 mg/kg body weight OTA once a day for 21 days. Renal biomarkers and light microscopy were evaluated to assess the interaction between diabetic nephropathy and OTA exposure. LLC-PK1 proximal tubule cells were used as an in vitro model to assess the potential …
Exposure To Dithiocarbamate Fungicide Ziram Results In Hepatic And Renal Toxicity In Long-Evan Rats, Jeffrey Chen
Exposure To Dithiocarbamate Fungicide Ziram Results In Hepatic And Renal Toxicity In Long-Evan Rats, Jeffrey Chen
Theses and Dissertations
Ziram is a broad spectrum fungicide that is used on a variety of crops. It has been shown to display a wide array of toxicological effects, however, there is still a scarcity of mechanistic data regarding how it facilitates those effects. One of its presumed mechanisms of toxicity is due to the production of oxidative stress. However, whether the production of oxidative stress is due to its dimethyldithiocarbamate backbone, its metal moiety, or a combination of both, is still unknown. Contributing to the production of oxidative stress is ziram’s ability to alter essential metal homeostasis through transchelation of other essential …
Determination Of Genetic Variation In Opioid-Resistant Hospice Patients Using A Pharmacogenomics Approach, Daniel Bianculli
Determination Of Genetic Variation In Opioid-Resistant Hospice Patients Using A Pharmacogenomics Approach, Daniel Bianculli
Theses and Dissertations
Managing pain requires a delicate balance between the advantages of opioid analgesia and the possible adverse effects. This balance becomes even more difficult in hospice and palliative care environments where dosage regimens are frequently ambiguous. Some hospice patients experience opioid resistance, in which opioids no longer produce an analgesic effect on a patient. Evidence-based analyses frequently omit this vulnerable population, resulting in a need for concrete procedures. The emergence of pharmacogenomic analysis and personalized treatment presents a solution to this problem by using each patient's genomic data to interpret opiate dosing. This pharmacogenomic study aimed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) …
Production Of Vp3-Only Aav2 Vlp In E. Coli, Chengyu Fu
Production Of Vp3-Only Aav2 Vlp In E. Coli, Chengyu Fu
Theses and Dissertations
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a widely used vector for gene therapy. However, few studies have focused on producing AAV-based virus-like particles (VLP) in E. coli. This project aimed to express VP3 of AAV2 or co-express VP3 of AAV2 with other proteins, such as E. coli chaperones and/or assembly-activating protein (AAP) in E. coli under different expression conditions and explore the potential to produce VP3-only VLP of AAV2 in situ in E. coli. The constructed plasmid pET15ΔHis-VP3 was used to express VP3 under different conditions. The results demonstrated that most expressed VP3 was in inclusion bodies in all tested conditions. Although …
In Support Of A Read-Aloud Accommodation: A Meta Analysis Study, Sarah Elizabeth Ryan
In Support Of A Read-Aloud Accommodation: A Meta Analysis Study, Sarah Elizabeth Ryan
Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the read-aloud accommodation benefits for students with disabilities (SWD) and students without disabilities (SWOD). In this study, researchers recommend ways in which to remove encumbrances faced by SWD in reading comprehension. In general, research has shown that both SWD and SWOD have met some degree of success from the read-aloud accommodations. Further, this meta-analysis will attempt to reveal important factors that influence the effects of read-aloud accommodations. For example, how the accommodation effect size influences the subject area of reading versus that of math. This study will also show that the effect of read-aloud accommodations is significantly …
Defining Scribbles: How Do Early Childhood Teachers Perceive Scribbles As A Part Of Emergent Literacy?, Sandy Dellalonga
Defining Scribbles: How Do Early Childhood Teachers Perceive Scribbles As A Part Of Emergent Literacy?, Sandy Dellalonga
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to understand early childhood teachers’ perceptions surrounding the topic of childhood scribbles as they relate to emergent literacy. Sociocultural theory provided a foundation for this research because of its focus on relationships between children, other children, and teachers to foster learning experiences (Gee, 2011; Vygotsky, 1978, 1998). Additionally, social semiotic theory also guided this research because childhood scribbles represent children’s “signs” which can also influence communication and literacy skills (Kress, 1997). The participants were nine preschool, transitional kindergarten, kindergarten, and first grade teachers (N=9) who volunteered to complete an open-ended survey, follow-up …
Phenomenological Exploration Of K-4 Specialized Literacy Professionals’ Experiences And Self-Efficacy Implementing Rti Within An Mtss Framework For At-Risk Students, Megan Vitale
Theses and Dissertations
This transcendental phenomenological study, grounded in Bandura’s self-efficacy theory (1997), investigates K-4 specialized literacy professionals’ (SLPs) experiences and perceptions of implementing Response to Intervention (RTI) within a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) framework. Data collected from interviews and self-reported journal entries of nine “academic instructional specialists” provide a comprehensive understanding of their roles, responsibilities, experiences, and the factors that shape their self-efficacy in elementary education. The findings highlight the critical role that specialized literacy professionals fulfill in meeting the diverse needs of students through evidence-based, systematic interventions. Their responsibilities extend beyond direct instruction to encompass continuous assessment, progress monitoring, and …
School Psychologists’ Training, Engagement, And Legislative Involvement In Return To Learn Procedures For Students With A Mtbi, Jessie Marie Beshara
School Psychologists’ Training, Engagement, And Legislative Involvement In Return To Learn Procedures For Students With A Mtbi, Jessie Marie Beshara
Theses and Dissertations
Concussions, or mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), are increasingly affecting school-age children in the United States. Despite this rising incidence, comprehensive return-to-learn plans for affected students are often inadequate and not utilized to the degree needed. This deficiency may stem from school psychologists' insufficient training, knowledge, and awareness regarding how to support these students effectively. This is further impacted by school psychologists’ exclusion in legislation or school district policies addressing concussion management, specifically in mandated professional development training. This is despite being recognized as essential members of the concussion management team (CMT). This study aimed to investigate school psychologists' familiarity …
Towards A Theory Of Sobriety Barriers: The Development Of A Novel Measure Of Alcohol Sobriety Barriers, Lindsay L. Arader
Towards A Theory Of Sobriety Barriers: The Development Of A Novel Measure Of Alcohol Sobriety Barriers, Lindsay L. Arader
Theses and Dissertations
At present, there is no formal theory of barriers to sobriety from alcohol, and subsequently no standardized way to assess such barriers in the population. The goal of the current study was to formalize both a sobriety barriers theory and sobriety barriers measure via psychometric analysis. Researchers designed a sobriety barriers theory based on available literature, generated a multidimensional item-set representing this theory, administered the item-set to a sample of 1,187 respondents (56.4% female), and evaluated the extent to which the structure and contents of the item-set corresponded to the proposed theory using psychometric analysis. Structural analyses revealed a bifactor …
Comparison Of Professional Impressions Of Hikikomori Across Cultures: A Secondary Data Analysis, Marko Lamela
Comparison Of Professional Impressions Of Hikikomori Across Cultures: A Secondary Data Analysis, Marko Lamela
Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the impressions of two hikikomori vignettes by professionals across different countries to determine possible similarities or differences across countries. Originally viewed as a cultural disorder, hikikomori has been observed in different countries. This study used an existing data set of a 2010 study to review diagnostic impressions using the ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR coding systems, as well as a free response. Additionally, this study reviewed professional impressions on the best treatment for hikikomori. This study reviewed these responses based on country of origin and cultural type. A correlation was found between ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, country, and cultural …
Change In Blame Attributions As A Mediator Of Symptom Reduction In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Michelle Cusumano
Change In Blame Attributions As A Mediator Of Symptom Reduction In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Michelle Cusumano
Theses and Dissertations
Youth exposed to interpersonal violence often develop maladaptive posttraumatic cognitions about the event(s), the world, and themselves. These maladaptive cognitions have robust associations with onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and internalizing symptoms (Mitchell et al., 2017). Growing literature suggests changes in cognitions, particularly appraisals about control, vulnerability, and personal change following trauma exposure, serve as a mechanism of change in trauma-specific psychotherapy interventions for youth (Meiser-Stedman et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2007). Little research has examined change in blame attributions as a mediator of treatment outcome, despite their importance in understanding how youth process their trauma …
Identity Denial And Food Choice: Do Chinese Americans Reassert Their American Identity Through Food?, Shelagh Mahbubani
Identity Denial And Food Choice: Do Chinese Americans Reassert Their American Identity Through Food?, Shelagh Mahbubani
Theses and Dissertations
Food choice is impacted by a variety of different factors, including cultural, social and socioeconomic (Chen & Antonelli, 2020; Contento, 2008; Rozin, 2015). Food choice has a major impact on an individual’s health, and research has shown an association between the prototypical “American diet” and an increased risk for health conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and stroke (Liu et al., 2020). One important social factor that can influence food choice is the desire to appear as a prototypical member of a social group (Cruwys et al., 2012). For example, when an individual’s social identity is questioned (identity threat), they may …
Kindergarten Teachers’ Perspectives About Literacy And The Relevance Of Assessments: Impact On Students’ Success And First Grade Transition, Claudia T. Watts
Kindergarten Teachers’ Perspectives About Literacy And The Relevance Of Assessments: Impact On Students’ Success And First Grade Transition, Claudia T. Watts
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to investigate kindergarten teachers’ beliefs about literacy and the relevance of assessments at the kindergarten level, the literacy skills kindergarteners should possess, how these skills are acquired, to what extent their beliefs about literacy influenced their instructional methodology, and their perspectives on the role of parental involvement. This study was guided by six research questions. The participants consisted of twenty kindergarten teachers from various elementary public schools within a large and diverse school district in Virginia. The participants are from two ethnic backgrounds and had ranges of experience teaching kindergarten. Over a …
Discursive Exclusion Of Chinese Americans:A Case Study Of New York City’S Political Media Landscape, Andrew G. White Iv
Discursive Exclusion Of Chinese Americans:A Case Study Of New York City’S Political Media Landscape, Andrew G. White Iv
Theses and Dissertations
The aim of this study was to answer the following question: Between November 2020 and November 2021, were Chinese Americans discursively excluded from New York City’s political media landscape? The Chinese American experience has been punctuated with countless examples of faith and investment in the American ideal. Despite that fact, it has also been marred with periods in which that faith was tested and in which the return on their investment fell short of expectations. To arrive at this study’s findings, a summative content analysis of two-hundred-forty-three news articles was conducted. To reinforce these findings, a subsequent, discursive analysis, of …
A Phenomenological Inquiry Into The Experience Of Machine Translation Use Among Chinese Undergraduates, Corey T. Larsen
A Phenomenological Inquiry Into The Experience Of Machine Translation Use Among Chinese Undergraduates, Corey T. Larsen
Theses and Dissertations
This phenomenological study explores the experiences of machine translation (MT) use among Chinese undergraduates in a Chinese-foreign, English medium instruction (EMI), joint degree program in southern China. Advancements in MT technology have raised questions about its application in academic settings, particularly in foreign and second language learning. Educators express concerns over potential misuse for cheating and its potential impact on language development, despite acknowledging it may also offer some benefits for language learners depending on the setting and the students’ level of L2 proficiency. Using translanguaging as a theoretical framework, this study aims to shed light on these concerns by …
Hagwon: Shadow Education In The Korean American Community, Minkyu Kim
Hagwon: Shadow Education In The Korean American Community, Minkyu Kim
Theses and Dissertations
Asian and Asian American students are achieving academic success at disproportionate rates, even when faced with low social capital (i.e., English is not the primary language spoken at home) and high rates of poverty (especially in urban settings like New York City). A contributing factor to their academic success is shadow education. Shadow education (SE) is defined as systemized learning that occurs outside of compulsory schooling, at private cost, with the objective of guiding students through and providing them with a competitive edge in school admissions—often with a focus on high-stakes standardized academic exams (Bray, 1999, 2013). In Korean, shadow …
Examination Of Reading Motivation Levels And Associated Factors In Deaf And Hard-Of-Hearing Adolescents, Sarah Carlton
Examination Of Reading Motivation Levels And Associated Factors In Deaf And Hard-Of-Hearing Adolescents, Sarah Carlton
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to examine self-rated levels of reading motivation and reading activity among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) Adolescents and the relationship to overall Language Arts skills. This study is framed by social learning theory and self-determination theory. DHH Adolescents (n=38), between the ages of 11 and 17, with bilateral hearing loss, located in Southern California participated in the study. Data collection included administration of the Motivation for Reading Questionnaire (MRQ), Reading Activity Inventory (RAI) and a demographic survey. Phase 2 included a focus group of Phase 1 participants (n=5). Survey data was analyzed quantitatively for mean …
Globalizing Local History: Giuseppe Garibaldi In New York And The Politics Of Memory, 1884-1932, Daniel Falcone
Globalizing Local History: Giuseppe Garibaldi In New York And The Politics Of Memory, 1884-1932, Daniel Falcone
Theses and Dissertations
Globalizing Local History: Giuseppe Garibaldi in New York and The Politics of Memory, 1884-1932 examines local historical societies and public historical sites and describes how commemorators utilized Giuseppe Garibaldi's (July 4, 1807- June 2, 1882) legacy as a symbol and form of patriotic, political, and revolutionary speech and action. This dissertation explains how his life was appropriated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. My work explores how New Yorkers and Italian Americans used spaces, collective memory, and identity, to produce a form of world history through local historical events. This dissertation thematically describes how Garibaldi was collectively recalled …
Decodable Deliberations In Early Reading Instruction: A Mixed-Methods Study Of First-Grade Teachers’ Perceptions, Selection, And Use Of Decodable Texts, Patricia Gallery
Decodable Deliberations In Early Reading Instruction: A Mixed-Methods Study Of First-Grade Teachers’ Perceptions, Selection, And Use Of Decodable Texts, Patricia Gallery
Theses and Dissertations
The fundamental significance of literacy achievement cannot be overstated. However, the 2022 National Assessment for Educational Progress (NAEP) divulges alarming findings, with a mere 33 percent of the nation’s fourth graders performing at or above proficiency in reading (NAEP, 2022). Exploring the nexus of research-informed pedagogy and practice is imperative to disrupt this deleterious trajectory. This mixed-method study will examine how first-grade teachers select and use texts for beginning reading instruction with a critical lens on teachers' perceptions of decodable text to fully understand the complex intersection of intentionality and attitude when choosing texts for early reading instruction. This study …
Is The Juridical Field Of Environmental Law In India Gendered? A Study Of Environmental Justice In Goa Through An Ecofeminist Lens, Shweta Dilip Singh Sinha
Is The Juridical Field Of Environmental Law In India Gendered? A Study Of Environmental Justice In Goa Through An Ecofeminist Lens, Shweta Dilip Singh Sinha
Theses and Dissertations
The aim of this study is to examine whether the “juridical field,” as defined by Bourdieu, of environmental law in India (Goa), is gendered. As per Bourdieu, the legal field is neither as neutral nor as autonomous as the legal profession asserts it is. It relies heavily on the juridical practices of universalization, appropriation, and naming or categorization in order to constantly reimagine and negotiate its own boundaries. This study examines these juridical practices including acts of symbolic violence committed in the process of ‘naming’ or ‘defining’ within legal terms extra-legal concepts, mainly environmental toponyms, such as, ‘“forest,” “CRZ” (Coastal …
What Motivates Authors To Include Religious Identity In Children's Picture Books?, Kenneth J. Eiker
What Motivates Authors To Include Religious Identity In Children's Picture Books?, Kenneth J. Eiker
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explores children's authors' experiences of and motivations for including religious and spiritual themes in their picture books. It investigates the intricate connection between authors' backgrounds, including their cultural, spiritual, or religious, and familial roots, and how these elements permeate their writing. The study examines these authors' lived experiences and personal narratives, uncovering how their unique identities shape the portrayal of complex spiritual or religious themes in children's literature. Across the interviews, several themes were identified, including family teachings, religious upbringing, and personal spirituality. Authors draw from a wealth of personal experiences, such as Matt de la Peña's Christian …