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Regional Variability In Tornado Tracks: A Gis-Based Study Of Surface Roughness And Land Cover Differences Between The Lower Midwest And Southeast United States, Joshua Morgan Dison
Regional Variability In Tornado Tracks: A Gis-Based Study Of Surface Roughness And Land Cover Differences Between The Lower Midwest And Southeast United States, Joshua Morgan Dison
Theses and Dissertations
Throughout the years, much research has been dedicated to the physical processes leading to tornadogenesis and tornado decay. Much of this research is centered around the inner workings of the supercell itself. Recent studies are now showing that tornadogenesis and decay processes may be generated by interactions with the Earth’s surface. This study examines longtrack tornadoes from 2001-2016 in the southeast and lower Midwest regions of the United States. Utilizing the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and American Meteorological Society / Environmental Protection Agency / Regulatory Model (AERsurface) surface roughness values, efforts are made to see if statistical significance is …
Investigating Teacher Cognition Of Teaching Spatial Thinking Among Middle And High School Stem Teachers: A Knowledge, Belief, And Attitude Perspective, Jonathan Grant Harris
Investigating Teacher Cognition Of Teaching Spatial Thinking Among Middle And High School Stem Teachers: A Knowledge, Belief, And Attitude Perspective, Jonathan Grant Harris
Theses and Dissertations
Spatial thinking is a critical cognitive ability that supports learning and problem solving across science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Despite extensive research highlighting the importance of spatial thinking in STEM achievement and career success, limited research has examined STEM teachers’ cognition of spatial thinking or developed instruments to measure it. The purpose of this study was to investigate middle and high school STEM teachers’ cognition of spatial thinking, including their perceived pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of spatial thinking, self-efficacy beliefs about teaching spatial thinking, and attitudes toward spatial thinking as a critical component of STEM learning and achievement. …
A Pedagogically Effective Conceptual Framework For The Resilience Of Unit Test Suites To Refactoring, Daniel Paul Knight
A Pedagogically Effective Conceptual Framework For The Resilience Of Unit Test Suites To Refactoring, Daniel Paul Knight
Theses and Dissertations
Unit test suites are intended to support safe and efficient source code refactoring, yet in practice they can hinder rather than help when tests are tightly coupled to implementation details. Such non-resilient tests require frequent co-evolution, consume valuable engineering time, and may disincentivize beneficial code improvements. While concepts such as passive and active resilience, test smells, and technical debt have been studied individually, they have not been integrated into a single actionable framework, nor has their pedagogical value been systematically evaluated. This dissertation introduces a novel conceptual framework for the resilience of unit test suites to refactoring, grounded in resilience …
Low-Dimensional Metal Halides For Light-Emitting Diodes (Leds): Photophysical Aspects And Device Engineering, Udara Madushanka Kuruppu Kuruppu Achchige Don
Low-Dimensional Metal Halides For Light-Emitting Diodes (Leds): Photophysical Aspects And Device Engineering, Udara Madushanka Kuruppu Kuruppu Achchige Don
Theses and Dissertations
In recent years, low-dimensional metal halides have garnered significant interest due to their exceptional optical properties. This dissertation focuses on the structural, optical, and photophysical properties of both lead-based and lead-free low-dimensional metal halides and investigates their applications in light-emitting diodes. In Chapter II, the nature of Mn2+ doping in two-dimensional (2D) lead halide perovskites is discussed. 2D perovskites show strong excitonic and dielectric confinement due to their quantum well structures. Introducing optically active Mn²⁺ dopant ions into these 2D perovskites further enhances their optical properties and promotes energy transfer from the host to the Mn²⁺ dopants, resulting in dual …
Assessment Of Local Ecological Knowledge, Oyster Predation, And Habitat Function To Improve Management Of Nearshore Habitats, Cynthia Evelyn Marie Lupton
Assessment Of Local Ecological Knowledge, Oyster Predation, And Habitat Function To Improve Management Of Nearshore Habitats, Cynthia Evelyn Marie Lupton
Theses and Dissertations
Coastal ecosystems along the northern Gulf of Mexico are ecologically and economically vital yet increasingly threatened by environmental change, habitat degradation, and knowledge gaps that complicate restoration and management efforts. This dissertation integrates social and ecological approaches to improve understanding of predator dynamics, stakeholder perceptions, and habitat function related to nearshore habitats. Thereby, providing information that can inform adaptive management and restoration in the region through addressing three overarching objectives: 1) evaluate stakeholder perceptions of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) predation and management practices; 2) quantify environmental and habitat factors influencing oyster drill (Stramonita haemastoma complex) abundance; and, 3) assess the influence …
Harmonic Response Analysis Of Asymmetric Double-Wishbone Suspension Systems For Amphibious Vehicle Stability, Harper K. Mccraw
Harmonic Response Analysis Of Asymmetric Double-Wishbone Suspension Systems For Amphibious Vehicle Stability, Harper K. Mccraw
Theses and Dissertations
Amphibious vehicles in the surf zone face severe hydrodynamic forcing, yet their internal suspension dynamics remain under-characterized. This research quantifies the non-linear dynamic response of an asymmetric double-wishbone suspension under regular wave impact. Using a physical model in a wave flume and a Qualisys motion-capture system, global rigid-body roll angles were processed through a decoupled kinematic numerical framework to isolate time-domain strut displacements. To evaluate stability, the data was transformed into the frequency domain to calculate Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Results indicate that all test configurations exhibited significant non-linearity, primarily driven by mechanical clipping as struts reached their physical travel …
The Effects Of Experiential Learning On Engineering Self-Efficacy: A Study Of The Impact Of Inperson And Virtual Internships, Co-Ops, And Research Experiences, Sunny Bharat Patel
The Effects Of Experiential Learning On Engineering Self-Efficacy: A Study Of The Impact Of Inperson And Virtual Internships, Co-Ops, And Research Experiences, Sunny Bharat Patel
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examined the relationship between participation in Engineering Learning Experiences (ELEs) and engineering self-efficacy, with particular attention to differences among ELE types (internships, cooperative education, and undergraduate research) and delivery modalities (in-person versus hybrid/virtual). Grounded in social cognitive theory, this study sought to better understand how work-related experiential formats influence students’ confidence in their ability to succeed in engineering tasks and professional contexts. As engineering programs and industry increasingly adopt flexible and technology-mediated environments, examining how these experiences shape beliefs about engineering capability is both timely and necessary. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative analyses compared self-efficacy outcomes across students …
Development And Evaluation Of A Closed-Loop Controlled Ugv With Rtk-Gps Navigation For Plastic Contamination Removal From Cotton Fields, Asifur Rahman
Development And Evaluation Of A Closed-Loop Controlled Ugv With Rtk-Gps Navigation For Plastic Contamination Removal From Cotton Fields, Asifur Rahman
Theses and Dissertations
Plastic contamination in cotton reduces fiber quality, causing an estimated $600 to $750 losses annually for the U.S. cotton industry. This work developed an RTK-GNSS-based UGV navigation for a collaborative UAV-UGV plastic retrieval system. An Amiga rover was adopted and modified, and a closed-loop PD steering control based on cross-track and heading error was developed and deployed in it. The first set of tests was conducted on a 111 m A-B line on a flat lane based on ASABE/ISO 12188-2 guidelines, then repeated in a cotton field. The P50 and P95, and max cross-track errors were about 1, 5, and …
Improving 3d Object Compression For Machine Learning Applications, Ander James-Rush Talley
Improving 3d Object Compression For Machine Learning Applications, Ander James-Rush Talley
Theses and Dissertations
To alleviate the computational restraints inherent in 3D Deep Learning tasks, we propose a data compression method based on existing voxelization techniques. We analyze this technique through tests of structural similarity, speed, and machine learning application. In order to appropriately test its performance for machine learning tasks, we also propose an efficient method of training Convolutional Neural Networks by utilizing binary bit data as an input for a multiclass classification problem. Our current findings show that these two contributions have potential to aid the state of the art in handling large data in 3D AI/ML tasks, both in the space …
Design And Uncertainty Methodology In High Efficiency Filtration Media Testing, Jeremy Andrei Adriano
Design And Uncertainty Methodology In High Efficiency Filtration Media Testing, Jeremy Andrei Adriano
Theses and Dissertations
Electrospun nanofiber media are being developed as potential alternatives to conventional HEPA filtration materials due to their small fiber diameters and tunable microstructures. To support future testing of these materials, the Small-Scale Test Stand (SSTS) at the Institute for Clean Energy Technology (ICET) requires modifications to ensure accurate and repeatable aerosol filtration measurements. Electrospun filters introduce challenges including fragile media structures and uncertain filtration efficiencies that may allow particle penetration to downstream instrumentation. This work evaluates adaptations to the SSTS design to support testing of electrospun filtration media. In addition, an uncertainty framework for aerosol measurements obtained using a Scanning …
From Natural Language To Cryptographic Protocol Specifications: Evaluating Llms For Cpsa Generation, Martin Duclos
From Natural Language To Cryptographic Protocol Specifications: Evaluating Llms For Cpsa Generation, Martin Duclos
Theses and Dissertations
Formal verification can prove the security properties of cryptographic protocols, but translating natural language specifications into formal models requires specialized expertise, limiting the broader adoption of formal verification methods. This dissertation investigates whether large language models (LLMs) can lower this barrier by automatically generating Cryptographic Protocol Shapes Analyzer (CPSA) models from natural language protocol specifications. We evaluate three complementary strategies for improving LLM-based CPSA code generation through systematic experimentation across 104 protocols and 15 language models. First, we analyze prompt engineering and find that moderate structured guidance yields the most accurate outputs, while excessive prompt complexity degrades performance. Second, we …
Evaluating The Spray Patterns Of Boomless Spray Nozzles At Increasing Application Speeds, Thomas Hayden Duncan
Evaluating The Spray Patterns Of Boomless Spray Nozzles At Increasing Application Speeds, Thomas Hayden Duncan
Theses and Dissertations
Boomless nozzles have been largely ignored in spray studies, resulting in limited understanding of their spray patterns and how they are affected by operating parameters. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of application speed on the performance of four boomless nozzles. Dyed water was applied to Kromekote® paper to assess spray distribution based on coverage data at three speeds, and MSMA was applied to a mixed turf stand to evaluate the effect of speed on performance. Overlap simulations were done to evaluate how uniformity could be improved, and nozzle performance was compared to manufacturer claims. Spray patterns of …
Evaluation And Mitigation Of Bias And Toxicity In Open-Source Large Language Models Using Crows-Pairs And Bold, Sai Harika Gade
Evaluation And Mitigation Of Bias And Toxicity In Open-Source Large Language Models Using Crows-Pairs And Bold, Sai Harika Gade
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis evaluates bias and harmful language generation in five open-source language models and tests practical mitigation methods that do not require retraining. Two masked models are assessed with a sentence-pair benchmark for stereotype preference, and three generative models are assessed with a prompt-based benchmark for harmful continuations across demographic domains. The study uses a unified experimental workflow to compare model behavior, summarize differences across bias categories, and measure changes after intervention. Results show that the masked models favor stereotypical content above a random baseline, while the generative models usually produce low average toxicity but still show uneven risk across …
Root-Cause-Analysis Of Crane System Variable Frequency Drive Failures Through Testing And Power Quality Analysis, Elizabeth Hayes
Root-Cause-Analysis Of Crane System Variable Frequency Drive Failures Through Testing And Power Quality Analysis, Elizabeth Hayes
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigates the root-cause-analysis of repeated failures of an AC-DC converter in a variable frequency drive system on a 325-Ton crane through electrical testing based on NETA and IEEE standards. The testing is accompanied with a power quality study based on the IEEE 519-2019, simulation using SKM power modeling software, and fault study from two captured faults. The converter failures presented no immediate solution despite experienced technicians, engineers, and other specialists. This study attempts to eliminate root-cause by examining the line-side equipment and in-feed power quality as contributions to the converter faults.
Comprehensive Study Of The Durability And Protective Measures Of Cross-Laminated Timber, Samuel Gray Shumate
Comprehensive Study Of The Durability And Protective Measures Of Cross-Laminated Timber, Samuel Gray Shumate
Theses and Dissertations
The growing use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in sustainable construction necessitates improved protection against biological deterioration. This study evaluates the fungal resistance of Southern Pine CLT fabricated from lumber pre-treated with micronized copper azole (MCA). Panels were produced under industrial pressing conditions, and durability was assessed using a modified American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) E10-22 soil block test against four brown-rot fungi. Results showed significant decay reduction for Coniophora puteana and Neolentinus lepideus, while protection was less effective against Gloeophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta. Findings indicate that pre-treatment enhances preservative distribution but does not fully prevent decay in high-hazard environments. …
The Role Of Math Anxiety – And Associated Support Mechanisms And Strategies – In The Academic Success Of Stem College Students, William Jacob Tschume
The Role Of Math Anxiety – And Associated Support Mechanisms And Strategies – In The Academic Success Of Stem College Students, William Jacob Tschume
Theses and Dissertations
Math anxiety has been widely documented as a barrier to student success, yet its role within institutional student success frameworks – particularly in gateway STEM courses – remains underexamined. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between math anxiety, academic support mechanisms, and academic performance among undergraduate STEM students enrolled in a gateway mathematics course at a large, public, research-intensive university. Guided by the Debilitating Anxiety Model, student success frameworks, Social Cognitive Career Theory, and equity-oriented perspectives, this study addressed three research questions: (1) how student demographic characteristics relate to levels of math anxiety, (2) the …
Integrating Augmented Reality Visualizations Into Data Science Notebooks Using Microsoft Hololens 2, Derek Willis
Integrating Augmented Reality Visualizations Into Data Science Notebooks Using Microsoft Hololens 2, Derek Willis
Theses and Dissertations
Data-science notebooks support iterative analysis but are limited to two-dimensional (2D) displays. This work presents an approach to extend such environments with rapid augmented reality (AR) visualization while preserving conventional 2D workflows. An opensource R package was developed to convert notebook objects into three-dimensional (3D) models, export them in the Graphics Language Transmission Format (glTF), and transfer directly to a Microsoft HoloLens 2 via a USB connection for viewing in the native 3D Viewer application. The proposed workflow eliminates manual conversion and transfer steps required by earlier methods. A user study employing a post-session questionnaire indicated that participants found the …
Wildfire Risk Mitigation Methods To Enhance The Resilience Of Power Systems, Fasiha Zainab
Wildfire Risk Mitigation Methods To Enhance The Resilience Of Power Systems, Fasiha Zainab
Theses and Dissertations
The resilience of the power system has become increasingly important in recent years and needs to be further enhanced in the future under wildfire conditions. A major concern is the two-way interaction between power systems and wildfires: power systems can ignite wildfires and be disrupted by them. Power system-induced wildfires occur when electrical components, particularly transmission lines, ignite fires due to faults exacerbated by extreme weather conditions. The presence of uncertainties, especially those related to unpredictable weather conditions, makes it difficult to handle and can significantly increase the risk of wildfire. Furthermore, these ignitions not only threaten public safety and …
Feasibility-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning For Sustainable Timber Procurement Under Hurricane Demand Uncertainty, Jarod Wright
Feasibility-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning For Sustainable Timber Procurement Under Hurricane Demand Uncertainty, Jarod Wright
Theses and Dissertations
The timber supply chain connects landowners and mills to provide wood products but faces challenges from stochastic demand, seasonal variations, and disruptions such as hurricanes. Fur- thermore, sustainability concerns like transportation emissions create trade-offs in procurement. This study proposes a feasibility-aware Deep Reinforcement Learning framework for sustainable timber procurement and inventory control under joint demand–hurricane uncertainty. We develop a stochastic mathematical model capturing mill-landowner interactions, seasonal demand, hurricane- driven pricing, and carbon emissions. The problem is formulated as a constrained Markov decision process and solved using Proximal Policy Optimization with a feasibility-enforcing layer. A Mississippi-based case study with 2,100 landowners …
Agentic Synthetic Data Generation For Automated Model Development, Frederick Eugene Diehl
Agentic Synthetic Data Generation For Automated Model Development, Frederick Eugene Diehl
Theses and Dissertations
Large Language Model research has made large strides in capabilities from sentiment analysis to writing code. These advancements have been realized thanks to research into specific capabilities such as prompting techniques. Language models today have demonstrated the ability to create content, transform, and classify. These capabilities are not limited to academic exploration but also found in commercial products that are positioning themselves from application augmentation to personal assistants. These commercial products tend to steer towards single actions such as “summarize this article” or “write a function that performs action...” In parallel research has continued to advance towards more advanced constructs …
A Study & Comparison Of Lift Boosters For An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Trevor Sean Dady
A Study & Comparison Of Lift Boosters For An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Trevor Sean Dady
Theses and Dissertations
Unmanned aerial vehicles are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern society for tasks, such as package delivery, defense, and cinematography. Due to this surge in applications, many researchers have begun to search for improvements to unmanned aerial vehicles for their lift and thrust properties. Potential solutions to magnify an unmanned aerial vehicle’s thrust capability are the implementation of Coanda surfaces, nozzles, or bowl-shaped structures on each propeller. Coanda surfaces provide additional lift force by creating a vacuum in response to the adhesion of fluid to the smooth surface. Nozzles can constrict the flow of air, while also increasing its velocity. The …
A Governance-Aware Multi-Agent Framework For Enhancing Fairness & Temporal Accuracy In Disaster Response Systems, Md. Ashfaqur Rahman
A Governance-Aware Multi-Agent Framework For Enhancing Fairness & Temporal Accuracy In Disaster Response Systems, Md. Ashfaqur Rahman
Theses and Dissertations
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in disaster-response decision support, however, their deployment in high-stakes humanitarian settings raises critical concerns regarding factual reliability, fairness, temporal validity, and governance compliance. Hallucinated outputs, demographic bias, and outdated recommendations can directly impact vulnerable populations and undermine public trust. This dissertation proposes a governance-aware multi-agent framework designed to enhance fairness and temporal accuracy in disaster-response systems through structured Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), verification-driven orchestration, and adaptive correction mechanisms.The proposed architecture decomposes response generation into specialized agents responsible for real-time retrieval, fact-checking, bias auditing, temporal validation, threshold-based correction, and monitoring. By embedding governance constraints …
“Am I Truly Getting Prepared To Be A Good Teacher?”: Pre-Service Teachers’ Barriers In The Absence Of An Education Living Learning Community (Llc), Daisy Garcia
Theses and Dissertations
“A teacher is an important element of an education system because the impact of the teachers on the students and education programs is known much higher than other elements” (Kadi et al., 2015, p. 1). This study seeks to further understanding of the challenges pre-service teacher experience through their collegiate careers, and how institutions can implement resources such as Living-learning communities in their college campus residence halls to support their students and contribute to the long-term success of teachers post college. A quantitative study was done surveying pre-service teachers at Rowan University to gather knowledge about their different experiences with …
Small Businesses: A Comprehensive Investigation Into Data Quality's Impact On Security, Privacy, And Governance, Deveeshree Nayak
Small Businesses: A Comprehensive Investigation Into Data Quality's Impact On Security, Privacy, And Governance, Deveeshree Nayak
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation investigates the extent to which deficiencies in data quality, specifically accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness, validity, and uniqueness, undermine data security, privacy compliance, and governance effectiveness in small businesses (fewer than 200 employees and annual revenues under $10 million) in Washington State. Although data are increasingly viewed as a strategic asset, empirical research on how poor data quality amplifies cyber risks and regulatory exposure in resource-constrained environments remains limited. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed. A purposive survey captured practitioner perceptions from nine small-business professionals regarding the impact of data quality on security (CIA triad), privacy (accuracy and transparency …
A Socio-Computational Framework For Understanding Information Campaigns Through A Collective Action Perspective, Sayantan Bhattacharya
A Socio-Computational Framework For Understanding Information Campaigns Through A Collective Action Perspective, Sayantan Bhattacharya
Theses and Dissertations
In a time when social media significantly influences public dialogue, grasping the elements that contribute to the success of information campaigns has become vital for understanding modern social movements and political engagement. This dissertation explores the essential factors that affect the efficacy of information campaigns across digital platforms, addressing a notable gap in existing research that frequently neglects the systematic connection between information spread and outcomes of collective action. Instead of viewing these as distinct phenomena, this study constructs an integrated framework that highlights three crucial dimensions of successful information campaigns: the human factor, which emphasizes the role of influential …
Reflective Telemetry Replay For Performance Analysis In Extended Reality, Atit Kharel
Reflective Telemetry Replay For Performance Analysis In Extended Reality, Atit Kharel
Theses and Dissertations
Extended Reality (XR) environments are increasingly used for training, simulation, and skill development. However, conventional feedback mechanisms such as summary performance scores or first-person video recordings often lack the spatial and contextual detail necessary to support effective reflective learning. As a result, users may observe what occurred during an immersive task without fully understanding how their movement strategies and navigation decisions influenced performance outcomes. This work presents DataEcho, a telemetry-driven replay framework designed to capture, store, and reconstruct structured XR session data for interactive performance review and behavioral analysis. The system records frame-level telemetry from Unity-based XR applications, including object …
Monotone Traveling Waves In A General Discrete Model For Populations With K-Generation Long-Term Memory, Austin Kernel Sanders
Monotone Traveling Waves In A General Discrete Model For Populations With K-Generation Long-Term Memory, Austin Kernel Sanders
Theses and Dissertations
We investigate the spatial dynamics of a population modeled by a general discrete integrodifference equation incorporating k-generation long-term memory. While classical models rely solely on the im- mediately preceding state to determine population growth and dispersal, introducing multiple past states causes the associated evolution operator to lose compactness. Consequently, standard fixed- point theorems are insufficient to prove the existence of traveling wave solutions. We overcome this difficulty by constructing a time-independent moving frame operator and employing the monotone iteration method. By assuming the fecundity function is locally Lipschitz, bounded, and nondecreasing on a specified interval, and by relaxing continuity requirements …
Automated Evaluation Of Web Accessibility In Cybersecurity Tools, William Robert Cox
Automated Evaluation Of Web Accessibility In Cybersecurity Tools, William Robert Cox
Theses and Dissertations
Screen reader users face significant barriers when using web-based cybersecurity tools, however, the accessibility of these interfaces has received minimal systematic research attention. Existing automated evaluation tools assess Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) conformance but do not measure the practical operability of complex and domain-specific interfaces for users of assistive technology. This dissertation presents the Deciphering Interfaces for Your Accessibility (DIYA) framework, an open-source automated auditing framework that evaluates cybersecurity tool web interfaces across eight normalized dimensions: WCAG conformance, Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) usage, semantic structure, keyboard operability, form accessibility, dynamic content accessibility, interaction cost, and screen reader readiness. …
Examining Data Quality Management Practices In Light Of The Adoption Of Llms And Genai: Closing The Gap Between Iq Theory And Iq Practice, Venant Habamungu
Examining Data Quality Management Practices In Light Of The Adoption Of Llms And Genai: Closing The Gap Between Iq Theory And Iq Practice, Venant Habamungu
Theses and Dissertations
The rapid adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified longstanding data quality concerns while exposing important gaps in current Data Quality Management (DQM) practice. This dissertation examines whether widely used DQM frameworks sufficiently address semantic data quality dimensions that are critical for trustworthy GenAI and LLM applications. Guided by Information Quality (IQ) theory, particularly the Wang and Strong conceptualization of data quality, the study evaluates selected DQM frameworks used in practice to determine the extent to which they emphasize semantic dimensions such as accuracy, value-added, relevancy, objectivity, reputation, believability, security, and appropriate amount of …
Engagement Modeling And Inference For Risk-Aware Path Planning Under Adversarial Uncertainty, Grant Stagg
Engagement Modeling And Inference For Risk-Aware Path Planning Under Adversarial Uncertainty, Grant Stagg
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation develops methods for planning safe and efficient trajectories for autonomous vehicles operating in environments containing adversarial and environmental threats with uncertain parameters. The central objective is to quantify and control the risk of adverse events--such as interception or detection--when threat characteristics are imperfectly known. To address this challenge, probabilistic weapon engagement zone (PEZ) models are introduced to estimate the likelihood of violating adversarial engagement constraints under uncertainty in pursuer state and capabilities. Multiple computational strategies are developed for PEZ evaluation, including first-order sensitivity-based approximations, Monte Carlo estimation, and neural-network surrogate models. These approaches enable rapid engagement-probability assessment and …