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The Effects Of Single-Gender Private Parochial School Education On Performance In Stem Coursework, Adam Jacob Rappoport
The Effects Of Single-Gender Private Parochial School Education On Performance In Stem Coursework, Adam Jacob Rappoport
Theses and Dissertations
Traditionally, women do not enter STEM fields as often as men. Stereotype threat could be one of the causes behind this. This study sought to examine the effects on classroom climate, self-efficacy, and performance on girls in single gender and mixed gender private parochial school settings. Eight schools were chosen, four schools with mixed gender classes and four with single gender classes. The target population were secondary school seniors currently in a STEM course. Surveys were distributed to these schools (N=222 from the mixed gender schools, N=25 from the single gender schools). The questions were answered by students using a …
A Teacher Like Me: Perspectives Of Hispanic English As A New Language (Enl) Teachers On The Impact Of Cultural Representation In Schools, Stephany Contreras
A Teacher Like Me: Perspectives Of Hispanic English As A New Language (Enl) Teachers On The Impact Of Cultural Representation In Schools, Stephany Contreras
Theses and Dissertations
As the cultural and ethnic makeup of the United States rapidly evolves, the disproportion of diversity in education is becoming a common phenomenon. This gap is particularly evident on Long Island, New York, where staff demographics are inconsistent with the diversifying student population. This phenomenological study explored how Hispanic English as a New Language (ENL) teachers use their language, customs, traditions, beliefs, and culture to positively impact their Hispanic students. It also examined the benefits of teacher-student cultural and ethnic matching and the challenges Hispanic ENL teachers face in predominantly White-staffed schools. Guided by culturally relevant pedagogy and the concept …
Teachers Perception Of Student Engagement Using Face-To-Face And Remote Instructional Methods, Anika Mcintosh
Teachers Perception Of Student Engagement Using Face-To-Face And Remote Instructional Methods, Anika Mcintosh
Theses and Dissertations
This phenomenology examines the instructional practices of high school teachers and the changes the challenges of remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic have wrought, with a focus on strategies to promote student engagement. The more students are engaged, the more they may see the relevance of their experiences, feel connected to their school experiences, and develop more positive attitudes and attributes, both inside and outside of the school walls (Bridgeland, Dilulio, & Morison, 2006). Six big themes emerged through qualitative analysis were instructional strategies, adaptation to online learning, teaching practices post 2020, perceptions of the teachers, teacher-student relationships, and barriers …
Evolution Of Chitinases In Amphibians: A Multi-Faceted Group Of Enzymes With Dual Function In Digestion And At The Forefront Against Fungal Infections, Devashri Narayan
Evolution Of Chitinases In Amphibians: A Multi-Faceted Group Of Enzymes With Dual Function In Digestion And At The Forefront Against Fungal Infections, Devashri Narayan
Theses and Dissertations
Chitinases are essential enzymes found in living organisms such as amphibians, and they ensure that amphibians survive in their varied ecosystems. They are crucial in the digestion and immunity of most organisms, including plants and animals. Chitinases’ diversity of functions is a testament to their evolutionary adaptability. The primary function of chitinases is the breakdown of chitin, a complex polymer of saccharides often found in the exoskeleton of insects and the walls of fungi. Amphibians that feed on insects make use of chitinases to hydrolyze chitin into simpler sugars that can be easily absorbed to extract the necessary nutrients from …
Mechanism Of Napthenic Acid Binding To Dissolved Organic Matter, Clarissa Jules
Mechanism Of Napthenic Acid Binding To Dissolved Organic Matter, Clarissa Jules
Theses and Dissertations
The oil sands in Alberta, Canada are being destroyed by oil extraction because remediation methods have proven largely ineffective. One toxic byproduct of oil extraction is a family of cyclical surfactant organic acids known as naphthenic acids (NAs). They are toxic to aquatic life, including fish, frogs, and aquatic birds. It is suspected that NAs bind to humic acid, a major organic component of soil, in dissolved organic matter in natural water, making them difficult to remove by conventional remediation methods. This problem prompts the following question: what is the binding mechanism between NAs and humic acid when dissolved in …
Perspectives From Mentees And Mentors: A Study Of How Mentor Programs Influence Teacher Self-Efficacy, Patricia Sihksnel
Perspectives From Mentees And Mentors: A Study Of How Mentor Programs Influence Teacher Self-Efficacy, Patricia Sihksnel
Theses and Dissertations
School districts often implement teacher mentor programs to support educators new to teaching. The components of mentor program frameworks require further research to determine their effectiveness in supporting new teachers. This non-experimental correlational study used Kram’s Mentor Theory and Bandura’s Self-Efficacy theory to determine if there is a significant influence of mentor programs on new teacher self-efficacy, classroom environment, instruction, and preparation and planning. The participants were teachers who have served as a mentor or mentee from suburban school districts in the northeastern United States. This study used a survey to collect participants’ demographic data and mentor program characteristics. Data …
Exploring School Characteristics And Physical Learning Environment As Predictors Of Self-Efficacy Among Teachers In Vietnam, Giavanna Varuzzi
Exploring School Characteristics And Physical Learning Environment As Predictors Of Self-Efficacy Among Teachers In Vietnam, Giavanna Varuzzi
Theses and Dissertations
Limited data suggests that contextual factors such as school characteristics and physical learning environment have an effect on teachers’ self-efficacy. The present study aims to examine the relationship between these contextual factors and how they affect self-efficacy in a sample of 1,961 teachers in Vietnam who taught Pre-K-12th grade. Self-reported measures were derived from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) measure, and the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale – Short Form (TSES-SF). We evaluated the effects of contextual factors including: grade level, years of teaching experience, school sector (e.g., public school)/school location (e.g., urban), and physical learning environment …
The Effects Of Exosomes In Lead And Lps Induced Inflammation In Microglia, Yitzchak Lax
The Effects Of Exosomes In Lead And Lps Induced Inflammation In Microglia, Yitzchak Lax
Theses and Dissertations
Exosomes are membrane bound subcellular vesicles formed through membrane budding of a cell and play important roles in cell-cell communication. Studies have demonstrated inflammatory changes in various cell types depending on the etiology of the exosomes such as exosomes from cancer cells or exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the inflammatory consequences of exosomes in microglial cells following exposure to lead, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lead+LPS. The cultured mouse microglial cells were treated at 0.01 μM, 0.1 μM and 1 μM of lead,- three environmentally relevant levels and LPS was used at 10 …
A Case Study Of Italian Teachers’ Culturally Responsive Pedagogy When Teaching U.S. Undergraduate Students Studying Abroad In Rome, Italy, Massimiliano Tomassini
A Case Study Of Italian Teachers’ Culturally Responsive Pedagogy When Teaching U.S. Undergraduate Students Studying Abroad In Rome, Italy, Massimiliano Tomassini
Theses and Dissertations
For over two decades Italy has been the second destination, first non-Anglo-Saxon, for U.S. undergraduate students studying abroad, with 36,945 students in academic year 2017/2018 corresponding to a 10.8% share and a 4.5% increase from 2016/2017 (IIE, 2019). With over 150 North American college and university programs present in the country (AACUPI, 2019), a specifically designed law (Art. 2 of Law N. 4 of 14 January 1999) created to support study abroad in Italy, and a 40-year-old nonprofit association (AACUPI) focused on promoting and supporting American universities and colleges with programs in Italy, Italy is, and will be for some …
Enhancing Emergency Response To The Active Shooter With Nims, Edwin A. Vazquez
Enhancing Emergency Response To The Active Shooter With Nims, Edwin A. Vazquez
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the following study is to identify components of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) that can be used to improve first responder deployment in critical incidents, such as in the occurrence of an Active Shooter (AS) and Active Deadly Threat (ADT). The Incident Command System (ICS), a component of NIMS, is the on-scene emergency management organization designed to aid in managing resources during planned and unplanned catastrophic events. An AS/ADT incident is typically planned by the perpetrator and unexpected to first responders, leaving them with limited time to respond to and neutralize this type of threat effectively. …
The Experiences Of Elementary School Educators Who Choose To Work In And Remain Working In Schools That Serve Marginalized Communities, Maxine Steele Cameron
The Experiences Of Elementary School Educators Who Choose To Work In And Remain Working In Schools That Serve Marginalized Communities, Maxine Steele Cameron
Theses and Dissertations
For decades, teacher attrition has continued to plague education, especially urban schools serving marginalized communities (Berry, 2004; Carver-Thomas & Darling-Hammond, 2017; Jacob, 2007; Ronfeldt et al., 2013). It is well documented that almost 50% of educators leave the profession within the first five years of teaching (Allen et al., 2019; Palma-Vasquez, 2022; Sims & Jerrim, 2020), and it is unsurprising that literature primarily focuses on why teachers leave. As a result, there is limited research that focuses on why teachers remain, and my dissertation contributes to this underdeveloped line of research. Embracing a multicase study design, I examine the experiences …
Interpreting Technology Proficiency In Stem Education: A Qualitative Study Of Teachers In The New York Region, Zachary Rosch
Interpreting Technology Proficiency In Stem Education: A Qualitative Study Of Teachers In The New York Region, Zachary Rosch
Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative phenomenological study explored the technology integration divide perceived by high school STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) teachers within a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting a community of STEM educators across the New York region. The study examined educators' integration of technology in their classrooms, their challenges, professional development needs, and the impact of teaching experience on technology integration. Semi-structured interviews captured teachers' lived experiences regarding subject-specific technology integration, pedagogical strategies, and technological proficiency. The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework guided the study, providing a lens to analyze how educators navigated the intersection of content knowledge, pedagogy, …
A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis Of Home-School Interventions For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Devora Perlow
A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis Of Home-School Interventions For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Devora Perlow
Theses and Dissertations
Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are pervasive and impair functioning across settings. Though effective interventions designed for school or for home settings are well established, collaborative cross-setting interventions for children with ADHD have yet to be systematically reviewed. The present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis consisting of eight studies which were analyzed most prominently in (a) measures used, (b) child outcomes in functional impairment, social/emotional/behavioral functioning, and academic achievement, and (c) parent and teacher outcomes. Measures included in study are described, the majority were valid and reliable. Measures included in the review lacked consistency in which …
Shaping The Future: Exploring Motivations And Challenges In Asian American Teachers’ Career Choices, Jea Lizz Noonan
Shaping The Future: Exploring Motivations And Challenges In Asian American Teachers’ Career Choices, Jea Lizz Noonan
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore the motivations and reasons behind why Asian Americans choose to enter the field of education as professionals. Additionally, this research could help identify any obstacles or challenges that Asian Americans face when choosing to enter the teaching profession. To guide the study, three research questions were developed: (1) What are the personal, cultural, and societal factors that influence Asian Americans’ decision to become teachers?, (2) What are the most significant challenges and barriers, in the eyes of Asian educators in the state of New Jersey, to entering the teaching profession and remaining …
Teacher Instructional Autonomy And Implementation Fidelity In Classroom-Based Interventions, Siobhán Christina Noonan
Teacher Instructional Autonomy And Implementation Fidelity In Classroom-Based Interventions, Siobhán Christina Noonan
Theses and Dissertations
The present study examines the relationship between teacher choice and autonomy and implementation fidelity of social-emotional curricula. Thirty-four teachers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions with varying levels of standardization they had to adhere to. Participants implemented Core Session One: Introduction to the Well-Being Promotion Program from the Well-Being Promotion Program (Suldo, 2016). A corresponding Intervention Integrity Checklist (Suldo, 2016) was used to assess implementation fidelity of the session. The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS; Chen et al., 2015) and the Positive Psychotherapy Inventory (PPTI; Rashid & Seligman, 2018) were used to assess teacher ratings …
The Role Of Advanced Business Analytics In Shaping Organizational Decision-Making In Banking Industry, Krystal S. Mcdowall
The Role Of Advanced Business Analytics In Shaping Organizational Decision-Making In Banking Industry, Krystal S. Mcdowall
Theses and Dissertations
This study explores the role of advanced business analytics in shaping decision-making within the banking industry, focusing on its implementation, impact, and the challenges that financial institutions face. As banks increasingly embrace data-driven strategies to enhance competitiveness and customer service, analytics has emerged as a key enabler of operational efficiency and strategic foresight. However, despite its potential, banks often encounter obstacles such as legacy systems, data silos, regulatory constraints, and skill shortages that hinder full-scale integration. Adopting a mixed-methods research design, the study combines quantitative survey data from banking professionals with qualitative insights drawn from interviews and secondary data analysis …
Undergraduate Student Decision-Making: Pursuing Graduate Studies At The Same Institution That Granted The Undergraduate Degree, Anthony C. Marziliano
Undergraduate Student Decision-Making: Pursuing Graduate Studies At The Same Institution That Granted The Undergraduate Degree, Anthony C. Marziliano
Theses and Dissertations
Colleges and universities are under pressure to increase enrollment and avoid attrition. It is clear that institutions need to increase efforts to work against decreasing graduate enrollment trends and focusing on students already in-place on campus may be an avenue to do so. Research is lacking concerning factors that may be related to the decision by undergraduate students to pursue graduate studies at the same institution that granted the undergraduate degree. Understanding key characteristics of the group that remains at the institution allows us to identify a student profile to focus on to increase graduate enrollment, especially in light of …
A New Order From Old Ruins: The Fall Of The First Republic And The Ascent Of Silvio Berlusconi, Charles J. Lamb
A New Order From Old Ruins: The Fall Of The First Republic And The Ascent Of Silvio Berlusconi, Charles J. Lamb
Theses and Dissertations
This research examines the political rise of Silvio Berlusconi in the context of Italy’s transition from the First to the Second Republic, analyzing how his populist rhetoric, media dominance, and coalition-building strategies enabled his electoral success in 1994. The research utilizes a behavioralist approach and the framework of political opportunity structures to explore how Berlusconi’s tactics intersected with broader structural transformations, including economic instability, institutional collapse, and shifting societal norms. The researcher conducted the study in Rome, Italy, and it draws on historical and political data from the early 1990s, as well as more contemporary research, analyzing electoral shifts, economic …
English Language Learners’ Perceptions And Experiences Using Multimodal Tools To Prepare And Deliver Video Presentations Of Digital Portfolios, Mara M. Marino
English Language Learners’ Perceptions And Experiences Using Multimodal Tools To Prepare And Deliver Video Presentations Of Digital Portfolios, Mara M. Marino
Theses and Dissertations
With the increase in digital literacies in schools and the rise in the number of English language learners (ELLs) in US colleges, it is important to examine the affordances of multimodality as it relates to students’ digital literacy practices while advocating for this diverse population. Using a multiliteracies framework, this qualitative action research study made multimodal tools available to ELLs for the preparation and delivery of video presentations of digital portfolios in a higher education English course. The participants in this study were six ELLs from a small private college. The primary research question and two sub-questions were answered using …
The Impact Of Career And Technical Education Programs On Hispanic High School Graduation, José M. Fernández
The Impact Of Career And Technical Education Programs On Hispanic High School Graduation, José M. Fernández
Theses and Dissertations
his quantitative correlational research study investigated the impact of Career and Technical Education programs on the graduation rates of Hispanic high school students. Specifically, this study discussed the challenges our Hispanic students face in our public school system regarding access to quality education that prepares them to graduate and be college and career ready. The study relied upon Kolb's experiential learning theory model, which divides the learning experience into four modes. 1. Concrete experiences 2. Passive reflective observation 3. Abstract conceptualization 4. Active Experimentation. According to Kolb & Kolb (2005), experiential learning theory and real-life learning in the context of …
Hyper Segregation And Poverty: An Examination Of The Historical Forces That Shape The Academic Self-Concept Of African-American High School Students 1900 To 2000, David Byer-Tyre
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this historical qualitative study was to identify the historical consequences of segregation, racism, and poverty on African Americans residents of Hempstead Long Island, and how these phenomena shaped contemporary Black students’ academic self-concepts. Among the issues that purportedly afflict American public education are the low academic achievements of African-American students in what might be termed “inner suburban” schools. The history of how Black communities and school were created and sustained was examined through a historical review of Black education in America, and a comparative analysis of the oral histories of fourteen graduates of Hempstead High school between …
Perceptions Of Teachers, Administrators And Counselors On The Adaptation And Integration Of Social Emotional Learning Standards In Academic Settings, Meva Black Rhooms
Perceptions Of Teachers, Administrators And Counselors On The Adaptation And Integration Of Social Emotional Learning Standards In Academic Settings, Meva Black Rhooms
Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative study aims to explore the perceptions of teachers, administrators, and counselors on the definition, adaptation, and integration of Social Emotional Learning (SEL) within Mae Wright School District. The district’s commitment to educating the whole child has prompted efforts to incorporate SEL into the academic and social environments. Through semi-structured interviews, this study examines how teachers, administrators, and counselors define SEL and their perceptions on the adaptation and integration of SEL standards in academic settings.. Findings reveal diverse interpretations of SEL, with varying levels of support and understanding among participants. Teachers highlighted the need for practical strategies, while administrators …
Brain-Targeting Polymeric Micelles For Intranasal Delivery Of Rapamycin In Alzheimer’S Disease Treatment, Vrashabh V. Sugandhi
Brain-Targeting Polymeric Micelles For Intranasal Delivery Of Rapamycin In Alzheimer’S Disease Treatment, Vrashabh V. Sugandhi
Theses and Dissertations
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a long-term neurological disorder associated with neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, which leads to a decline in cognitive and behavioral changes. Rapamycin (Rapa) is an immunosuppressive drug effective in preventing organ rejection after a kidney transplant. In the last few years, orally delivered Rapa has emerged as a potential candidate for improving cognitive function in patients with AD. However, it is evident that long-term oral treatment of Rapa causes systemic toxicity, and although controversial, it may even trigger the aggregation of Aβ deposition. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of intranasally delivered brain-targeting polymeric micelles carrying …
Expression And Function Of Floral Symmetry Genes In The Regulation Of Flower Shape In Fedia Graciliflora, Theresa A. Mustacchio
Expression And Function Of Floral Symmetry Genes In The Regulation Of Flower Shape In Fedia Graciliflora, Theresa A. Mustacchio
Theses and Dissertations
Shifts between radial symmetry (actinomorphy) and bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) in flowers have occurred multiple times independently within angiosperms (flowering plants). Evidence across angiosperms indicate the transcription factors RADIALIS (RAD), DIVARICATA (DIV), and CYCLOIDEA (CYC) play a major role in regulating floral symmetry and morphology. The CYC-like genes have been shown to shift their expression dorsally independently in nearly all shifts to bilaterally symmetrical flowers examined. Three core eudicot clades of CYC-like genes have been identified: CYC1, CYC2 and CYC3, with only CYC2 genes being shown to have a role in floral symmetry. We use the non-model plant, Fedia graciliflora (Caprifoliaceae) …
Propelling Whole-Cell Biosensor Creation By Leveraging Gene Fusion To Assemble Synthetic Functional Transcription Factors For The Detection Of Biomarkers, Samuel J. Verzino
Propelling Whole-Cell Biosensor Creation By Leveraging Gene Fusion To Assemble Synthetic Functional Transcription Factors For The Detection Of Biomarkers, Samuel J. Verzino
Theses and Dissertations
Biosensors are analytical devices that leverage biological modules for the detection of molecules of interest. As customizable tools designed to aid in a wide array of diagnostics, these instruments are rapidly advancing the field of synthetic biology. While varied in their construction and purpose, biosensors are ultimately concerned with converting a physicochemical stimulus into a detectable signal. Among the many existing variants, whole-cell biosensors (WCBs) stand out due to their versatility and engineering potential. WCBs are a type of biosensor in which a physiologically active cell sustains an array of biomolecular elements - receptors, transporters, regulators, etc. - capable of …
Operation Airlift Africa: American Education And The Development Of Future Leaders From British Colonies In East And Central Africa, David N. Gachigo
Operation Airlift Africa: American Education And The Development Of Future Leaders From British Colonies In East And Central Africa, David N. Gachigo
Theses and Dissertations
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, over 800 students from British East and Central Africa gained access to American education through Operation Airlift Africa (OAA), a visionary initiative led by Kenyan trade unionist and politician Tom Mboya. Funded by private American donors, including Senator John F. Kennedy, and supported by scholarships from U.S. institutions, the program enabled African students to attend high schools, colleges, and universities in North America, mostly in the United States. This dissertation explores the impact of OAA on educational access for colonial subjects and its role in shaping future African leadership. The study argues that …
Sonic Futures: Exploring Podcasting, Artificial Intelligence, And The Evolving Landscape Of Composition, Grant David Crawford
Sonic Futures: Exploring Podcasting, Artificial Intelligence, And The Evolving Landscape Of Composition, Grant David Crawford
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation investigates podcasting and audio projects as multimodal practices in composition, analyzing how audio-based assignments both challenge and reproduce traditional writing norms. Drawing from personal teaching experience and a dataset of publicly accessible assignment prompts, rubrics, and instructional guides, the study examines how podcast projects are framed, assessed, and implemented in higher education. While often promoted as creative and accessible alternatives to essays, these assignments frequently replicate the same thesis-driven, rubric-centered, and exclusionary structures that define conventional academic writing. Through a cross-textual analysis of fifteen podcast rubrics and fifteen assignment prompts, this project identifies recurring patterns, including paradoxical expectations …
Predicting Price Movements Of The S&P 500 Using Conventional And Alternative Market Indicators, Patrick M. Scarborough
Predicting Price Movements Of The S&P 500 Using Conventional And Alternative Market Indicators, Patrick M. Scarborough
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates whether integrating alternative data sources with conventional financial indicators enhances S&P 500 forecasting accuracy in modern financial markets characterized by increased complexity and rapid information flows. The study analyzes daily S&P 500 returns using twelve predictor variables comprising conventional indicators (VIX volatility index, WTI crude oil, gold futures, AAA bond yields, Federal Funds Rate, Treasury yield spreads) and alternative data sources (Bitcoin returns, Daily News Sentiment Index, Indeed job postings, Economic Policy Uncertainty Index) across 1,341 observations from February 2020 to June 2025. The methodology employs ordinary least squares regression and ARIMAX(5,5) modeling with rigorous preprocessing including …
Evaluating Task Demands And Task Characteristics Analysis Among School Psychologists, Alessandra Miceli
Evaluating Task Demands And Task Characteristics Analysis Among School Psychologists, Alessandra Miceli
Theses and Dissertations
Cognitive ability assessments are central to psychoeducational evaluations, informing decisions regarding interventions and supports for students. While cognitive assessment theories have historically emphasized quantitative data in score interpretation, they have increasingly reflected the need to consider qualitative information, a longstanding tenet of neuropsychological assessment. Frameworks such as the Integrated School Neuropsychology/Cattell-Horn-Carroll (SNP/CHC) Model and the Cognitive Hypothesis Testing (CHT) Model emphasize the importance of analyzing subtest task demands and task characteristics to explain unexpected score discrepancies. Despite these recommendations, little is known about school psychologists’ familiarity with these analyses and their use in the interpretation of test performance. This study …
Identification Of Pharmacophore Modifications That Enhance Bmp-Receptor Agonism, An Investigation To Understand The Development Of Potential Therapeutic Interventions, Maleka T. Stewart
Identification Of Pharmacophore Modifications That Enhance Bmp-Receptor Agonism, An Investigation To Understand The Development Of Potential Therapeutic Interventions, Maleka T. Stewart
Theses and Dissertations
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the largest subfamily of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-ß superfamily. BMPs are renowned for their pivotal role in cellular functions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. Yet, BMPs have also been attributed to the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. BMPs elicit physiological function at the cell membrane via a heterotetrameric complex composed of two Type I and two Type II serine-threonine kinase BMP receptors. Activation of BMP transmembrane receptors results in activation of either canonical (Smad-dependent) and/or non-canonical (Smad-independent) signaling. Given the physiological importance of this intricate communication between receptor activation and induction of …