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From Ideology To Ideologue: How The Mormon Church Utilizes The Ideograph To Interpellate Identity, Alexander Ewers Apr 2018

From Ideology To Ideologue: How The Mormon Church Utilizes The Ideograph To Interpellate Identity, Alexander Ewers

Theses and Dissertations

This study sought to form a more thorough understanding of how a prominent U.S. religion has utilized internally-generated media to interpellate its preferred identity onto members. Specifically, this research investigated how the ideograph was utilized as a tool for interpellation in the context of Mormonism. To do this, an ideological criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ Ensign magazine was conducted. A single ideology was found: The ideology of the perfect order. Constitutive ideographs of this ideology were also discovered. In connection to the use of gender, sex, and sexuality language to express the perfect order ideology, …

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Educators' Perspectives On School Family Involvement Within The Context Of A Pat Structure: A Qualitative Case Study, Marisol Perez Apr 2018

Educators' Perspectives On School Family Involvement Within The Context Of A Pat Structure: A Qualitative Case Study, Marisol Perez

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine, through a social capital and funds of knowledge lens, how educators view and promote involvement within the context of a school's Parent and Teacher Organization (PAT). The study was conducted in one large suburban high school and consisted of twenty (N = 20) participants who were responsible for promoting involvement. Data was collected in the form of archival documents, participant interviews, and field notes from observations which produced clear patterns around the topic of family involvement. The findings of this study indicated that participants made distinctions between elementary/middle school involvement …

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Out Of The Shell: Exploring The Phagocytic Capabilities Of The B Cell And Isolated Lymphoid Follicle-Lie Structures In The Red-Eared Slider, Trachemys Scripta, Marc A. Ashford Jr. Apr 2018

Out Of The Shell: Exploring The Phagocytic Capabilities Of The B Cell And Isolated Lymphoid Follicle-Lie Structures In The Red-Eared Slider, Trachemys Scripta, Marc A. Ashford Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Management of immunity is crucial for survival in all living organisms. While there is a large amount of research for established model organisms, such as the mouse model, much less is known about reptiles. When compared to immunity in mammals, we discover many differences such as susceptibility to certain pathogens, alteration of immune processes due to environmental temperature, the total absence of certain lymphoid organs contained in mammals, among many others. Despite this, the reptile has shown in many studies that they are worthy systems to study immunity in an evolutionary perspective and recent studies may show that they may …

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Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata In Modeling Biological Pattern Formation, Gizem Yuce Apr 2018

Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata In Modeling Biological Pattern Formation, Gizem Yuce

Theses and Dissertations

There are several phenomena present in the physical world which can be defined or predicted by specific models. Cellular automata are basic mathematical models for characterization of natural systems by generating simple components and their local interactions. These models are specified on simple updating rules yet demonstrate complex behavior of physical phenomena. Besides this, lattice-gas cellular automata models go one step further and differ from cellular automata by having split updating rule into two parts as collision and propagation. In this study, the goal is to analyze hexagonal lattice-gas cellular automata with single cell type by using agent-based modeling and …

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You Have Seventy-Two Hours: How The City Complaint System Enables Criminalization Of The Unsheltered Population, Lindsey Grace Earl Apr 2018

You Have Seventy-Two Hours: How The City Complaint System Enables Criminalization Of The Unsheltered Population, Lindsey Grace Earl

Theses and Dissertations

The unsheltered population has been denigrated since the formation of the United States. This is true in a city I call Marinville, Illinois where the privatization paradigm, social stratification, and anti-homeless ordinances have contributed to the shutdown of at least five homeless encampments. Multiple times per week, law enforcement officials interact with the chronically unsheltered population and incarcerate individuals for petty ordinance violations. In our current regulatory system, city officials, police officers, and homeless service organizations (HSOs) all influence the unsheltered population’s lives, including options for social and spatial mobility. This thesis is based on multi-method research from 2016-2017: engaging …

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Clustering Biological Data With Self-Adjusting High-Dimensional Sieve, Josselyn Gonzalez Apr 2018

Clustering Biological Data With Self-Adjusting High-Dimensional Sieve, Josselyn Gonzalez

Theses and Dissertations

Data classification as a preprocessing technique is a crucial step in the analysis and understanding of numerical data. Cluster analysis, in particular, provides insight into the inherent patterns found in data which makes the interpretation of any follow-up analyses more meaningful. A clustering algorithm groups together data points according to a predefined similarity criterion. This allows the data set to be broken up into segments which, in turn, gives way for a more targeted statistical analysis. Cluster analysis has applications in numerous fields of study and, as a result, countless algorithms have been developed. However, the quantity of options makes …

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The Impact Of Race, Gender, And Class On Career Development: Perceptions Of African American Women, Nicole Milan-Tyner Apr 2018

The Impact Of Race, Gender, And Class On Career Development: Perceptions Of African American Women, Nicole Milan-Tyner

Theses and Dissertations

Socio-political issues of race, gender, and class have had a lasting impact on African American women. This impact has historically shaped the reality and lived experiences of African American women including their employment and economic opportunities. At the heart of this impact are the career goals and aspirations of African American women, which are also influenced by race, gender, and class. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the perceptions of five African American undergraduate women regarding their career aspirations, and the impact that race, gender, and class have on those aspirations. The study was conducted at a predominantly …

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Mortuary Patterns In West-Central Tennessee: Contextualizing Historic Field Data From Nine Mississippian Period Sites, Brooke Adele Wamsley Apr 2018

Mortuary Patterns In West-Central Tennessee: Contextualizing Historic Field Data From Nine Mississippian Period Sites, Brooke Adele Wamsley

Theses and Dissertations

Middle Mississippian is a both a cultural and temporal (1200 CE – 1400 CE) archaeological context of Midwestern North America. This cultural tradition is associated with mound building, specific art motifs, arguably stratified societies, intensive agriculture, and specific ritual/mortuary practices. Burial sites can be very valuable to archaeologists because of the purposeful interaction between the living and the deceased and reconstruct cultural elements such as social identity and group membership. While American archaeology continues to be fieldwork-focused, there are a considerable amount of cultural resources housed in museum collections that could provide data for research into pre-Columbian lifeways in North …

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A Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Perceptions By Public Relations Practitioners In The United States And Germany, Leila Schmidt Apr 2018

A Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Perceptions By Public Relations Practitioners In The United States And Germany, Leila Schmidt

Theses and Dissertations

In our globalized world, becoming aware of the interdependence between public relations and culture becomes more and more important. This cross-cultural study combines an emic and etic approach to explore how PR practitioners in two individualistic countries, the United States of America and Germany, experience and perceive the impact of culture on their practice, specifically the development of campaigns. To understand the broader image, the study incorporates Hofstede’s (2009) cultural dimensions; to examine similarities and differences in terms of cultural nuances, the study relates to Spitzberg’s (2015) intercultural communication competence. The participants consisted of sixteen male and female PR practitioners …

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Attentional Bias To Food Words In Restrained Eaters, Brandon James Hodge Apr 2018

Attentional Bias To Food Words In Restrained Eaters, Brandon James Hodge

Theses and Dissertations

Attentional bias has been examined as one of the cognitive vulnerability factors for various psychopathology such as disordered eating. Attentional biases are important to examine as potential targets of interventions. Past research has demonstrated mixed findings on whether or not restrained eaters show cognitive biases (e.g., attentional sensitivity) toward words related to foods (Brooks et al., 2011; Dobson & Dozois, 2004; Francis, Stewart, & Hounsell, 1997). This study examined attentional bias to foods among restrained eaters using a computer based program, Mousetracker (Freeman & Ambady, 2010), that provided various indicators (i.e., reaction time, maximum deviations, and area under the curves) …

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Preparing For College: The Effects Of High School Speech Experience On Critical Thinking, Information Literacy, Communication Apprehension, And College Preparedness, Brian M. Rohman Apr 2018

Preparing For College: The Effects Of High School Speech Experience On Critical Thinking, Information Literacy, Communication Apprehension, And College Preparedness, Brian M. Rohman

Theses and Dissertations

The effects of the college-level basic communication course are well documented. However, a stand-alone, high school communication course is becoming a rare sight across the United States. This study seeks to examine educational outcomes of learning communication skills at the high school level on college freshman. Students enrolled in a college-level basic communication course were surveyed on factors such as critical thinking, information literacy, fake news identification, communication apprehension, and preparedness for college through speech preparation as well as grit. While few significant findings were found, implications for the study of communication at the high school level are examined.

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Creating Sustainable Workplace Environments: An Exploratory Study Of Social Energy Expenditure In Cross-Sex, Heterosexual Organizational Friendships, Kathryn Cordelia Green Apr 2018

Creating Sustainable Workplace Environments: An Exploratory Study Of Social Energy Expenditure In Cross-Sex, Heterosexual Organizational Friendships, Kathryn Cordelia Green

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis outlines the reasoning and methods used to investigate the concept of social energy expenditure from Hall and Davis’ (2017) communicate bond belong (CBB) theory as a lens for understanding how individuals invest social energy into forming and maintaining cross-sex, heterosexual friendships in organizations. Informed by previous literature, this study explores the intersect between interpersonal communication and organizational communication. Apart from Hall (2018), no other scholars have tested the 2017 CBB theory. Therefore, the present study’s goal is to provide a foundational inquiry into the usability of the theory by utilizing the core concept of social energy expenditure and …

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Physical Abuse Tendencies Among Males: Initial Development And Validation Of The Likelihood To Physically Abuse, Christina Elisabeth Riley Apr 2018

Physical Abuse Tendencies Among Males: Initial Development And Validation Of The Likelihood To Physically Abuse, Christina Elisabeth Riley

Theses and Dissertations

Male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) against women remains as a pervasive and detrimental issue both in the United States and globally. Researchers, counselors, and others often develop psychological measures to help understand the causes of IPV in an effort to prevent this issue from occurring. Debate still persists within IPV research as to the definitive factors that contribute to the perpetration of IPV. The socio-feminist perspective remains as the predominant theoretical basis that drives IPV research and understanding. Despite this, no psychological measure grounded in this theory that predicts IPV perpetration proclivities has been developed and validated to date. The …

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Small Mammal Diversity, Rattlesnake Demographics, And Resource Utilization In The Great Basin: Implications For Management And Stable Isotope Proxies, Bryan T. Hamilton Apr 2018

Small Mammal Diversity, Rattlesnake Demographics, And Resource Utilization In The Great Basin: Implications For Management And Stable Isotope Proxies, Bryan T. Hamilton

Theses and Dissertations

Plant carbon isotopes were used to track assimilation of riparian resources by small mammals. Voles and shrews derived significant portions of their carbon from riparian vegetation. Deer and harvest mice were abundant in riparian habitat but assimilated little riparian vegetation indicating that the riparian corridor provided resources other than food. This is first use of stable carbon isotopes to trace riparian resources into a vertebrate community. Conifer encroachment in sagebrush ecosystems negatively affects many wildlife populations. Conifer removal is recommended across millions of hectares in the Great Basin. However the effects of conifer encroachment and conifer removal are unknown for …

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Genomic Structural Variation Across Five Continental Populations Of Drosophila Melanogaster, Evan Michael Long Apr 2018

Genomic Structural Variation Across Five Continental Populations Of Drosophila Melanogaster, Evan Michael Long

Theses and Dissertations

Chromosomal structure variations (SV) including insertions, deletions, inversions, and translocations occur within the genome and can have a significant effect on organismalphenotype. Some of these effects are caused by structural variations containing genes. Modern sequencing using short reads makes the detection of large structural variations (> 1kb) very difficult. Large structural variations represent a significant amount of the genetic diversity within a population. We used a global sampling of Drosophila melanogaster (Ithaca, Zimbabwe, Beijing, Tasmania, and Netherlands) to represent diverse populations. We used long-read sequencing and optical mapping technologies to identify SVs in these genomes. Because the average read length …

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Microbial Community Response To Fumigation In Potato Soils, Trevor Blake Smart Apr 2018

Microbial Community Response To Fumigation In Potato Soils, Trevor Blake Smart

Theses and Dissertations

Soil microorganisms have a variety of beneficial and deleterious effects on plants, impacting such processes as plant growth, soil nutrient cycling, crop yield, disease resistance and tolerance to an array of biotic and abiotic stressors. The disruption of soil microbial community structures, particularly when beneficial soil biota are altered, has been shown to reduce crop yield and leave plants susceptible to disease. Long-term disruption of microbial communities may occur with repeated fumigation, being the application of gaseous pesticides, in agricultural soils. For this reason, we characterized bacterial, fungal, oomycete and nematode populations in paired fumigated and nonfumigated potato fields located …

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Effects Of Ice Massage Prior To An Iontophoresis Treatment Using Dexamethasone, Brady Michael Smith Apr 2018

Effects Of Ice Massage Prior To An Iontophoresis Treatment Using Dexamethasone, Brady Michael Smith

Theses and Dissertations

Context: Low current intensity iontophoresis treatments have shown an increase in skin perfusion over 700% from baseline potentially increasing drug clearance from the targeted area. Objective: To determine the effects of a 10-minute ice massage on subcutaneous dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex-P) concentration and skin perfusion during and after a 4 mA iontophoresis treatment. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Research Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: 26 individual participants (Males = 15, Females = 11, age = 25.6 ± 4.5 y, height = 173.9 ± 8.51 cm, mass = 76.11 ± 16.84 kg). Interventions: Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: 1) …

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Application Of Mixture Design Response Surface Methodology For Combination Chemotherapy In Pc-3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells, Richard Vernon Oblad Apr 2018

Application Of Mixture Design Response Surface Methodology For Combination Chemotherapy In Pc-3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells, Richard Vernon Oblad

Theses and Dissertations

Combining chemotherapeutics to treat malignant tumors has been shown to be effectivein preventing drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and reducing tumor size. We modeledcombination drug therapy in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells using mixture design responsesurface methodology (MDRSM), a statistical technique designed to optimize compositions thatwe applied in a novel manner to design combinations of chemotherapeutics. Conventionalchemotherapeutics (mitoxantrone, cabazitaxel, and docetaxel) and natural bioactive compounds(resveratrol, piperlongumine, and flavopiridol) were used in twelve different combinationscontaining three drugs at varying concentrations. Cell viability and cell cycle data werecollected and used to plot response surfaces in MDRSM that identified the most effectiveconcentrations of each …

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Dynamics For A Random Differential Equation: Invariant Manifolds, Foliations, And Smooth Conjugacy Between Center Manifolds, Junyilang Zhao Apr 2018

Dynamics For A Random Differential Equation: Invariant Manifolds, Foliations, And Smooth Conjugacy Between Center Manifolds, Junyilang Zhao

Theses and Dissertations

In this dissertation, we first prove that for a random differential equation with the multiplicative driving noise constructed from a Q-Wiener process and the Wiener shift, which is an approximation to a stochastic evolution equation, there exists a unique solution that generates a local dynamical system. There also exist a local center, unstable, stable, centerunstable, center-stable manifold, and a local stable foliation, an unstable foliation on the center-unstable manifold, and a stable foliation on the center-stable manifold, the smoothness of which depend on the vector fields of the equation. In the second half of the dissertation, we show that any …

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Quantifying Grain Boundary Atomic Structures Using The Smooth Overlap Of Atomic Positions, Jonathan Lake Priedeman Apr 2018

Quantifying Grain Boundary Atomic Structures Using The Smooth Overlap Of Atomic Positions, Jonathan Lake Priedeman

Theses and Dissertations

In this work, the relationship between grain boundary crystallography and grain boundary atomic structure is examined, using [1 0 0] - symmetric tilt grain boundaries in nickel. The structural unit model is used as a benchmark to evaluate the atomic structure description capacities of an emerging structural descriptor, the local environment representation, which itself is a refinement of the also-emergent Smooth Overlap of Atomic Positions (SOAP) descriptor. We show that the local environment representation encodes both the information of the structural unit model and additional information, such as distortion in the structural units and the arrangement of the structural units …

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Improving Post-Wildfire Seeding Success Using Germination Modeling And Seed Enhancement Technologies, William Charles Richardson Apr 2018

Improving Post-Wildfire Seeding Success Using Germination Modeling And Seed Enhancement Technologies, William Charles Richardson

Theses and Dissertations

Arid and semi-arid rangelands are important ecosystems that are consistently degraded through disturbances such as wildfires. After such disturbances, the invasion and dominance of annual grasses, like cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), can lead to an overall loss of ecosystem productivity and an increase in fire frequency. To reduce weed dominance, native and introduced perennials species are typically be seeded in the fall. High mortality is seen from these seeded plant communities due to germinated seed being exposed to freezing, drought, fungal pathogens, and other biotic and abiotic stressors during winter months. We utilized wet-thermal accumulation models to first further …

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Comparison Of Functional, Nutritional, And Sensory Properties Of Spray-Dried And Oven-Dried Cricket (Acheta Domesticus) Powder, Fred Stephen Bassett Apr 2018

Comparison Of Functional, Nutritional, And Sensory Properties Of Spray-Dried And Oven-Dried Cricket (Acheta Domesticus) Powder, Fred Stephen Bassett

Theses and Dissertations

Three dried cricket products – Oven-roasted Cricket Meal (ORCM), Oven-roasted Cricket Powder (ORCP), and Spray-dried Cricket Powder (SDCP) – were prepared and compared to assess their relative nutritional, functional, and sensory properties. The range of particle sizes in SDCP was wider than that of ORCP; while SDCP had more particles in the 7.78-22.0 µm range, it also had more particles in the 176-498 µm range, which contributed to differences in functional and sensory properties. ORCM and SDCP meet the FDA definition of an "excellent source" of vitamin B2, ORCP is a "good source" of vitamin B2, …

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Cultural Differences In Russian And English Magazine Advertising: A Pragmatic Approach, Emily Kay Furner Apr 2018

Cultural Differences In Russian And English Magazine Advertising: A Pragmatic Approach, Emily Kay Furner

Theses and Dissertations

Many American companies looking to increase sales and achieve growth targets consider expanding the reach of their product lines to other countries. However, expansion on a global scale often requires much trial and error as English-speaking companies try to market their goods to a foreign audience. In order to ease this process, localization experts are often hired to "localize" or change advertisements in order to make them more culturally relevant to consumers. Because the field of localization is relatively new, there is little research done on the degree and extent to which advertisements are localized. The purpose of this study …

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Multiplexed Optofluidics For Single-Molecule Analysis, Matthew Alan Stott Apr 2018

Multiplexed Optofluidics For Single-Molecule Analysis, Matthew Alan Stott

Theses and Dissertations

The rapid development of optofluidics, the combination of microfluidics and integrated optics, since its formal conception in the early 2000's has aided in the advance of single-molecule analysis. The optofluidic platform discussed in this dissertation is called the liquid core anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (LC-ARROW). This platform uses ARROW waveguides to orthogonally intersect a liquid core waveguide with solid core rib waveguides for the excitation of specifically labeled molecules and collection of fluorescence signal. Since conception, the LC-ARROW platform has demonstrated its effectiveness as a lab-on-a-chip fluorescence biosensor. However, until the addition of optical multiplexing excitation waveguides, the platform lacked …

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The Meaning Of Sexuality: A Critique Of Foucault's History Of Sexuality Volume 1, Anne E. Grow Apr 2018

The Meaning Of Sexuality: A Critique Of Foucault's History Of Sexuality Volume 1, Anne E. Grow

Theses and Dissertations

Michel Foucault is a celebrated post-structuralist theorist that has helped shape gender and sexual theory. In A History of Sexuality Volume 1 Foucault dismantles many longstanding sexual traditions and morals by exposing them as societal constructs. According to Foucault, anonymous yet fully invasive power sources have shaped and continue to shape sexual culture and more importantly, individual beliefs about sexuality. However, Foucault's obsession with the influence of power limits his sexual theory in three particular ways. First, he disregards the female sexual experience; second, he undermines individual agency; and third, he undermines the innate desire for love and family. The …

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Hospital And Meat Associated Staphylococcus Aureus And Their Biofilm Characteristics, Trevor Michael Wienclaw Apr 2018

Hospital And Meat Associated Staphylococcus Aureus And Their Biofilm Characteristics, Trevor Michael Wienclaw

Theses and Dissertations

Biofilm phenotypes were studied in 32 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from store-bought meats and 22 from diseased patients in hospitals. Of the meat-associated strains, 21 were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 11 were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The hospital-associated strains included 15 MRSAs and 7 MSSAs. We studied the robustness and composition of the biofilms produced by these strains. We found that on average hospital-associated strains form more robust biofilms than meat associated strains. The model often used to describe S. aureus biofilm composition includes two biofilm types defined by the presence or absence of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), PIA-dependent …

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Lithofaces And Sequence Architecture Of The Upper Paradox Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian)In The Subsurface Northern Blanding Subbasin, Paradox Basin, Utah, Geoffrey William Ritter Apr 2018

Lithofaces And Sequence Architecture Of The Upper Paradox Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian)In The Subsurface Northern Blanding Subbasin, Paradox Basin, Utah, Geoffrey William Ritter

Theses and Dissertations

THE PARADOX Basin is a northwest-southeast trending intracratonic basin that formedin southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah and adjacent parts of Arizona and New Mexicoduring the late Paleozoic Era. During rise of the adjacent Uncompahgre Uplift (Ancestral RockyMountains) the rapidly subsiding basin was filled with over 2000 m of Permo-Pennsylvaniansediments. Stacked depositional sequences accumulated in three roughly parallel facies belts: anortheastern clastic belt (adjacent to uplift), a central salt and black shale belt, and asouthwestern carbonate belt. Over 400 million barrels of oil have been extracted from upperParadox (Desert Creek and Ismay) carbonates in the southern Blanding Subbasin (Greater AnethField) since 1956. …

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Analysis Of Whole Exome Sequence Data In Affected Cousin Pairs From High-Risk Alzheimer's Pedigrees, Lyndsay Ann Staley Apr 2018

Analysis Of Whole Exome Sequence Data In Affected Cousin Pairs From High-Risk Alzheimer's Pedigrees, Lyndsay Ann Staley

Theses and Dissertations

Genetic factors account for about half of Alzheimers Disease (AD) risk and only about a quarter of that heritability is accounted for by known variants. Family based approaches to understanding AD genetics may be an effective way to identify additional risk factors. Here we report the results of whole exome sequencing (WES) and analyses done on pairs of AD affected cousins from 19 families from the Utah Population Database (UPDB) with a statistical excess of AD risk. WES variants passing quality control were additionally filtered by population frequency (minor allele <<> 0.01) and concordance between cousin pairs, resulting in 564 variants …

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Stress And Anxiety Interventions For Classical Musicians, Tara Ashley Austin Apr 2018

Stress And Anxiety Interventions For Classical Musicians, Tara Ashley Austin

Theses and Dissertations

This meta analysis looks at the results of performance anxiety related interventions with musicians. This meta analysis results from all found studies on computerized databases including National Library of Medicine's PubMed, Dissertations and Theses (ProQuest), PsycINFO, and Oxford Journals Database. They range from cognitive interventions, behavioral interventions, mediation, and biofeedback. The results are primarily drawn from participants self report before and after the intervention. They were coded for length of intervention, number of participants, level of participant (students or professionals), type of intervention, self report measures used, and the effect size of the intervention. The overall effect of all 17 …

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Multi-Tissue Examination Of Exercise Or Metformin On The Consequences Of Doxorubicin Treatment, Amy Dee Mackay Apr 2018

Multi-Tissue Examination Of Exercise Or Metformin On The Consequences Of Doxorubicin Treatment, Amy Dee Mackay

Theses and Dissertations

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapeutic treatment with lasting deleterious side effects in heart and skeletal muscle. As an increased percentage of patients live many years past their cancer treatments, addressing the long-term side effects of chemotherapy treatment becomes critical. In an attempt to prevent heart and skeletal muscle damage caused by DOX, two co-treatments, exercise (EX) or metformin (MET) were studied for their effectiveness in maintaining muscle function, mitochondrial respiration and iron regulation. DOX is known to bind with iron, contributing to oxidative damage resulting in cardiac and skeletal muscle toxicity. However, the degree to which the toxic side …

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