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A Comparative Study Of Full-Admission And Developmental Undergraduate Students' Performance In Online And Face-To-Face Business Courses At A Historically Black College And University, Jearline A. Bryant
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine factors that impact the final grades of full admission and developmental students who were enrolled in selected 22 undergraduate business courses during the fall 2015 and spring 2016 semesters. Also, this study examined the interaction of students’ ethnicity, gender, age, and classification on their final course grades in selected business courses at a rural public HBCU. The research design for this study was casual-comparative research. A 2X2 and a 2X4 factorial ANOVA was used to determine whether there was a main effect on students’ final grades considering each independent variable. Out of …
All Or Nothing: An Investigation Of The Interconnection Between Social And Environmental Sustainability, Stacie F. Waites
All Or Nothing: An Investigation Of The Interconnection Between Social And Environmental Sustainability, Stacie F. Waites
Theses and Dissertations
Marketers have made attempts to understand the disconnect between consumers’ expressed desire to engage in sustainable behavior and their lack of adoption of sustainable products with ambiguous results. Because companies that engage in sustainability initiatives often focus on either environmental or social sustainability, the broader impact of sustainability is not always understood. When a company makes a promise to be socially sustainable, consumers may also think that the company is environmentally sustainable and vice versa. Moreover, consumer evaluations of companies that make promises to be either socially or environmentally sustainable may be different if the company later delivers a success …
An Analysis Of Grain Corn Nutritional Supplements And Relative Maturity In Mississippi, Joseph Bryan Whittenton
An Analysis Of Grain Corn Nutritional Supplements And Relative Maturity In Mississippi, Joseph Bryan Whittenton
Theses and Dissertations
A review of available corn relative maturity groups in Mississippi shows a limited range of maturity groups in use. Research focusing on expanding the range of maturity groups was conducted in MS in 2015 and 2016. Along with expanded maturity groups, treatments of fertilizer (10-34-0), foliar zinc, and a plant hormone blend were studied to shorten the growing season. Four site years in MS were studied to determine optimal plant maturity group and treatment for length of season. The results showed decreased yield of 0.09-0.15 Mg ha-1 (1.5-2.3 bu ac-1) for each day of decreasing relative maturity in three of …
Characterizing The Groundwater Quality Of The Upper Pearl River Watershed In Central Eastern Mississippi, Shannon Kirk Vattikuti
Characterizing The Groundwater Quality Of The Upper Pearl River Watershed In Central Eastern Mississippi, Shannon Kirk Vattikuti
Theses and Dissertations
The Upper Pearl River and its watershed is the main source of water flowing into the Ross Barnett Reservoir, the City of Jackson’s major drinking water supply. Groundwater characterization of the watershed was achieved by analyzing viable groundwater wells and a groundwater spring best representing the land use and land cover extraction map created. Incorporated surface geology demarcated specific stratum, helping describe the different hydrogeochemical interactions observed. Analysis indicated that chloride and nitrate exceeded the Maximum Contamination Levels (MCLs) possibly contributing to eutrophication in the reservoir. Several of the metal and trace elements analyzed were below the MCLs, with the …
Drought-Tolerant And Short-Season Corn Hybrids To Mitigate Risk, Optimize Yield And Profit, While Increasing Water Use Efficiency, John Joseph Williams
Drought-Tolerant And Short-Season Corn Hybrids To Mitigate Risk, Optimize Yield And Profit, While Increasing Water Use Efficiency, John Joseph Williams
Theses and Dissertations
The Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer (MRVAA) aquifer is the principal water source for Mid-South irrigators, but the current rate of withdrawal from the aquifer is not sustainable. Means to increase the sustainability of the MRVAA is to improve corn’s water use efficiency (WUE) while, concurrently, maintaining or improving profitability. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of sensor-based irrigation threshold, planting date, and hybrid on corn grain yield, WUE, and net returns above seed and irrigation cost. Season long irrigation thresholds of -50 kPa full irrigation (FI) and -125 kPa limited irrigation (LI) were used, utilizing …
Effect Of Curcumin Supplementation On Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, And Muscle Damage, Steven Allen Basham
Effect Of Curcumin Supplementation On Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, And Muscle Damage, Steven Allen Basham
Theses and Dissertations
Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation can be detrimental to exercise performance. Antioxidants such as curcumin are shown to reduce exercise-induced OS, inflammation, muscle damage, and soreness. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of curcumin on biomarker markers of OS (MDA, TAC), inflammation (TNF-á), muscle damage (CK) and soreness. Participants performed an exercise-induced muscle damage protocol. Before and after supplementation, subjects were randomly assigned to curcumin (1.5 g/day) or placebo for 28 days. Blood was sampled immediately before and after exercise, as well as 60 min, 24, and 48 h after exercise. No significant differences were observed …
Effects Of Aquaculture Decline On Spatial Distributions Of Piscivorous Birds, Ciera A. Rhodes
Effects Of Aquaculture Decline On Spatial Distributions Of Piscivorous Birds, Ciera A. Rhodes
Theses and Dissertations
The effects of aquaculture decline on piscivorous birds in the Mississippi Delta concern catfish farmers with possible increases in fish loss and disease transmission. My study was aimed to (1) develop a new harassment method using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to effectively control piscivorous birds at fish farms; (2) determine change in spatial distribution of American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in the Mississippi Delta since aquaculture decline; and (3) determine third-order habitat selection by the pelicans in the wintering grounds. The UAV harassment did not reduce piscivorous bird abundance more than human harassment in a 2-year field experiment. Aerial surveys …
Effects Of X-Ray Irradiation On Quality And Shelf Life Of Seafood Products, Yuwei Wu
Effects Of X-Ray Irradiation On Quality And Shelf Life Of Seafood Products, Yuwei Wu
Theses and Dissertations
Comparing the protein compositions of three fishes, grass carp exhibited lower band intensity at 47.9 KDa, β-tropomyosin (36.5 KDa), and missed the band at 15.9 KDa myosin light chain. Bigmouth buffalo had a darker tropomodulin (38.8 KDa) band and smaller α-tropomyosin (33-37 KDa) than silver and grass carp. The breaking force (611.8 g) and deformation (11.7 mm) of silver carp cooked gel were significantly higher than the other two fish products. The addition of starches at 2, 4, and 6% to the grass carp paste lowered the breaking force of the cooked gel in a dose-responsive manner compared to the …
Compounding Factors Affecting The Management Of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) In Peanut, Arachis Hypogaea L., And Cotton, Gossypium Hirsutum L., Joel Cary Moor
Theses and Dissertations
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the management of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in peanut and cotton and the interaction between thrips and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), in cotton. Although management of thrips with foliar insecticides historically has not been recommended in peanut, the current study observed significant yield benefits from the management of thrips with foliar insecticides. This was especially evident when peanut plants were stressed from herbicide injury. In another experiment, significant differences were observed among cotton varieties in terms of their susceptibility to thrips injury. Finally, an interaction between thrips injury and tarnished plant bug …
Culture Techniques And Evaluation Of Snail Consumption By Black Buffalo Ictiobus Niger, Emmet Liam Guy
Culture Techniques And Evaluation Of Snail Consumption By Black Buffalo Ictiobus Niger, Emmet Liam Guy
Theses and Dissertations
Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger are a catostomid species native to the Mississippi River Basin with declining populations. Aquaculture is a common component of recovery plans, however little information is published on catostomid culture methods. This study developed culture techniques for Black Buffalo including tank acclimation, induced spawning, larval rearing, and protein requirements. Fish needed a lengthy acclimation (> 2 months) to reduce signs of stress. After, an induced-spawning protocol was described with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue. Swim-up fry did not readily consume zooplankton at first feeding but began selecting for cladocerans one week after stocked in a rearing pond. The juvenile …
The Effect Of Displacement: Living As A Refugee: An Exploration Of Displaced People In Refugee Camps In Greece, Kim Martin Parrish
The Effect Of Displacement: Living As A Refugee: An Exploration Of Displaced People In Refugee Camps In Greece, Kim Martin Parrish
Theses and Dissertations
This study utilized a phenomenological approach to describe the experience of displaced individuals and families in a condition of statelessness in a refugee camp and their experiences prelight, translight, and postlight. Topics addressed included the conditions that led to flight from the country of origin and the individual and family experiences in the country of origin prior to flight and during flight, the experiences of living as a refugee in a refugee camp in Greece, and the hopes and dreams of the future for the individual and the family. Fourteen individuals, including five children in seven families were interviewed in …
The Effects Of Common Forest Management Practices On Community Structure In A Southern Pine Forest, Donald Paul Chance
The Effects Of Common Forest Management Practices On Community Structure In A Southern Pine Forest, Donald Paul Chance
Theses and Dissertations
Planted pine (Pinus spp.) comprises nearly 10% of the total land cover in the state of Mississippi. Often, understory structure is limited in this system. Thus, managers use a variety of management practices to improve understory biomass and structure. I assessed the impacts of common forest management practices (canopy reduction, prescribed fire, and selective herbicide application) and their combined effects on aspects of community structure. More specifically, I assessed impacts of disturbance intensity on non-native plant invasions, and evaluated how microscale vegetation characteristics influenced use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and wild turkey (Mealagris gallopavo). Combining canopy reductions with prescribed …
The Effects Of Supplemental Progesterone Via A Cidr Insert On Pregnancy Rates In Dairy Heifer Recipients Of Ivp Embryos, Melissa Steichen
The Effects Of Supplemental Progesterone Via A Cidr Insert On Pregnancy Rates In Dairy Heifer Recipients Of Ivp Embryos, Melissa Steichen
Theses and Dissertations
In previous research, progesterone has been supplemented using various techniques, at differing time points during peri-insemination in cattle, with conflicting results. Little research has been conducted on the effects of intravaginal delivery of supplemental progesterone following transfer of embryos produced in vitro, and no research was found to investigate this method exclusively in the period post-transfer. Pregnancy rates following the transfer of embryos produced in vitro are considered less than ideal, especially if these embryos have been cryopreserved. Embryos produced in vitro are less equipped to handle the freezing process due to alternative ultrastructural differences, and display lesser developmental potential …
The Functional, Adaptive Role Of Transcribed Microsatellites In Common Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.), Chathurani Anushala Ranathunge Arachchige
The Functional, Adaptive Role Of Transcribed Microsatellites In Common Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.), Chathurani Anushala Ranathunge Arachchige
Theses and Dissertations
The genetic mechanisms by which natural populations maintain abundant phenotypic variation and adapt to their local environments remains a controversial topic in evolutionary biology. An intriguing mechanism involving highly mutable microsatellites follows the “tuning knob” model which proposes that stepwise changes in microsatellite allele lengths reciprocally generate phenotypic variation in a stepwise manner. In this study, I explored the predictions of the tuning knob model focusing specifically on transcribed microsatellites within and among natural populations of common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) transecting a latitudinal cline. An RNA-Seq experiment was conducted on 95 individuals from Kansas and Oklahoma grown in a …
The Trophic And Spatial Ecology Of The Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys Volans) And Non-Lethal Deterrent Methods, Robert Timothy Meyer
The Trophic And Spatial Ecology Of The Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys Volans) And Non-Lethal Deterrent Methods, Robert Timothy Meyer
Theses and Dissertations
Southern flying squirrels (SFS; Glaucomys volans) are known kleptoparasites on the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker’s (RCW; Picoides borealis) cavities and cost land managers time and money to control and the ecology of SFS in habitats managed for RCWs is poorly understood. This study is designed to obtain a better understanding of the general ecology of SFSs surrounding RCW habitat and provide possible non-lethal deterrent methods to prevent harmful interactions between SFSs and RCWs. Spatially-explicit capture-recapture showed generally higher SFS densities and habitat associations outside of RCW cluster partitions. Stable isotope analysis of SFS diets across Mississippi and Alabama revealed a narrow …
Risk Factor Analysis Of Campylobacter Presence Within The Broiler Production And Processing Continuum In The Southeastern United States, Kelly Lee Schaf
Risk Factor Analysis Of Campylobacter Presence Within The Broiler Production And Processing Continuum In The Southeastern United States, Kelly Lee Schaf
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this dissertation was to (1) determine which grow-out and processing sampling points best predicts and causes Campylobacter later in production (2) identify risk factors within the hatchery that influenced Campylobacter prevalence later in production (3) identify biosecurity risk factors that were associated with Campylobacter presence during production and processing (4) identify farm and production characteristics that were associated with Campylobacter presence later in production, and (5) to estimate the proportion of variance and the intraclass correlation coefficients within the hierarchical levels (complex, farm, bird) of the data. The best predictors of post-chill Campylobacter carcass status were the …
Serum Banking Of The Mississippi Shelter Dog Population To Estimate Seroprevalence Of Diseases Affecting Animal And Human Health, Kristina Hubbard
Serum Banking Of The Mississippi Shelter Dog Population To Estimate Seroprevalence Of Diseases Affecting Animal And Human Health, Kristina Hubbard
Theses and Dissertations
Shelter dog populations in the United States are poorly quantified and characterized, but may be effective targets for measuring the occurrence of select diseases affecting animal and human health. Dogs in this population may have increased risk for disease due to intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Accurate estimates of disease in this population require sound sampling strategies within a comprehensive sampling frame. Knowledge of the prevalence of disease in the Mississippi shelter dog population is important for diagnostic test interpretation, shelter allocation of resources, and public health risk assessment. A serum bank provides a valuable resource to investigate both zoonotic …
Novel Spectral And Biochemical Indices For Profiling Animal Stress And Reproductive States, Kristen Rae Counsell
Novel Spectral And Biochemical Indices For Profiling Animal Stress And Reproductive States, Kristen Rae Counsell
Theses and Dissertations
Biological samples (e.g. blood, urine) contain significant amounts of information with regard to physiological states, such as stress and reproduction. The detection and diagnosis of these states often require hormone analysis or specific instrumentation. From a holistic perspective, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is used to detect and differentiate physiological states using spectral indices. In a quantitative context, three techniques were compared for their ability to provide accurate and reliable biochemical indices to determine urinary hormone concentrations. The objectives in this study were (1) to map NIR profiles of reproductive metabolites in water, (2) to differentiate estrous, pregnancy, and parturition using …
Nutrients Influence Diet Selection In Herbivores, Jacob Lee Dykes
Nutrients Influence Diet Selection In Herbivores, Jacob Lee Dykes
Theses and Dissertations
Natural selection should favor selective foraging in deer to choose among nutrients in plant communities to meet their physiological requirements. I designed a two-tier cafeteria-style experiment where I measured plant nutritional quality and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) use on 1) 15 species of herbaceous plants, and 2) 2 species of plants of manipulated nutrient concentrations. I tested the hypotheses: 1) deer use across plants would be influenced by plant nutrients, and 2) soil nutrients would influence plant selection by deer. My analyses indicated deer selected plants of low neutral detergent fiber and sulfur concentrations. However, deer selected for crude protein. …
Perceived Spiritual Competency Of Master's-Level Clinical Mental Health Students Enrolled In Cacrep Accredited Counselor Education Programs: An Investigation Of Variables, Anna Marsh Selby
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship among strength of religious faith, a set of demographic variables, and self-perceived spiritual competence of master’s-level clinical mental health counseling students enrolled in CACREP accredited programs. The study methodology was a quantitative correlational survey research design using multiple linear regression analysis. Data were collected from 178 participants through an online survey comprised of three instruments: the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Scale (Plante & Boccaccini, 1997), and the Revised Spiritual Competency Scale (Dailey, Robertson, & Gill, 2015), and a demographic survey developed by the researcher. Results of the …
Perceptions And Attitudes Of College And University Administrators Towards Secondary Agricultural Education Programs And The Ffa, Karla D. Turner-Bailey
Perceptions And Attitudes Of College And University Administrators Towards Secondary Agricultural Education Programs And The Ffa, Karla D. Turner-Bailey
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions and attitudes of college and university administrators toward secondary agricultural education programs and the FFA. The study followed a descriptive survey research design. A researcher-modified questionnaire was sent electronically through Qualtrics to 265 college and university administrators who were in charge or undergraduate programs in agriculture, natural resources, and related science programs were offered. One hundred one individuals responded in the study for a response rate of 38 percent. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and ANOVA. The study found that current college and university administrators of agriculture …
Perceptions Regarding Longleaf Pine Ecosystem Restoration Using Prescribed Fire, Samrajya Bikram Thapa
Perceptions Regarding Longleaf Pine Ecosystem Restoration Using Prescribed Fire, Samrajya Bikram Thapa
Theses and Dissertations
When restored to full ecological function, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests are among the most diverse forest ecosystems in the world. For the last several decades, substantial amount of efforts has taken place on public land, comparably less work has been accomplished on private lands towards longleaf pine restoration. The overall goal of this research was to examine the factors influencing the application of prescribed fire for ecological restoration on private land. This research employed both qualitative and quantitative method to explore challenges and opportunities for restoring the ecosystem. The survey examined interest among the forest landowners and general public …
Phasor-Based Study Of Electromagnetic Scattering By Small Particles, Jehan Amila Seneviratne
Phasor-Based Study Of Electromagnetic Scattering By Small Particles, Jehan Amila Seneviratne
Theses and Dissertations
When scattering intensity is plotted against the dimensionless quantity qR, where q is the magnitude of the scattering wave vector and R is the radius of the particle, in log-log scale the scattering curve shows a power-law structure which defines characteristic crossovers. This work reveals some new relationships between the power-law structure and the particle properties. In this work, computer simulation results from T-matrix, Mie theory, and discrete dipole approximation methods are used to study the far field intensity and the internal field of the particles. Scattering by both weakly and strongly refractive particles are studied. For weakly refractive randomly …
Winter Ecology Of Radiomarked Female Mallards In Mississippi's Alluvial Valley, Joseph David Lancaster
Winter Ecology Of Radiomarked Female Mallards In Mississippi's Alluvial Valley, Joseph David Lancaster
Theses and Dissertations
Interactions between animal populations and their environment form the foundation of wildlife management, and provision of resources that enhance fitness produce effectual management. Hunting is a selective force that shapes behavior and other adaptations of harvested species and may subsequently impact diel habitat use. Moreover, linking habitat use to biological outcomes, such as survival, is needed to evidence habitat suitability because of equivocal relations among population density, habitat correlations, or energy availability to population dynamics. The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is among the most coveted and harvested waterfowl in North America and is a migratory species of ecological, economic, and social …
Establishing Defoliation Thresholds In Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea (L.)) In Mississippi, Chadwick Cameron Abbott
Establishing Defoliation Thresholds In Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea (L.)) In Mississippi, Chadwick Cameron Abbott
Theses and Dissertations
Foliage feeding insects like fall armyworm (FAW) [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], granulate cutworm (GCW) [Feltia subterranean (F.)], velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) [Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner)] and corn earworm (CEW) [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)] in peanut (Arachis hypogaea (L.)) and their effects on canopy defoliation and the resultant yield loss is outdated and essentially non-existent in Mississippi. With the expansion of peanuts throughout the state since 2012, growers struggle to manage foliageeeding pests in peanut. The lack of current information regarding insect pressure and economic injury levels is troublesome; especially with newer, high yielding, disease resistant cultivars. Research was required to understand how …
Estimating Feral Swine Abundance And Their Effects On Native Wildlife In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Matthew Ryan Ivey
Estimating Feral Swine Abundance And Their Effects On Native Wildlife In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Matthew Ryan Ivey
Theses and Dissertations
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). They cause millions in damage annually to agriculture, and likely negatively affect native wildlife species. Using camera traps, I monitored 36 forest patches within the MAV to assess the effects of swine invasions on native wildlife species richness. I also modified the double-observer point count technique into a new method for estimating swine abundance with camera traps. Feral swine suppressed native vertebrate richness by 26% when compared to uninvaded patches. I validated the new double-observer technique by determining if it could detect an abundance-area relationship in …
Evaluating Multisystem Length Limits For Inland Fisheries, Andrew Challen Shamaskin
Evaluating Multisystem Length Limits For Inland Fisheries, Andrew Challen Shamaskin
Theses and Dissertations
Multisystem length limits are a popular output control implemented to regulate harvest of many gamefishes. Evaluating the direct effects of length limits is crucial in selecting a regulation, but to my knowledge, no formal methodology exists to model length limits for multiple systems. Without a formalized process, complexities associated with multisystem scales of management can preclude effective communication and interpretation of information. I created a quantitative decision model as an approach for comparing length limits applied to multiple systems. This approach combined an extension of the Beverton-Holt yield-per-recruit function and an additive utility function to compare multisystem length limits. I …
Evaluation Of A Serine Hydrolase Inhibitor Jzl184 As An Immunomodulator Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli O78 In Chickens, Cherry Pei-Yee Ho
Evaluation Of A Serine Hydrolase Inhibitor Jzl184 As An Immunomodulator Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli O78 In Chickens, Cherry Pei-Yee Ho
Theses and Dissertations
Chickens in the poultry industry are reared under intensive conditions where they are often exposed to opportunistic pathogens. Escherichia coli strain O78 is responsible for about half of the cases of avian colisepticemia. Potential therapeutic treatments have been proposed to inhibit the hydrolases that controls the endogenous levels of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). 2-AG is the full agonist at the CB2 receptors of the endocannabinoid system expressed among leukocytes and it plays a role in mediating the activation of phagocytic macrophages. It is speculated that elevating 2- AG levels could increase macrophage cytokines and promote the recruitment of immune cells …
Evaluation Of Diaphragmatic Dysfunction In Dogs With Cervical Spinal Disorders Before And After Surgery Using Fluoroscopy, M-Mode Ultrasound And Radiography, Brandy Lee Pearson
Evaluation Of Diaphragmatic Dysfunction In Dogs With Cervical Spinal Disorders Before And After Surgery Using Fluoroscopy, M-Mode Ultrasound And Radiography, Brandy Lee Pearson
Theses and Dissertations
Respiratory complications in dogs with cervical myelopathies can be life-threatening and are attributed to spinal cord morbidity secondary to cervical disease or decompressive surgery causing diaphragmatic dysfunction. However, diaphragmatic dysfunction in these dogs has not been described. Thirtyive client-owned dogs were recruited with 14 control and 21 test dogs. Dogs were evaluated for the presence of diaphragmatic dysfunction using radiography, M-mode ultrasonography, and fluoroscopy (gold standard) before and after an anesthetic or surgical event. Diaphragmatic dysfunction was observed more frequently in dogs with cervical disease prior to surgery (8/21 dogs, 38.1%) compared to control dogs (3/14 dogs, 21.4%) but was …
Understanding Red Fillet In The Catfish Industry In Northeastern Mississippi, Shay Allred
Understanding Red Fillet In The Catfish Industry In Northeastern Mississippi, Shay Allred
Theses and Dissertations
Red fillet results in a profit loss for catfish processors and producers alike; however, neither the cause nor the abundance of red fillet has been studied extensively. Therefore, an assessment of red fillet in the catfish industry was conducted along with studies subjecting catfish to poor water quality and inoculation with Aeromonas sobria. Within every catfish harvest, 0.12% of fillets were rejected due to blotchy red coloration. Histology revealed congestion of erythrocytes indicating internal hemorrhaging, and A. sobria was isolated from 63% of all red fillets compared to 28% of acceptable fillets. Acute exposure to poor water quality did not …